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Ma J, Bruce K, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Mouse cytomegalovirus lacking sgg1 shows reduced import into the salivary glands. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002013. [PMID: 39093048 PMCID: PMC11296724 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) transmit via chronic shedding from the salivary glands. How this relates to the broad cell tropism they exhibit in vitro is unclear. Human CMV (HCMV) infection presents only after salivary gland infection is established. Murine CMV (MCMV) is therefore useful to analyse early infection events. It reaches the salivary glands via infected myeloid cells. Three adjacent spliced genes designated as m131/129 (MCK-2), sgg1 and sgg1.1, positional homologues of the HCMV UL128/130/131 tropism determinants, are implicated. We show that a sgg1 null mutant is defective in infected myeloid cell entry into the salivary glands, a phenotype distinct from MCMV lacking MCK-2. These data point to a complex, multi-step process of salivary gland colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Host-Adapted Gene Families Involved in Murine Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010128. [PMID: 35062332 PMCID: PMC8781790 DOI: 10.3390/v14010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are host species-specific and have adapted to their respective mammalian hosts during co-evolution. Host-adaptation is reflected by “private genes” that have specialized in mediating virus-host interplay and have no sequence homologs in other CMV species, although biological convergence has led to analogous protein functions. They are mostly organized in gene families evolved by gene duplications and subsequent mutations. The host immune response to infection, both the innate and the adaptive immune response, is a driver of viral evolution, resulting in the acquisition of viral immune evasion proteins encoded by private gene families. As the analysis of the medically relevant human cytomegalovirus by clinical investigation in the infected human host cannot make use of designed virus and host mutagenesis, the mouse model based on murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) has become a versatile animal model to study basic principles of in vivo virus-host interplay. Focusing on the immune evasion of the adaptive immune response by CD8+ T cells, we review here what is known about proteins of two private gene families of mCMV, the m02 and the m145 families, specifically the role of m04, m06, and m152 in viral antigen presentation during acute and latent infection.
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3
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Zhou YP, Mei MJ, Wang XZ, Huang SN, Chen L, Zhang M, Li XY, Qin HB, Dong X, Cheng S, Wen L, Yang B, An XF, He AD, Zhang B, Zeng WB, Li XJ, Lu Y, Li HC, Li H, Zou WG, Redwood AJ, Rayner S, Cheng H, McVoy MA, Tang Q, Britt WJ, Zhou X, Jiang X, Luo MH. A congenital CMV infection model for follow-up studies of neurodevelopmental disorders, neuroimaging abnormalities, and treatment. JCI Insight 2022; 7:152551. [PMID: 35014624 PMCID: PMC8765053 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the leading infectious cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the neuropathogenesis remains largely elusive due to a lack of informative animal models. In this study, we developed a congenital murine CMV (cMCMV) infection mouse model with high survival rate and long survival period that allowed long-term follow-up study of neurodevelopmental disorders. This model involves in utero intracranial injection and mimics many reported clinical manifestations of cCMV infection in infants, including growth restriction, hearing loss, and impaired cognitive and learning-memory abilities. We observed that abnormalities in MRI/CT neuroimaging were consistent with brain hemorrhage and loss of brain parenchyma, which was confirmed by pathological analysis. Neuropathological findings included ventriculomegaly and cortical atrophy associated with impaired proliferation and migration of neural progenitor cells in the developing brain at both embryonic and postnatal stages. Robust inflammatory responses during infection were shown by elevated inflammatory cytokine levels, leukocyte infiltration, and activation of microglia and astrocytes in the brain. Pathological analyses and CT neuroimaging revealed brain calcifications induced by cMCMV infection and cell death via pyroptosis. Furthermore, antiviral treatment with ganciclovir significantly improved neurological functions and mitigated brain damage as shown by CT neuroimaging. These results demonstrate that this model is suitable for investigation of mechanisms of infection-induced brain damage and long-term studies of neurodevelopmental disorders, including the development of interventions to limit CNS damage associated with cCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Zhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Bin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Fang An
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao-Di He
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Youming Lu
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Chuang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haidong Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alec J. Redwood
- The Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Rayner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub — Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Han Cheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael A. McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William J. Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Mandal P, Nagrani LN, Hernandez L, McCormick AL, Dillon CP, Koehler HS, Roback L, Alnemri ES, Green DR, Mocarski ES. Multiple Autonomous Cell Death Suppression Strategies Ensure Cytomegalovirus Fitness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091707. [PMID: 34578288 PMCID: PMC8473406 DOI: 10.3390/v13091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death pathways eliminate infected cells and regulate infection-associated inflammation during pathogen invasion. Cytomegaloviruses encode several distinct suppressors that block intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, and necroptosis, pathways that impact pathogenesis of this ubiquitous herpesvirus. Here, we expanded the understanding of three cell autonomous suppression mechanisms on which murine cytomegalovirus relies: (i) M38.5-encoded viral mitochondrial inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA), a BAX suppressor that functions in concert with M41.1-encoded viral inhibitor of BAK oligomerization (vIBO), (ii) M36-encoded viral inhibitor of caspase-8 activation (vICA), and (iii) M45-encoded viral inhibitor of RIP/RHIM activation (vIRA). Following infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages, the virus initially deflected receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3-dependent necroptosis, the most potent of the three cell death pathways. This process remained independent of caspase-8, although suppression of this apoptotic protease enhances necroptosis in most cell types. Second, the virus deflected TNF-mediated extrinsic apoptosis, a pathway dependent on autocrine TNF production by macrophages that proceeds independently of mitochondrial death machinery or RIPK3. Third, cytomegalovirus deflected BCL-2 family protein-dependent mitochondrial cell death through combined TNF-dependent and -independent signaling even in the absence of RIPK1, RIPK3, and caspase-8. Furthermore, each of these cell death pathways dictated a distinct pattern of cytokine and chemokine activation. Therefore, cytomegalovirus employs sequential, non-redundant suppression strategies to specifically modulate the timing and execution of necroptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, and intrinsic apoptosis within infected cells to orchestrate virus control and infection-dependent inflammation. Virus-encoded death suppressors together hold control over an intricate network that upends host defense and supports pathogenesis in the intact mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Mandal
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.S.M.); Tel.: +404-727-0563 (P.M.); +404-727-4273 (E.S.M.)
| | | | - Liliana Hernandez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
| | | | | | - Heather S. Koehler
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Linda Roback
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Emad S. Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Edward S. Mocarski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (L.H.); (H.S.K.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (E.S.M.); Tel.: +404-727-0563 (P.M.); +404-727-4273 (E.S.M.)
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5
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Chan B, Arapović M, Masters LL, Rwandamuiye F, Jonjić S, Smith LM, Redwood AJ. The m15 Locus of Murine Cytomegalovirus Modulates Natural Killer Cell Responses to Promote Dissemination to the Salivary Glands and Viral Shedding. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070866. [PMID: 34358016 PMCID: PMC8308470 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest herpesviruses, the 230 kb genomes of cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have increased our understanding of host immunity and viral escape mechanisms, although many of the annotated genes remain as yet uncharacterised. Here we identify the m15 locus of murine CMV (MCMV) as a viral modulator of natural killer (NK) cell immunity. We show that, rather than discrete transcripts from the m14, m15 and m16 genes as annotated, there are five 3′-coterminal transcripts expressed over this region, all utilising a consensus polyA tail at the end of the m16 gene. Functional inactivation of any one of these genes had no measurable impact on viral replication. However, disruption of all five transcripts led to significantly attenuated dissemination to, and replication in, the salivary glands of multiple strains of mice, but normal growth during acute infection. Disruption of the m15 locus was associated with heightened NK cell responses, including enhanced proliferation and IFNγ production. Depletion of NK cells, but not T cells, rescued salivary gland replication and viral shedding. These data demonstrate the identification of multiple transcripts expressed by a single locus which modulate, perhaps in a concerted fashion, the function of anti-viral NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baca Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
- Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maja Arapović
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Laura L. Masters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Francois Rwandamuiye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Lee M. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Alec J. Redwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (B.C.); (L.L.M.); (F.R.); (L.M.S.)
- Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6151-0895
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6
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Rasmussen TS, Jakobsen RR, Castro-Mejía JL, Kot W, Thomsen AR, Vogensen FK, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Inter-vendor variance of enteric eukaryotic DNA viruses in specific pathogen free C57BL/6N mice. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:1-5. [PMID: 33548686 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse strain C57BL/6 is widely used as an animal model for various applications. It is becoming increasingly clear that the bacterial enteric community highly influences the phenotype. Eukaryotic viruses represent a sparsely investigated member of the enteric microbiome that might also affect the phenotype. We here investigated the presence of enteric eukaryotic DNA viruses (EDVs) in specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6N mice purchased from three vendors upon arrival and after being fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD). We detected genetic fragments of EDVs belonging to the viral families of Herpes-, Mimi-, Baculo- and Phycodnaviridae represented by two genera; Chlorovirus and Prasinovirus. The EDVs were detected in the mice upon arrival and persisted for 13 weeks. However, these signals of EDVs were only detected at notable levels in mice fed LFD from 2 out of 3 vendors, which suggested that the enteric composition of these EDVs were affected by both vendor (p < 0.003) and different dietary regimes (p < 0.013). This highlights the need of additional studies assessing the potential function of these EDVs that may influence the mouse phenotype and the reproducibility of animal studies using this C57BL/6N substrain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Kvist Vogensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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7
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Lu Q, Sun BJ, Zhou YP, Jiang X, Peng RM, Zhang S, Luo MH, Hong J. Pathogenic Effects and Pathogenesis Processes in Vitro & in Vivo in Murine Cytomegalovirus Infected Rat Corneal Endothelial Cells. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 30:809-820. [PMID: 33226275 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1833941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To understand the pathogenesis in rat corneal endothelial cells (RCECs) induced by murine cytomegalovirus infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro, cultured RCECs were infected with murine cytomegalovirus strain K181-eGFP (MCMV-eGFP). In vivo, experimental rats received intracameral injection of MCMV-eGFP. Replicating viruses and morphology change of RCECs in vivo were evaluated at several time points. RESULTS In vitro, RCECs became necrosis at 6hpi. MCMV-eGFP began replicating at 12hpi. In vivo, the inflammatory reactions appeared at 12hpi, peaked at 72hpi and gradually subsided. Replicating MCMV-eGFP appeared in RCECs in vivo from 24hpi to 72hpi. RCECs enlarged after 12hpi and capsids in the nuclei were visible at 72hpi. A monocyte was found on a corneal endothelium at 120hpi. CONCLUSIONS RCECs were sensitive to MCMV in vitro. Replication of MCMV-eGFP in vivo began at 24hpi and ended after 72hpi, later than the inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Department of Opthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Jia Sun
- Department of Opthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Mei Peng
- Department of Opthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Opthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Opthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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TNF Signaling Dictates Myeloid and Non-Myeloid Cell Crosstalk to Execute MCMV-Induced Extrinsic Apoptosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111221. [PMID: 33126536 PMCID: PMC7693317 DOI: 10.3390/v12111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses all encode the viral inhibitor of caspase-8-induced apoptosis (vICA). After binding to this initiator caspase, vICA blocks caspase-8 proteolytic activity and ability to activate caspase-3 and/or caspase-7. In this manner, vICA has long been known to prevent apoptosis triggered via tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family death receptor-dependent extrinsic signaling. Here, we employ fully wild-type murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and vICA-deficient MCMV (∆M36) to investigate the contribution of TNF signaling to apoptosis during infection of different cell types. ∆M36 shows the expected ability to kill mouse splenic hematopoietic cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and dendritic cells (BMDC). Antibody blockade or genetic elimination of TNF protects myeloid cells from death, and caspase-8 activation accompanies cell death. Interferons, necroptosis, and pyroptotic gasdermin D (GSDMD) do not contribute to myeloid cell death. Human and murine fibroblasts or murine endothelial cells (SVEC4-10) normally insensitive to TNF become sensitized to ∆M36-induced apoptosis when treated with TNF or TNF-containing BMDM-conditioned medium. We demonstrate that myeloid cells are the natural source of TNF that triggers apoptosis in either myeloid (autocrine) or non-myeloid cells (paracrine) during ∆M36 infection of mice. Caspase-8 suppression by vICA emerges as key to subverting innate immune elimination of a wide variety of infected cell types.
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9
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Repair of an Attenuated Low-Passage Murine Cytomegalovirus Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Identifies a Novel Spliced Gene Essential for Salivary Gland Tropism. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01456-20. [PMID: 32847854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01456-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cloning of herpesviruses as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) has revolutionized the study of herpesvirus biology, allowing rapid and precise manipulation of viral genomes. Several clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been cloned as BACs; however, no low-passage strains of murine CMV (MCMV), which provide a model mimicking these isolates, have been cloned. Here, the low-passage G4 strain of was BAC cloned. G4 carries an m157 gene that does not ligate the natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptor, Ly49H, meaning that unlike laboratory strains of MCMV, this virus replicates well in C57BL/6 mice. This BAC clone exhibited normal replication during acute infection in the spleen and liver but was attenuated for salivary gland tropism. Next-generation sequencing revealed a C-to-A mutation at nucleotide position 188422, located in the 3' untranslated region of sgg1, a spliced gene critical for salivary gland tropism. Repair of this mutation restored tropism for the salivary glands. Transcriptional analysis revealed a novel spliced gene within the sgg1 locus. This small open reading frame (ORF), sgg1.1, starts at the 3' end of the first exon of sgg1 and extends exon 2 of sgg1. This shorter spliced gene is prematurely terminated by the nonsense mutation at nt 188422. Sequence analysis of tissue culture-passaged virus demonstrated that sgg1.1 was stable, although other mutational hot spots were identified. The G4 BAC will allow in vivo studies in a broader range of mice, avoiding the strong NK cell responses seen in B6 mice with other MCMV BAC-derived MCMVs.IMPORTANCE Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is widely used as a model of human CMV (HCMV) infection. However, this model relies on strains of MCMV that have been serially passaged in the laboratory for over four decades. These laboratory strains have been cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which permits rapid and precise manipulation. Low-passage strains of MCMV add to the utility of the mouse model of HCMV infection but do not exist as cloned BACs. This study describes the first such low-passage MCMV BAC. This BAC-derived G4 was initially attenuated in vivo, with subsequent full genomic sequencing revealing a novel spliced transcript required for salivary gland tropism. These data suggest that MCMV, like HCMV, undergoes tissue culture adaptation that can limit in vivo growth and supports the use of BAC clones as a way of standardizing viral strains and minimizing interlaboratory strain variation.
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10
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Feng Y, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Roback L, Sundararajan A, Speck SH, Mocarski ES, Daley-Bauer LP. Remarkably Robust Antiviral Immune Response despite Combined Deficiency in Caspase-8 and RIPK3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2244-2255. [PMID: 30194111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (Casp8)-mediated signaling triggers extrinsic apoptosis while suppressing receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3-dependent necroptosis. Although Casp8 is dispensable for the development of innate and adaptive immune compartments in mice, the importance of this proapoptotic protease in the orchestration of immune response to pathogens remains to be fully explored. In this study, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- C57BL/6 mice show robust innate and adaptive immune responses to the natural mouse pathogen, murine CMV. When young, these mice lack lpr-like lymphoid hyperplasia and accumulation of either B220 + CD3+ or B220-CD3+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increased numbers of immature myeloid cells that are evident in older mice. Dendritic cell activation and cytokine production drive both NK and T cell responses to control viral infection in these mice, suggesting that Casp8 is dispensable to the generation of antiviral host defense. Curiously, NK and T cell expansion is amplified, with greater numbers observed by 7 d postinfection compared with either Casp8+/-Ripk3-/- or wild type (Casp8+/+Ripk3+/+ ) littermate controls. Casp8 and RIPK3 are natural targets of virus-encoded cell death suppressors that prevent infected cell apoptosis and necroptosis, respectively. It is clear from the current studies that the initiation of innate immunity and the execution of cytotoxic lymphocyte functions are all preserved despite the absence of Casp8 in responding cells. Thus, Casp8 and RIPK3 signaling is completely dispensable to the generation of immunity against this natural herpesvirus infection, although the pathways driven by these initiators serve as a crucial first line for host defense within virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Devon Livingston-Rosanoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Linda Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Aarthi Sundararajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Samuel H Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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11
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Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TJ, Bar-Haim E, Nair D, Moin SM, Redwood AJ, Price DA, Graham BS. Memory Inflation Drives Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cell Maintenance in the Lung After Intranasal Vaccination With Murine Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1861. [PMID: 30154789 PMCID: PMC6102355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide first-line defense against invading pathogens encountered at barrier sites. In the lungs, TRM cells protect against respiratory infections, but wane more quickly than TRM cells in other tissues. This lack of a sustained TRM population in the lung parenchyma explains, at least in part, why infections with some pathogens, such as influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), recur throughout life. Intranasal (IN) vaccination with a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vector expressing the M protein of RSV (MCMV-M) has been shown to elicit robust populations of CD8+ TRM cells that accumulate over time and mediate early viral clearance. To extend this finding, we compared the inflationary CD8+ T cell population elicited by MCMV-M vaccination with a conventional CD8+ T cell population elicited by an MCMV vector expressing the M2 protein of RSV (MCMV-M2). Vaccination with MCMV-M2 induced a population of M2-specific CD8+ TRM cells that waned rapidly, akin to the M2-specific CD8+ TRM cell population elicited by infection with RSV. In contrast to the natural immunodominance profile, however, coadministration of MCMV-M and MCMV-M2 did not suppress the M-specific CD8+ T cell response, suggesting that progressive expansion was driven by continuous antigen presentation, irrespective of the competitive or regulatory effects of M2-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, effective viral clearance mediated by M-specific CD8+ TRM cells was not affected by the coinduction of M2-specific CD8+ T cells. These data show that memory inflation is required for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs after IN vaccination with MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Deepika Nair
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Syed M Moin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Barney S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Brizić I, Lisnić B, Brune W, Hengel H, Jonjić S. Cytomegalovirus Infection: Mouse Model. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 122:e51. [PMID: 30044539 PMCID: PMC6347558 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes procedures for infecting newborn and adult mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Methods are included for propagating MCMV in cell cultures and for preparing a more virulent form of MCMV from salivary glands of infected mice. A plaque assay is provided for determining MCMV titers of infected tissues or virus stocks. Also, a method is described for preparing the murine embryonic fibroblasts used for propagating MCMV and for the plaque assay. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Brizić
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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13
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Murine cytomegalovirus M72 promotes acute virus replication in vivo and is a substrate of the TRiC/CCT complex. Virology 2018; 522:92-105. [PMID: 30029015 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Betaherpesvirus dUTPase homologs are core herpesvirus proteins, but little is known about their role during infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL72 and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) M72 have been designated dUTPase homologs, and previous studies indicate UL72 is dispensable for replication and enzymatically inactive. Here, we report the initial characterization of MCMV M72. M72 does not possess dUTPase activity, and is expressed as a leaky-late gene product with multiple protein isoforms. Importantly, M72 augments MCMV replication in vitro and during the early stage of acute infection in vivo. We identify and confirm interaction of M72 with the eukaryotic chaperonin tailless complex protein -1 (TCP-1) ring complex (TRiC) or chaperonin containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT). Accumulating biochemical evidence indicates M72 forms homo-oligomers and is a substrate of TRiC/CCT. Taken together, we provide the first evidence of M72's contribution to viral pathogenesis, and identify a novel interaction with the TRiC/CCT complex.
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14
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Delpoux A, Michelini RH, Verma S, Lai CY, Omilusik KD, Utzschneider DT, Redwood AJ, Goldrath AW, Benedict CA, Hedrick SM. Continuous activity of Foxo1 is required to prevent anergy and maintain the memory state of CD8 + T cells. J Exp Med 2017; 215:575-594. [PMID: 29282254 PMCID: PMC5789410 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Delpoux et al. show, in a model of latent infection, how FOXO1 is required to prevent apoptosis, the acquisition of an anergy phenotype, and to be constantly expressed for maintaining the differentiation state of CD8+ T cells. Upon infection with an intracellular pathogen, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells develop diverse differentiation states characterized by function, localization, longevity, and the capacity for self-renewal. The program of differentiation is determined, in part, by FOXO1, a transcription factor known to integrate extrinsic input in order to specify survival, DNA repair, self-renewal, and proliferation. At issue is whether the state of T cell differentiation is specified by initial conditions of activation or is actively maintained. To study the spectrum of T cell differentiation, we have analyzed an infection with mouse cytomegalovirus, a persistent-latent virus that elicits different cytotoxic T cell responses characterized as acute resolving or inflationary. Our results show that FOXO1 is continuously required for all the phenotypic characteristics of memory-effector T cells such that with acute inactivation of the gene encoding FOXO1, T cells revert to a short-lived effector phenotype, exhibit reduced viability, and manifest characteristics of anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delpoux
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shilpi Verma
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chen-Yen Lai
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA .,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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15
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Sridharan H, Ragan KB, Guo H, Gilley RP, Landsteiner VJ, Kaiser WJ, Upton JW. Murine cytomegalovirus IE3-dependent transcription is required for DAI/ZBP1-mediated necroptosis. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1429-1441. [PMID: 28607035 PMCID: PMC5538628 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201743947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors/Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI/ZBP1) is a crucial sensor of necroptotic cell death induced by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in its natural host. Here, we show that viral capsid transport to the nucleus and subsequent viral IE3-dependent early transcription are required for necroptosis. Necroptosis induction does not depend on input virion DNA or newly synthesized viral DNA A putative RNA-binding domain of DAI/ZBP1, Zα2, is required to sense virus and trigger necroptosis. Thus, MCMV IE3-dependent transcription from the viral genome plays a crucial role in activating DAI/ZBP1-dependent necroptosis. This implicates RNA transcripts generated by a large double-stranded DNA virus as a biologically relevant ligand for DAI/ZBP1 during natural viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya Sridharan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Katherine B Ragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ryan P Gilley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa J Landsteiner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jason W Upton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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16
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Mouse cytomegalovirus M36 and M45 death suppressors cooperate to prevent inflammation resulting from antiviral programmed cell death pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2786-E2795. [PMID: 28292903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616829114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex interplay between caspase-8 and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase RIP 3 (RIPK3) driving extrinsic apoptosis and necroptosis is not fully understood. Murine cytomegalovirus triggers both apoptosis and necroptosis in infected cells; however, encoded inhibitors of caspase-8 activity (M36) and RIP3 signaling (M45) suppress these antiviral responses. Here, we report that this virus activates caspase-8 in macrophages to trigger apoptosis that gives rise to secondary necroptosis. Infection with double-mutant ΔM36/M45mutRHIM virus reveals a signaling pattern in which caspase-8 activates caspase-3 to drive apoptosis with subsequent RIP3-dependent activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) leading to necroptosis. This combined cell death signaling is highly inflammatory, greater than either apoptosis induced by ΔM36 or necroptosis induced by M45mutRHIM virus. IL-6 production by macrophages is dramatically increased during double-mutant virus infection and correlates with faster antiviral responses in the host. Collaboratively, M36 and M45 target caspase-8 and RIP3 pathways together to suppress this proinflammatory cell death. This study reveals the effect of antiviral programmed cell death pathways on inflammation, shows that caspase-8 activation may go hand-in-hand with necroptosis in macrophages, and revises current understanding of independent and collaborative functions of M36 and M45 in blocking apoptotic and necroptotic cell death responses.
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17
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Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TR, Redwood AJ, Moin SM, Price DA, Graham BS. Intranasal administration of RSV antigen-expressing MCMV elicits robust tissue-resident effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:545-554. [PMID: 27220815 PMCID: PMC5123975 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus vectors are promising delivery vehicles for vaccine strategies that aim to elicit effector CD8+ T cells. To determine how the route of immunization affects CD8+ T-cell responses in the lungs of mice vaccinated with a murine cytomegalovirus vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus matrix (M) protein, we infected CB6F1 mice via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route and evaluated the M-specific CD8+ T-cell response at early and late time points. We found that intranasal vaccination generated robust and durable tissue-resident effector and effector memory CD8+ T-cell populations that were undetectable after intraperitoneal vaccination. The generation of these antigen-experienced cells by intranasal vaccination resulted in earlier T-cell responses, interferon gamma secretion, and viral clearance after respiratory syncytial virus challenge. Collectively, these findings validate a novel approach to vaccination that emphasizes the route of delivery as a key determinant of immune priming at the site of vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - T R Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - A J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S M Moin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - D A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - B S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Murine Cytomegalovirus Deubiquitinase Regulates Viral Chemokine Levels To Control Inflammation and Pathogenesis. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01864-16. [PMID: 28096485 PMCID: PMC5241396 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01864-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining control over inflammatory processes represents a paradox for viral pathogens. Although many viruses induce host inflammatory responses to facilitate infection, control is necessary to avoid overactivation. One way is through the manipulation of proinflammatory chemokine levels, both host and viral. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a model betaherpesvirus, encodes a viral C-C chemokine, MCK2, which promotes host inflammatory responses and incorporates into virions to facilitate viral dissemination. Here, we show that the activity of M48, the conserved MCMV deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), regulates MCK2 levels during infection. Inactivation of M48 DUB activity results in viral attenuation and exacerbates virally induced, MCK2-dependent inflammatory responses. M48 DUB activity also influences MCK2 incorporation into virions. Importantly, attenuation of DUB-mutant virus acute replication in vitro and in vivo is largely ameliorated by targeted deletion of MCK2. Thus, uncontrolled MCK2 levels appear to mediate DUB-mutant virus attenuation in specific tissues or cell types. This demonstrates that MCMV M48 DUB activity plays a previously unappreciated role in controlling MCK2 levels, thereby managing MCK2-dependent processes. These findings reveal a novel intrinsic control mechanism of virally induced inflammation and support the identification of betaherpesvirus DUBs as possible new targets for antiviral therapies. Human cytomegalovirus infections represent a tremendous burden not only to those afflicted but also to health care systems worldwide. As cytomegalovirus infections are a leading cause of nongenetic sensory loss and neurodevelopmental delay, it is imperative that valuable model systems exist in order that we might understand what viral factors contribute to replication and pathogenesis. Currently, the only approved drug treatments against CMV infection are nucleoside analogues, to which some strains have become resistant. Understanding unique viral enzymatic contributions to infections will allow the development of novel pharmacological therapies. Here, we show that M48, the conserved MCMV deubiquitinase, is critical for MCMV replication in mice and demonstrate that attenuation is due to deregulated production of a viral proinflammatory chemokine. The deubiquitinases of both human and murine CMV represent structurally unique DUBs and are therefore attractive targets for pharmacological intervention. Continued research into the substrates of these DUBs will lend additional insight into their potential as targets.
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19
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Tomić A, Varanasi PR, Golemac M, Malić S, Riese P, Borst EM, Mischak-Weissinger E, Guzmán CA, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Messerle M. Activation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by a Recombinant Human Cytomegalovirus Strain Expressing an NKG2D Ligand. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006015. [PMID: 27907183 PMCID: PMC5131914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a need of utmost medical importance. Generally, it is believed that a live attenuated vaccine would best provide protective immunity against this tenacious pathogen. Here, we propose a strategy for an HCMV vaccine that aims at the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. An HCMV strain expressing the host ligand ULBP2 for the NKG2D receptor was found to be susceptible to control by natural killer (NK) cells, and preserved the ability to stimulate HCMV-specific T cells. Infection with the ULBP2-expressing HCMV strain caused diminished cell surface levels of MHC class I molecules. While expression of the NKG2D ligand increased the cytolytic activity of NK cells, NKG2D engagement in CD8+ T cells provided co-stimulation and compensated for lower MHC class I expression. Altogether, our data indicate that triggering of both arms of the immune system is a promising approach applicable to the generation of a live attenuated HCMV vaccine. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompromised individuals, indicating an utmost need for a vaccine to protect these vulnerable groups. Recent experimental studies in animal models, including non-human primates, have shown that attenuated CMVs trigger a potent immune response and are attractive vaccine candidates. However, an effective CMV vaccine is still not available. Here, we demonstrate that rational engineering of a live attenuated human CMV vaccine candidate is feasible. We equipped a CMV strain with an immunostimulatory molecule that is a ligand for an activating receptor present on both Natural Killer cells and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we deleted several immunoevasins involved in downregulation of MHC class I molecules and of a ligand for Natural Killer cells in order to elicit stronger immune responses. In vitro assays using human immune cells and a first assessment in a humanized mouse model in vivo suggest that the generated CMV strain is attenuated and has the ability to induce a virus-specific immune response. Our study proposes this novel approach for the development of a rationally engineered CMV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tomić
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pavankumar R. Varanasi
- Clinics of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Suzana Malić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva M. Borst
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Mischak-Weissinger
- Clinics of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail: (MM); (SJ)
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail: (MM); (SJ)
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20
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cGAS-STING Signaling Regulates Initial Innate Control of Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7789-97. [PMID: 27334590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01040-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several innate sensing pathways contribute to the control of early cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, leading to a multiphasic type I interferon (IFN-I) response that limits viral replication and promotes host defenses. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent pathways induce IFN-I production in CMV-infected plasmacytoid dendritic cells; however, the initial burst of IFN-I that occurs within the first few hours in vivo is TLR independent and emanates from stromal cells. Here we show that primary human endothelial cells mount robust IFN-I responses to human CMV that are dependent upon cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), STING, and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling. Disruption of STING expression in endothelial cells by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 revealed that it is essential for the induction of IFN-I and restriction of CMV replication. Consistently, STING was necessary to mount the first phase of IFN-I production and curb CMV replication in infected mice. Thus, DNA sensing through STING is critical for primary detection of both human and mouse CMV in nonhematopoietic cells and drives the initial wave of IFN-I that is key for controlling early viral replication in vivo. IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common viral pathogens, with the majority of people contracting the virus in their lifetime. Although acute infection is mostly asymptomatic in healthy persons, significant pathology is observed in immunocompromised individuals, and chronic CMV infection may exacerbate a myriad of inflammatory conditions. Here we show that primary human endothelial cells mount robust IFN-I responses against CMV via a cGAS/STING/IRF3 pathway. Disruption of STING expression by CRISPRs revealed an essential role in eliciting IFN-I responses and restricting CMV replication. Consistently, in mice, STING is necessary for the first phase of IFN-I production that limits early CMV replication. Our results demonstrate a pivotal role for the cGAS-STING pathway in the initial detection of CMV infection.
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Functional Dissection of an Alternatively Spliced Herpesvirus Gene by Splice Site Mutagenesis. J Virol 2016; 90:4626-4636. [PMID: 26912612 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02987-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpesviruses have large and complex DNA genomes. The largest among the herpesviruses, those of the cytomegaloviruses, include over 170 genes. Although most herpesvirus gene products are expressed from unspliced transcripts, a substantial number of viral transcripts are spliced. Some viral transcripts are subject to alternative splicing, which leads to the expression of several proteins from a single gene. Functional analysis of individual proteins derived from an alternatively spliced gene is difficult, as deletion and nonsense mutagenesis, both common methods used in the generation of viral gene knockout mutants, affect several or all gene products at the same time. Here, we show that individual gene products of an alternatively spliced herpesvirus gene can be inactivated selectively by mutagenesis of the splice donor or acceptor site and by intron deletion or substitution mutagenesis. We used this strategy to dissect the essential M112/113 gene of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), which encodes the MCMV Early 1 (E1) proteins. The expression of each of the four E1 protein isoforms was inactivated individually, and the requirement for each isoform in MCMV replication was analyzed in fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. We show that the E1 p87 isoform, but not the p33, p36, and p38 isoforms, is essential for viral replication in cell culture. Moreover, the presence of one of the two medium-size isoforms (p36 or p38) and the presence of intron 1, but not its specific sequence, are required for viral replication. This study demonstrates the usefulness of splice site mutagenesis for the functional analysis of alternatively spliced herpesvirus genes. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses include up to 170 genes in their DNA genomes. The functions of most viral gene products remain poorly defined. The construction of viral gene knockout mutants has thus been an important tool for functional analysis of viral proteins. However, this strategy is of limited use when viral gene transcripts are alternatively spliced, leading to the expression of several proteins from a single gene. In this study, we showed, as a proof of principle, that each protein product of an alternatively spliced gene can be eliminated individually by splice site mutagenesis. Mutant viruses lacking individual protein products displayed different phenotypes, demonstrating that the products of alternatively spliced genes have nonredundant functions.
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Al-Ali AT, Sweet C. Further studies on the role of the residue 890 cysteine to tyrosine mutation in the M70 primase ORF of the temperature-sensitive mutant (tsm5) of murine cytomegalovirus. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1613-21. [PMID: 26919386 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A mutation (C890Y) introduced into the M70 primase gene of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) resulted in reduced viral replication in murine embryo fibroblasts at 40°C and the mutant was severely attenuated in vivo. The attenuated replication of the M70 mutant was also observed in Raw 264.7 macrophages at 37°C, demonstrating that the mutation produced a defective rather than an unstable protein possibly reducing the amount of functional protein under different environmental conditions. Many synonymous mutations were introduced into this ORF by changing codon preferences that should reduce the efficiency of gene translation, but not change protein sequence or structure. Two Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) constructs were produced with 155 codons (at the distal third of the M70 gene) changed to MCMV less preferred codons and with either cysteine (BAC70(155Cys) ) or tyrosine (BAC70(155Tyr) ) at residue 890. Upon transfection of these BACs into NIH 3T3 cells, only BAC70(155Cys) produced virus and this mutant Mt70(155Cys) replicated similarly to its revertant and the wt MCMV K181 (Perth) variant. A metagenomic analysis of the protein structure of the primase using PredictProtein showed that the change from cysteine (M70Cys) to tyrosine (M70Tyr) has a marked effect on protein structure. However, when the cysteine residue was replaced by serine (M70Ser) or methionine (M70Met), which produced mutant viruses with a wild-type phenotype, the predicted structure was similar to the wild-type structure. J. Med. Virol. 88:1613-1621, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clive Sweet
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Use of a current varicella vaccine as a live polyvalent vaccine vector. Vaccine 2016; 34:296-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Knockout of the Host Resistance Gene Pkr Fully Restores Replication of Murine Cytomegalovirus m142 and m143 Mutants In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 90:1144-7. [PMID: 26512090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02003-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) proteins m142 and m143 are essential for viral replication. They bind double-stranded RNA and prevent protein kinase R-induced protein synthesis shutoff. Whether the two viral proteins have additional functions such as their homologs in human cytomegalovirus do remained unknown. We show that MCMV m142 and m143 knockout mutants attain organ titers equivalent to those attained by wild-type MCMV in Pkr knockout mice, suggesting that these viral proteins do not encode additional PKR-independent functions relevant for pathogenesis in vivo.
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Electrochemical detection of a single cytomegalovirus at an ultramicroelectrode and its antibody anchoring. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5303-8. [PMID: 25870261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504294112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report observations of stochastic collisions of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) on ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs), extending the observation of discrete collision events on UMEs to biologically relevant analytes. Adsorption of an antibody specific for a virion surface glycoprotein allowed differentiation of MCMV from MCMV bound by antibody from the collision frequency decrease and current magnitudes in the electrochemical collision experiments, which shows the efficacy of the method to size viral samples. To add selectivity to the technique, interactions between MCMV, a glycoprotein-specific primary antibody to MCMV, and polystyrene bead "anchors," which were functionalized with a secondary antibody specific to the Fc region of the primary antibody, were used to affect virus mobility. Bead aggregation was observed, and the extent of aggregation was measured using the electrochemical collision technique. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy further supported aggregate shape and extent of aggregation with and without MCMV. This work extends the field of collisions to biologically relevant antigens and provides a novel foundation upon which qualitative sensor technology might be built for selective detection of viruses and other biologically relevant analytes.
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26
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Tsuda Y, Parkins CJ, Caposio P, Feldmann F, Botto S, Ball S, Messaoudi I, Cicin-Sain L, Feldmann H, Jarvis MA. A cytomegalovirus-based vaccine provides long-lasting protection against lethal Ebola virus challenge after a single dose. Vaccine 2015; 33:2261-2266. [PMID: 25820063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus; EBOV) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic disease virus that most recently was responsible for two independent 2014 outbreaks in multiple countries in Western Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, respectively. Herein, we show that a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccine provides durable protective immunity from Ebola virus following a single vaccine dose. This study has implications for human vaccination against ebolaviruses, as well as for development of a 'disseminating' vaccine to target these viruses in wild African great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Tsuda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Christopher J Parkins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sara Botto
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Susan Ball
- Centre for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomarkers, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK.
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27
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Sun C, Schattgen SA, Pisitkun P, Jorgensen JP, Hilterbrand AT, Wang LJ, West JA, Hansen K, Horan KA, Jakobsen MR, O'Hare P, Adler H, Sun R, Ploegh HL, Damania B, Upton JW, Fitzgerald KA, Paludan SR. Evasion of innate cytosolic DNA sensing by a gammaherpesvirus facilitates establishment of latent infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1819-31. [PMID: 25595793 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are DNA viruses harboring the capacity to establish lifelong latent-recurrent infections. There is limited knowledge about viruses targeting the innate DNA-sensing pathway, as well as how the innate system impacts on the latent reservoir of herpesvirus infections. In this article, we report that murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), in contrast to α- and β-herpesviruses, induces very limited innate immune responses through DNA-stimulated pathways, which correspondingly played only a minor role in the control of MHV68 infections in vivo. Similarly, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus also did not stimulate immune signaling through the DNA-sensing pathways. Interestingly, an MHV68 mutant lacking deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, embedded within the large tegument protein open reading frame (ORF)64, gained the capacity to stimulate the DNA-activated stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway. We found that ORF64 targeted a step in the DNA-activated pathways upstream of the bifurcation into the STING and absent in melanoma 2 pathways, and lack of the ORF64 DUB was associated with impaired delivery of viral DNA to the nucleus, which, instead, localized to the cytoplasm. Correspondingly, the ORF64 DUB active site mutant virus exhibited impaired ability to establish latent infection in wild-type, but not STING-deficient, mice. Thus, gammaherpesviruses evade immune activation by the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, which, in the MHV68 model, facilitates establishment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Sun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan A Schattgen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400
| | - Joan P Jorgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Adam T Hilterbrand
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Lucas J Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - John A West
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kathrine Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristy A Horan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter O'Hare
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Adler
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason W Upton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
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28
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Forbes CA, Scalzo AA, Degli-Esposti MA, Coudert JD. Ly49C-dependent control of MCMV Infection by NK cells is cis-regulated by MHC Class I molecules. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004161. [PMID: 24873973 PMCID: PMC4038614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are crucial in early resistance to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. In B6 mice, the activating Ly49H receptor recognizes the viral m157 glycoprotein on infected cells. We previously identified a mutant strain (MCMVG1F) whose variant m157 also binds the inhibitory Ly49C receptor. Here we show that simultaneous binding of m157 to the two receptors hampers Ly49H-dependent NK cell activation as Ly49C-mediated inhibition destabilizes NK cell conjugation with their targets and prevents the cytoskeleton reorganization that precedes killing. In B6 mice, as most Ly49H+ NK cells do not co-express Ly49C, the overall NK cell response remains able to control MCMVm157G1F infection. However, in B6 Ly49C transgenic mice where all NK cells express the inhibitory receptor, MCMV infection results in altered NK cell activation associated with increased viral replication. Ly49C-mediated inhibition also regulates Ly49H-independent NK cell activation. Most interestingly, MHC class I regulates Ly49C function through cis-interactions that mask the receptor and restricts m157 binding. B6 Ly49C Tg, β2m ko mice, whose Ly49C receptors are unmasked due to MHC class I deficient expression, are highly susceptible to MCMVm157G1F and are unable to control a low-dose infection. Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms that regulate NK cell activation during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Forbes
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony A. Scalzo
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mariapia A. Degli-Esposti
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, M517, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, M517, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
All of the cytomegaloviruses discovered to date encode two or more genes with significant homology to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The functions of these cytomegalovirus GPCRs are just beginning to be elucidated; however, it is clear that they exhibit numerous interesting activities in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In this chapter, we review the various methodologies that can be used to examine biochemical aspects of viral GPCR signaling in vitro as well as examine the biological activity of these viral GPCRs in vitro and in vivo in virus infected cells using recombinant cytomegaloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M O'Connor
- Section of Virology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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30
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Absence of frequent herpesvirus transmission in a nonhuman primate predator-prey system in the wild. J Virol 2013; 87:10651-9. [PMID: 23885068 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01104-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of viruses into the human population by transmission from nonhuman primates (NHPs) represents a serious potential threat to human health that is primarily associated with the increased bushmeat trade. Transmission of RNA viruses across primate species appears to be relatively frequent. In contrast, DNA viruses appear to be largely host specific, suggesting low transmission potential. Herein, we use a primate predator-prey system to study the risk of herpesvirus transmission between different primate species in the wild. The system was comprised of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and their primary (western red colobus, Piliocolobus badius badius) and secondary (black-and-white colobus, Colobus polykomos) prey monkey species. NHP species were frequently observed to be coinfected with multiple beta- and gammaherpesviruses (including new cytomegalo- and rhadinoviruses). However, despite frequent exposure of chimpanzees to blood, organs, and bones of their herpesvirus-infected monkey prey, there was no evidence for cross-species herpesvirus transmission. These findings suggest that interspecies transmission of NHP beta- and gammaherpesviruses is, at most, a rare event in the wild.
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31
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Hasegawa A, Tanaka H, Shibahara H. Infertility and Immunocontraception based on zona pellucida. Reprod Med Biol 2013; 13:1-9. [PMID: 29699147 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-013-0159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular matrix surrounding ovarian oocytes, ovulated eggs and preimplantation embryos. It plays several important roles at different stages of reproduction. Its constituent glycoproteins are expressed specifically in the ovary. It is thus possible to produce autoantibodies to ZP proteins that interfere with reproductive functions including folliculogenesis, fertilization and implantation. First, this article describes the history of anti-ZP antibodies detected in women with idiopathic infertility. Second, the current relationship between anti-ZP antibodies and infertility is discussed in relation to assisted reproductive medicine. Third, we introduce the latest studies of animal experiments involving the ZP. Finally, immunocontraceptive vaccine development using various ZP antigens is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hasegawa
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences Hyogo College of Medicine 1-1 Mukogawa-cho 663-8501 Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hyogo College of Medicine 1-1 Mukogawa-cho 663-8501 Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hyogo College of Medicine 1-1 Mukogawa-cho 663-8501 Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hyogo College of Medicine 1-1 Mukogawa-cho 663-8501 Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan
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32
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A cytomegalovirus-based vaccine expressing a single tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell epitope delays tumor growth in a murine model of prostate cancer. J Immunother 2013; 35:390-9. [PMID: 22576344 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182585d50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly immunogenic virus that results in a persistent, life-long infection in the host typically with no ill effects. Certain unique features of CMV, including its capacity to actively replicate in the presence of strong host CMV-specific immunity, may give CMV an advantage compared with other virus-based vaccine delivery platforms. In the present study, we tested the utility of mouse CMV (mCMV)-based vaccines expressing human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer immunotherapy in double-transgenic mice expressing PSA and HLA-DRB1*1501 (DR2bxPSA F1 mice). We assessed the capacity of 2 mCMV-based vectors to induce PSA-specific CD8 T-cell responses and affect the growth of PSA-expressing Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate tumors (TRAMP-PSA). In the absence of tumor challenge, immunization with mCMV vectors expressing either a H2-D(b)-restricted epitope PSA(65-73) (mCMV/PSA(65-73)) or the full-length gene for PSA (mCMV/PSA(FL)) induced comparable levels of CD8 T-cell responses that increased (inflated) with time. Upon challenge with TRAMP-PSA tumor cells, animals immunized with mCMV/PSA(65-73) had delay of tumor growth and increased PSA-specific CD8 T-cell responses, whereas animals immunized with mCMV/PSA(FL) showed progressive tumor growth and no increase in number of splenic PSA(65-73)-specific T cells. The data show that a prototype CMV-based prostate cancer vaccine can induce an effective antitumor immune response in a "humanized" double-transgenic mouse model. The observation that mCMV/PSA(FL) is not effective against TRAMP-PSA is consistent with our previous findings that HLA-DRB1*1501-restricted immune responses to PSA are associated with suppression of effective CD8 T-cell responses to TRAMP-PSA tumors.
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Fleming P, Kvansakul M, Voigt V, Kile BT, Kluck RM, Huang DCS, Degli-Esposti MA, Andoniou CE. MCMV-mediated inhibition of the pro-apoptotic Bak protein is required for optimal in vivo replication. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003192. [PMID: 23468630 PMCID: PMC3585157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful replication and transmission of large DNA viruses such as the cytomegaloviruses (CMV) family of viruses depends on the ability to interfere with multiple aspects of the host immune response. Apoptosis functions as a host innate defence mechanism against viral infection, and the capacity to interfere with this process is essential for the replication of many viruses. The Bcl-2 family of proteins are the principle regulators of apoptosis, with two pro-apoptotic members, Bax and Bak, essential for apoptosis to proceed. The m38.5 protein encoded by murine CMV (MCMV) has been identified as Bax-specific inhibitor of apoptosis. Recently, m41.1, a protein product encoded by the m41 open reading frame (ORF) of MCMV, has been shown to inhibit Bak activity in vitro. Here we show that m41.1 is critical for optimal MCMV replication in vivo. Growth of a m41.1 mutant was attenuated in multiple organs, a defect that was not apparent in Bak−/− mice. Thus, m41.1 promotes MCMV replication by inhibiting Bak-dependent apoptosis during in vivo infection. The results show that Bax and Bak mediate non-redundant functions during MCMV infection and that the virus produces distinct inhibitors for each protein to counter the activity of these proteins. The cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are a family of viruses that establish a latent infection that lasts for the life of the host, with the virus able to reactivate when the host is immunosuppressed. We have used murine CMV (MCMV) as a model to understand how CMV interferes with the anti-viral immune response. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is one of the defence mechanisms used by multicellular organisms to impair viral infection. In order for viral replication to proceed, many viruses have evolved mechanisms to prevent the apoptosis of infected host cells. Under most circumstances the activation of Bax, or the closely related protein Bak, is required for apoptosis to proceed. The m41.1 protein was recently identified as a candidate Bak inhibitor during in vitro infection. We have generated a mutant virus which is unable to produce the m41.1 protein and found that growth of this virus was attenuated in wild-type mice. Importantly, growth of the mutant virus was equivalent to that of the wild-type virus in mice lacking the Bak protein. These studies establish that m41.1 is an inhibitor of Bak and that the capacity to prevent apoptosis triggered by Bak is required for efficient replication of MCMV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fleming
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Voigt
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin T. Kile
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth M. Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C. S. Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariapia A. Degli-Esposti
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher E. Andoniou
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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34
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Viral inhibition of BAK promotes murine cytomegalovirus dissemination to salivary glands. J Virol 2013; 87:3592-6. [PMID: 23302869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02657-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis induction is an important host defense mechanism to control viral infection, which is antagonized by viral proteins. Murine cytomegalovirus m41.1 encodes a viral inhibitor of BAK oligomerization (vIBO) that blocks the mitochondrial apoptosis mediator BAK. However, its importance for viral fitness in vivo has not been investigated. Here, we show that an m41.1-deficient virus attains reduced titers in salivary glands of wild-type but not Bak1(-/-) mice, indicating a requirement of BAK inhibition for optimal dissemination in vivo.
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35
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Crosby LN, McCormick AL, Mocarski ES. Gene products of the embedded m41/m41.1 locus of murine cytomegalovirus differentially influence replication and pathogenesis. Virology 2013; 436:274-83. [PMID: 23295021 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses utilize overlapping and embedded reading frames as a way to efficiently package and express all genes necessary to carry out a complex lifecycle. Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a mitochondrial-localized inhibitor of Bak oligomerization (vIBO) from m41.1, a reading frame that is embedded within the m41 gene. The m41.1-encoded mitochondrial protein and m41-encoded Golgi-localized protein have both been implicated in cell death suppression; however, their contribution to viral infection within the host has not been investigated. Here, we report that mitochondrial-localized m41.1 (vIBO) is required for optimal viral replication in macrophages and has a modest impact on dissemination in infected mice. In contrast, Golgi-localized m41 protein is dispensable during acute infection and dissemination as well as for latency. All together, these data indicate that the primary evolutionary focus of this locus is to maintain mitochondrial function through inhibition of Bak-mediated death pathways in support of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey N Crosby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Natural killer cell dependent within-host competition arises during multiple MCMV infection: consequences for viral transmission and evolution. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003111. [PMID: 23300458 PMCID: PMC3536701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that many diseases are the result of infection from multiple genetically distinct strains of a pathogen. Such multi-strain infections have the capacity to alter both disease and pathogen dynamics. Infection with multiple strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is common and has been linked to enhanced disease. Suggestions that disease enhancement in multi-strain infected patients is due to complementation have been supported by trans-complementation studies in mice during co-infection of wild type and gene knockout strains of murine CMV (MCMV). Complementation between naturally circulating strains of CMV has, however, not been assessed. In addition, many models of multi-strain infection predict that co-infecting strains will compete with each other and that this competition may contribute to selective transmission of more virulent pathogen strains. To assess the outcome of multi-strain infection, C57BL/6 mice were infected with up to four naturally circulating strains of MCMV. In this study, profound within-host competition was observed between co-infecting strains of MCMV. This competition was MCMV strain specific and resulted in the complete exclusion of certain strains of MCMV from the salivary glands of multi-strain infected mice. Competition was dependent on Ly49H+ natural killer (NK) cells as well as the expression of the ligand for Ly49H, the MCMV encoded product, m157. Strains of MCMV which expressed an m157 gene product capable of ligating Ly49H were outcompeted by strains of MCMV expressing variant m157 genes. Importantly, within-host competition prevented the shedding of the less virulent strains of MCMV, those recognized by Ly49H, into the saliva of multi-strain infected mice. These data demonstrate that NK cells have the strain specific recognition capacity required to meditate within-host competition between strains of MCMV. Furthermore, this within-host competition has the capacity to shape the dynamics of viral shedding and potentially select for the transmission of more virulent virus strains. Infection of the host with multiple strains of a pathogen is common and occurs with the herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). However the effects of multi-strain infection on the host and the pathogen remain poorly studied. Here we show, in a mouse model, that infection of C57BL/6 mice with multiple strains of murine CMV (MCMV) results in profound within-host competition. Competition between the strains of MCMV is dependent on Ly49H+ natural killer (NK) cells. The NK cell activation receptor Ly49H receptor targets certain genotypes of the viral protein, m157. During multi-strain infection, strains of MCMV encoding an m157 capable of binding Ly49H are excluded from the salivary gland and the saliva of C57BL/6 mice, allowing for the shedding of only non-Ly49H binding strains of MCMV in the saliva. This within-host competition could therefore have significant impacts on the circulation of MCMV strains, as only the most virulent MCMV strains were present in the saliva.
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Al-Ali A, Timoshenko O, Martin BA, Sweet C. Role of mutations identified in ORFs M27, M36, m139, m141, and m143 in the temperature-sensitive phenotype of murine cytomegalovirus mutanttsm5. J Med Virol 2012; 84:912-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that establishes a lifelong asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals. Infection of immunesuppressed individuals causes serious illness. Transplant and AIDS patients are highly susceptible to CMV leading to life-threatening end-organ disease. Another vulnerable population is the developing fetus in utero, where congenital infection can result in surviving newborns with long-term developmental problems. There is no vaccine licensed for CMV and current antivirals suffer from complications associated with prolonged treatment. These include drug toxicity and emergence of resistant strains. There is an obvious need for new antivirals. Candidate intervention strategies are tested in controlled preclinical animal models but species specificity of human CMV precludes the direct study of the virus in an animal model. AREAS COVERED This review explores the current status of CMV antivirals and development of new drugs. This includes the use of animal models and the development of new improved models such as humanized animal CMV and bioluminescent imaging of virus in animals in real time. EXPERT OPINION Various new CMV antivirals are in development, some with greater spectrum of activity against other viruses. Although the greatest need is in the setting of transplant patients, there remains an unmet need for a safe antiviral strategy against congenital CMV. This is especially important as an effective CMV vaccine remains an elusive goal. In this regard, greater emphasis should be placed on suitable preclinical animal models and greater collaboration between industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair McGregor
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, 2001 6th Street SE, MN 55455, USA.
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Tsuda Y, Caposio P, Parkins CJ, Botto S, Messaoudi I, Cicin-Sain L, Feldmann H, Jarvis MA. A replicating cytomegalovirus-based vaccine encoding a single Ebola virus nucleoprotein CTL epitope confers protection against Ebola virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1275. [PMID: 21858240 PMCID: PMC3153429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human outbreaks of Ebola virus (EBOV) are a serious human health concern in Central Africa. Great apes (gorillas/chimpanzees) are an important source of EBOV transmission to humans due to increased hunting of wildlife including the ‘bush-meat’ trade. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an highly immunogenic virus that has shown recent utility as a vaccine platform. CMV-based vaccines also have the unique potential to re-infect and disseminate through target populations regardless of prior CMV immunity, which may be ideal for achieving high vaccine coverage in inaccessible populations such as great apes. Methodology/Principal Findings We hypothesize that a vaccine strategy using CMV-based vectors expressing EBOV antigens may be ideally suited for use in inaccessible wildlife populations. To establish a ‘proof-of-concept’ for CMV-based vaccines against EBOV, we constructed a mouse CMV (MCMV) vector expressing a CD8+ T cell epitope from the nucleoprotein (NP) of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) (MCMV/ZEBOV-NPCTL). MCMV/ZEBOV-NPCTL induced high levels of long-lasting (>8 months) CD8+ T cells against ZEBOV NP in mice. Importantly, all vaccinated animals were protected against lethal ZEBOV challenge. Low levels of anti-ZEBOV antibodies were only sporadically detected in vaccinated animals prior to ZEBOV challenge suggesting a role, at least in part, for T cells in protection. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates the ability of a CMV-based vaccine approach to protect against an highly virulent human pathogen, and supports the potential for ‘disseminating’ CMV-based EBOV vaccines to prevent EBOV transmission in wildlife populations. Human outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV) are a serious health concern in Central Africa. Great apes (gorillas/chimpanzees) are an important source of EBOV transmission to humans. Candidate EBOV vaccines do not spread from the initial vaccinee. In addition to being highly immunogenic, vaccines based on the cytomegalovirus (CMV) platform have the unique potential to re-infect and disseminate through target populations. To explore the utility of CMV-based vaccines against EBOV, we constructed a mouse CMV (MCMV) vector expressing a region of nucleoprotein (NP) of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) (MCMV/ZEBOV-NPCTL). MCMV/ZEBOV-NPCTL induced high levels of long-lasting CD8+ T cells against ZEBOV NP in mice. Importantly, all vaccinated animals were protected against lethal ZEBOV challenge. The absence of ZEBOV neutralizing and only low, sporadic levels of total anti-ZEBOV IgG antibodies in protected animals prior to ZEBOV challenge indicate a role, albeit perhaps not exclusive, for CD8+ T cells in mediating protection. This study demonstrates the ability of a CMV-based vaccine approach to protect against ZEBOV, and provides a ‘proof-of-concept’ for the potential for a ‘disseminating’ CMV-based EBOV vaccine to prevent EBOV transmission in wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Tsuda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Parkins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sara Botto
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The mouse cytomegalovirus glycoprotein m155 inhibits CD40 expression and restricts CD4 T cell responses. J Virol 2011; 85:5208-12. [PMID: 21411536 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02178-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) utilize a variety of immunomodulatory strategies to facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence in their infected hosts. We show that the mouse CMV (MCMV) m155 open reading frame (ORF) is required for the posttranscriptional inhibition of CD40 expression in infected antigen-presenting cells. Consistent with the known importance of CD40-mediated costimulation of T cells, a m155-deficient virus induces enhanced MCMV epitope-specific CD4 T cell responses.
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McLaughlin EA, Aitken RJ. Is there a role for immunocontraception? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:78-88. [PMID: 20412833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The world's population is continuing to grow at an alarming rate and yet no novel methods of contraception have been introduced since 1960s. The paucity of our current contraceptive armoury is indicated by the 46 million abortions that are performed each year, largely in developing countries where population growth is greatest. Thus, whatever new forms of fertility control we develop for the next millennium, the particular needs of developing countries should be borne in mind. Contraceptive vaccines have the potential to provide safe, effective, prolonged, reversible protection against pregnancy in a form that can be easily administered in the Third World. In this review we consider the contraceptive targets that might be pursued, how vaccines might be engineered and the problems generated by inter-individual variations in antibody titre. We conclude that the specifications for a safe, effective, reversible vaccine are more likely to be met in animals than man.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A McLaughlin
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Corbett AJ, Coudert JD, Forbes CA, Scalzo AA. Functional consequences of natural sequence variation of murine cytomegalovirus m157 for Ly49 receptor specificity and NK cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1713-22. [PMID: 21187440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ly49H activating receptor on C57BL/6 (B6) NK cells plays a key role in early resistance to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection through specific recognition of the MCMV-encoded MHC class I-like molecule m157 expressed on infected cells. The m157 molecule is also recognized by the Ly49I inhibitory receptor from the 129/J mouse strain. The m157 gene is highly sequence variable among MCMV isolates, with many m157 variants unable to bind Ly49H(B6). In this study, we have sought to define if m157 variability leads to a wider spectrum of interactions with other Ly49 molecules and if this modifies host susceptibility to MCMV. We have identified novel m157-Ly49 receptor interactions, involving Ly49C inhibitory receptors from B6, BALB/c, and NZB mice, as well as the Ly49H(NZB) activation receptor. Using an MCMV recombinant virus in which m157(K181) was replaced with m157(G1F), which interacts with both Ly49H(B6) and Ly49C(B6), we show that the m157(G1F)-Ly49C interactions cause no apparent attenuating effect on viral clearance in B6 mice. Hence, when m157 can bind both inhibitory and activation NK cell receptors, the outcome is still activation. Thus, these data indicate that whereas m157 variants predominately interact with inhibitory Ly49 receptors, these interactions do not profoundly interfere with early NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Corbett
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Herpesvirus BACs: past, present, and future. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:124595. [PMID: 21048927 PMCID: PMC2965428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses with large and complicated genomes. Genetic manipulation and the generation of recombinant viruses have been extremely difficult. However, herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that were developed approximately 10 years ago have become useful and powerful genetic tools for generating recombinant viruses to study the biology and pathogenesis of herpesviruses. For example, BAC-directed deletion mutants are commonly used to determine the function and essentiality of viral genes. In this paper, we discuss the creation of herpesvirus BACs, functional analyses of herpesvirus mutants, and future applications for studies of herpesviruses. We describe commonly used methods to create and mutate herpesvirus BACs (such as site-directed mutagenesis and transposon mutagenesis). We also evaluate the potential future uses of viral BACs, including vaccine development and gene therapy.
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44
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Upton JW, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES. Virus inhibition of RIP3-dependent necrosis. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7:302-313. [PMID: 20413098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection activates cytokine expression and triggers cell death, the modulation of which is important for successful pathogenesis. Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis dependent on two related RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-containing signaling adaptors, receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIP) 1 and 3. We find that murine cytomegalovirus infection induces RIP3-dependent necrosis. Whereas RIP3 kinase activity and RHIM-dependent interactions control virus-associated necrosis, virus-induced death proceeds independently of RIP1 and is therefore distinct from TNFalpha-dependent necroptosis. Viral M45-encoded inhibitor of RIP activation (vIRA) targets RIP3 during infection and disrupts RIP3-RIP1 interactions characteristic of TNFalpha-induced necroptosis, thereby suppressing both death pathways. Importantly, attenuation of vIRA mutant virus in wild-type mice is normalized in RIP3-deficient mice. Thus, vIRA function validates necrosis as central to host defense against viral infections and highlights the benefit of multiple virus-encoded cell-death suppressors that inhibit not only apoptotic, but also necrotic mechanisms of virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Upton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Cunningham PT, Lloyd ML, Harvey NL, Williams E, Hardy CM, Redwood AJ, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Promoter control over foreign antigen expression in a murine cytomegalovirus vaccine vector. Vaccine 2010; 29:141-51. [PMID: 20338212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported on the development of a recombinant murine cytomegalovirus (rMCMV) containing the mouse zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) gene for use as a virally vectored immunocontraceptive (VVIC). This study aimed to alter promoter control over foreign antigen expression and cellular localisation of the antigen expressed in order to overcome virus attenuation previously encountered. Early studies reported on the mZP3 gene expressed by a strong constitutive human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 promoter (pHCMV IE1). This virus was able to induce >90% infertility in BALB/c mice despite being heavily attenuated in vivo. In this study the mZP3 was placed under the control of the MCMV early 1 (pMCMV E1) promoter and the inducible tetracycline promoter (Tet-On). In both instances the recombinant virus was able to induce infertility in directly infected mice. However, the viruses remained attenuated. This study demonstrated the capacity to manipulate the nature of the immune response by altering promoter control over foreign antigen expression and cellular localisation of the expressed antigen. We were able to demonstrate that by using the MCMV E1 promoter it was still possible to sterilize female BALB/c mice with an MCMV vector expressing mZP3. The use of the MCMV E1 promoter provides an added level of safety to any MCMV based VVIC approach as it only allows for transgene expression in MCMV permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula T Cunningham
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Lapidge SJ, Eason CT, Humphrys ST. A review of chemical, biological and fertility control options for the camel in Australia. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/rj09033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction to Australia in 1840 the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius, has gone from the colonist’s companion to a conservationist’s conundrum in the fragile arid ecosystems of Australia. Current management techniques are failing to curb present population growth and alternatives must be sought. This review assess the applicability of currently registered and developmental vertebrate pesticides and fertility control agents for camel control, as well as examining the potential usefulness of known C. dromedarius diseases for biological control. Not surprisingly, little is known about the lethality of most vertebrate pesticides used in Australia to camels. More has been published on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals used in agriculture and the racing industry. An examination of the literature on C. dromedarius diseases, such as camel pox virus, contagious ecthyma and papillomatosis, indicates that the infections generally result in high morbidity but not necessarily mortality and this alone may not justify their consideration for use in Australia. The possibility exists that other undiscovered or unstudied biological control agents from other camilid species may offer greater potential for population control. As a long-lived species the camel is also not ideally suited to fertility control. Notwithstanding, anti-fertility agents may have their place in preventing the re-establishment of camel populations once they have been reduced through mechanical, biological or chemical means. Delivery of any generic chemical or fertility control agent will, however, require a species-tailored pathway and an appropriate large-scale deployment method. Accordingly, we put forward avenues of investigation to yield improved tools for camel control.
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Lemmermann NA, Podlech J, Seckert CK, Kropp KA, Grzimek NK, Reddehase MJ, Holtappels R. CD8 T-Cell Immunotherapy of Cytomegalovirus Disease in the Murine Model. IMMUNOLOGY OF INFECTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(10)37016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cam M, Handke W, Picard-Maureau M, Brune W. Cytomegaloviruses inhibit Bak- and Bax-mediated apoptosis with two separate viral proteins. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:655-65. [PMID: 19816509 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of infected cells can limit virus replication and serves as an innate defense mechanism against viral infections. Consequently, viruses delay apoptosis by expressing antiapoptotic proteins, many of which structurally resemble the cellular antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Like Bcl-2, the viral analogs inhibit apoptosis by preventing activation and/or oligomerization of the proapoptotic mitochondrial proteins Bax and Bak. Here we show that cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have adopted a different strategy. They encode two separate mitochondrial proteins that lack obvious sequence similarities to Bcl-2-family proteins and specifically counteract either Bax or Bak. We identified a small mitochondrion-localized protein encoded by the murine CMV open reading frame (ORF) m41.1, which functions as a viral inhibitor of Bak oligomerization (vIBO). It blocks Bak-mediated cytochrome c release and Bak-dependent induction of apoptosis. It protects cells from cell death-inducing stimuli together with the previously identified Bax-specific inhibitor viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) (encoded by ORF m38.5). Similar vIBO proteins are encoded by CMVs of rats, and possibly by other CMVs as well. These results suggest a non-redundant function of Bax and Bak during viral infection, and a benefit for CMVs derived from the ability to inhibit Bak and Bax separately with two viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cam
- Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Timoshenko O, Al-Ali A, Martin BA, Sweet C. Role of mutations identified in ORFs M56 (terminase), M70 (primase) and M98 (endonuclease) in the temperature-sensitive phenotype of murine cytomegalovirus mutant tsm5. Virology 2009; 392:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Nikolovski S, Lloyd ML, Harvey N, Hardy CM, Shellam GR, Redwood AJ. Overcoming innate host resistance to vaccination: employing a genetically distinct strain of murine cytomegalovirus avoids vector-mediated resistance to virally vectored immunocontraception. Vaccine 2009; 27:5226-32. [PMID: 19591797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory strain of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), K181, has been successfully engineered as a vaccine expressing murine zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) for viral vectored immunocontraception (VVIC) in mice. However, certain laboratory strains of mice are resistant to infection with K181 and therefore demonstrate resistance to VVIC. Cmv1 is the best characterised innate resistance mechanism to MCMV and was first described in C57BL/6 mice. Resistance in C57BL/6 mice is due to early and strong activation of natural killer (NK) cells by an MCMV gene product, m157, that binds directly to the NK cell activating receptor Ly49H. In this study a wild strain of MCMV, G4, which expresses a variant m157 incapable of activating Ly49H, was engineered to express murine zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) and assessed for its ability to sterilise female C57BL/6 mice. When infected with K181-mZP3 female C57BL/6 mice remained fully fertile. In contrast, female C57BL/6 mice were sterilised by a single intraperitoneal inoculation of G4-mZP3. Infertility was induced by G4-mZP3 in three strains of mice that express Ly49H, on two different histocompatibility-2 (H-2) backgrounds. Finally, enhanced immunocontraception was observed in mice expressing H-2(k) mediated resistance to MCMV when infected with G4-mZP3 compared to K181-mZP3. These data indicate that when using viral vaccine vectors, variant vector strains may be used to circumvent powerful innate immune responses against the vector and promote effective vaccination. This study highlights the importance of vaccine vector genetics in vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nikolovski
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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