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Ganguli S, Chavali PL. Corrigendum: Intrauterine Viral Infections: Impact of Inflammation on Fetal Neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:817697. [PMID: 34955742 PMCID: PMC8707729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.771557.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ganguli
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pavithra L Chavali
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Ganguli S, Chavali PL. Intrauterine Viral Infections: Impact of Inflammation on Fetal Neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:771557. [PMID: 34858132 PMCID: PMC8631423 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.771557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine viral infections during pregnancy by pathogens such as Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Herpes Simplex virus can lead to prenatal as well as postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders. Although maternal viral infections are common during pregnancy, viruses rarely penetrate the trophoblast. When they do cross, viruses can cause adverse congenital health conditions for the fetus. In this context, maternal inflammatory responses to these neurotropic pathogens play a significant role in negatively affecting neurodevelopment. For instance, intrauterine inflammation poses an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Severe inflammatory responses have been linked to stillbirths, preterm births, abortions and microcephaly. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic basis of how immune system shapes the landscape of the brain and how different neurotropic viral pathogens evoke inflammatory responses. Finally, we list the consequences of neuroinflammation on fetal brain development and discuss directions for future research and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ganguli
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pavithra L Chavali
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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3
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Carratalá JV, Brouillette E, Serna N, Sánchez-Chardi A, Sánchez JM, Villaverde A, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Malouin F. In Vivo Bactericidal Efficacy of GWH1 Antimicrobial Peptide Displayed on Protein Nanoparticles, a Potential Alternative to Antibiotics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121217. [PMID: 33348529 PMCID: PMC7766456 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization of antimicrobial peptides into nanosized supramolecular complexes produced in biological systems (inclusion bodies and self-assembling nanoparticles) seems an appealing alternative to conventional antibiotics. In this work, the antimicrobial peptide, GWH1, was N-terminally fused to two different scaffold proteins, namely, GFP and IFN-γ for its bacterial production in the form of such recombinant protein complexes. Protein self-assembling as regular soluble protein nanoparticles was achieved in the case of GWH1-GFP, while oligomerization into bacterial inclusion bodies was reached in both constructions. Among all these types of therapeutic proteins, protein nanoparticles of GWH1-GFP showed the highest bactericidal effect in an in vitro assay against Escherichia coli, whereas non-oligomerized GWH1-GFP and GWH1-IFN-γ only displayed a moderate bactericidal activity. These results indicate that the biological activity of GWH1 is specifically enhanced in the form of regular multi-display configurations. Those in vitro observations were fully validated against a bacterial infection using a mouse mastitis model, in which the GWH1-GFP soluble nanoparticles were able to effectively reduce bacterial loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Carratalá
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (J.M.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Centre d’Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Mastitis Network and Regroupement de Recherche Pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+Lait), Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Naroa Serna
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (J.M.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Microscopy Service, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julieta M. Sánchez
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (J.M.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (J.M.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (E.G.-F.)
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (E.G.-F.)
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (J.V.C.); (N.S.); (J.M.S.); (A.V.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.F.-M.); (F.M.)
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d’Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Mastitis Network and Regroupement de Recherche Pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+Lait), Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (N.F.-M.); (F.M.)
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4
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Zhu Y, Li Y, Bai B, Fang J, Zhang K, Yin X, Li S, Li W, Ma Y, Cui Y, Wang J, Liu X, Li X, Sun L, Jin N. Construction of an attenuated goatpox virus AV41 strain by deleting the TK gene and ORF8-18. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:111-119. [PMID: 30030019 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Goatpox virus (GTPV) is prevalent in goats and is associated with high mortality. This virus causes fever, skin nodules, lesions in the respiratory and lymph node enlargement. Considering the safety risks and side effects of vaccination with attenuated live GPTV vaccine strain AV41, an attenuated goatpox virus (GTPV-TK-ORF), was constructed by deleting non-essential gene fragments without affecting replication and related to the virulence and immunomodulatory functions of the goatpox virus AV41 strain (GTPV-AV41) using homologous recombination and the Cre (Cyclization Recombination Enzyme)/Loxp system. The results of both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that GTPV-TK-ORF was safer than wild type GTPV-AV41, possessed satisfactory immunogenicity, and could protect goats from a virulent GTPV-AV40 infection. Moreover, the IFN-γ, GTPV-specific antibody, and neutralizing antibody levels in the GTPV-TK-ORF-immunized group were significantly higher than that in the normal saline control group following immunization (P < 0.01). Thus, GTPV-TK-ORF may be used as a potential novel vaccine and viral vector with good safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Zhu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China; Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Jinbo Fang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Kelong Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xunzhe Yin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Shanzhi Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yizhen Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yingli Cui
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China; Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Lili Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, 130122, China; Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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5
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Poosti F, Bansal R, Yazdani S, Prakash J, Beljaars L, van den Born J, de Borst MH, van Goor H, Hillebrands JL, Poelstra K. Interferon gamma peptidomimetic targeted to interstitial myofibroblasts attenuates renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54240-54252. [PMID: 27509062 PMCID: PMC5342338 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis cannot be adequately treated since anti-fibrotic treatment is lacking. Interferon-γ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with anti-fibrotic properties. Clinical use of interferon-γ is hampered due to inflammation-mediated systemic side effects. We used an interferon-γ peptidomimetic (mimγ) lacking the extracellular IFNγReceptor recognition domain, and coupled it to the PDGFβR-recognizing peptide BiPPB. Here we tested the efficacy of mimγ-BiPPB (referred to as “Fibroferon”) targeted to PDGFβR-overexpressing interstitial myofibroblasts to attenuate renal fibrosis without inducing inflammation-mediated side effects in the mouse unilateral ureter obstruction model. Unilateral ureter obstruction induced renal fibrosis characterized by significantly increased α-SMA, TGFβ1, fibronectin, and collagens I and III protein and/or mRNA expression. Fibroferon treatment significantly reduced expression of these fibrotic markers. Compared to full-length IFNγ, anti-fibrotic effects of Fibroferon were more pronounced. Unilateral ureter obstruction-induced lymphangiogenesis was significantly reduced by Fibroferon but not full-length IFNγ. In contrast to full-length IFNγ, Fibroferon did not induce IFNγ-related side-effects as evidenced by preserved low-level brain MHC II expression (similar to vehicle), lowered plasma triglyceride levels, and improved weight gain after unilateral ureter obstruction. In conclusion, compared to full-length IFNγ, the IFNγ-peptidomimetic Fibroferon targeted to PDGFβR-overexpressing myofibroblasts attenuates renal fibrosis in the absence of IFNγ-mediated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Poosti
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Division of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Saleh Yazdani
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Division of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Division of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Bhattacharya B, Chatterjee S, Devine WG, Kobzik L, Beeler AB, Porco JA, Kramnik I. Fine-tuning of macrophage activation using synthetic rocaglate derivatives. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24409. [PMID: 27086720 PMCID: PMC4834551 DOI: 10.1038/srep24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacteria represent a significant global threat. Given the dearth of new antibiotics, host-directed therapies (HDTs) are especially desirable. As IFN-gamma (IFNγ) plays a central role in host resistance to intracellular bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we searched for small molecules to augment the IFNγ response in macrophages. Using an interferon-inducible nuclear protein Ipr1 as a biomarker of macrophage activation, we performed a high-throughput screen and identified molecules that synergized with low concentration of IFNγ. Several active compounds belonged to the flavagline (rocaglate) family. In primary macrophages a subset of rocaglates 1) synergized with low concentrations of IFNγ in stimulating expression of a subset of IFN-inducible genes, including a key regulator of the IFNγ network, Irf1; 2) suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and type I IFN and 3) induced autophagy. These compounds may represent a basis for macrophage-directed therapies that fine-tune macrophage effector functions to combat intracellular pathogens and reduce inflammatory tissue damage. These therapies would be especially relevant to fighting drug-resistant pathogens, where improving host immunity may prove to be the ultimate resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Bhattacharya
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sujoy Chatterjee
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - William G Devine
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aaron B Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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7
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Type I interferon mimetics bypass vaccinia virus decoy receptor virulence factor for protection of mice against lethal infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1178-84. [PMID: 24964806 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00204-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The canonical model of interferon (IFN) signaling focuses solely on the activation of STAT transcription factors which, according to the model, are initiated by the singular event of cross-linkage of the receptor extracellular domain by the IFN. The IFN has no further function beyond this. The model thus provides no approach to circumventing poxviruses decoy receptors that compete with the IFN receptors for IFNs. This simple event has allowed smallpox virus to decimate human populations throughout the ages. We have developed a noncanonical model of IFN signaling that has resulted in the development of small peptide mimetics to both types I and II IFNs. In this report, we focus on a type I IFN mimetic at positions 152 to 189, IFN-α1(152-189), which corresponds to the C terminus of human IFN-α1. This mimetic functions intracellularly and is thus not recognized by the B18R vaccinia virus decoy receptor. Mimetic synthesized with an attached palmitate (lipo-) for cell penetration protects mice from a lethal dose of vaccinia virus, while the parent IFN-α1 is ineffective. Unlike IFN-α1, the mimetic does not bind to the B18R decoy receptor. It further differs from the parent IFN in that it lacks the toxicity of weight loss and bone marrow suppression in mice while at the same time possessing a strong adjuvant effect on the immune system. The mimetic is thus an innate and adaptive immune regulator that is evidence of the dynamic nature of the noncanonical model of IFN signaling, in stark contrast to the canonical or classical model of signaling.
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8
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Ahmed CM, Johnson HM. The role of a non-canonical JAK-STAT pathway in IFN therapy of poxvirus infection and multiple sclerosis: An example of Occam's Broom? JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e26227. [PMID: 24416655 PMCID: PMC3876437 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.26227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by cytokines such as the interferons (IFNs) involves Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors. The beauty of the classical model of JAK-STAT signaling is its simplicity in that JAK-activated STATs in the nucleus are responsible for specific gene activation. The fact that many ligands, growth factors, and hormones use the same STAT transcription factors, but exert different functions at the level of the cell, tissue, and organ would suggest significant shortcomings in the classical model. Our studies have resulted in the development of a non-canonical, more complex model of IFN signaling that bears a striking resemblance to that of steroid hormone (SH)/steroid receptor (SR) signaling. Thus, both types I and II IFN signaling involves nuclear translocation of complexed ligand, receptor, activated JAKs, and activated STATs to the promoters of the genes that are specifically activated by the IFNs, where they are involved in specific gene activation and epigenetic remodeling. Receptor intracellular domains play an important role in binding the C-terminus of the IFNs, which is the basis for our development of IFN mimetics. The IFN mimetics are not recognized by poxvirus decoy receptors, since the decoy receptors compete for extracellular binding and not intracellular binding. Further, the type I IFN mimetics provide therapeutic protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis, without the side effects. Extracellular receptor binding by intact IFN is the primary reason for undesirable side effects of flu-like symptoms, bone-marrow suppression, and weight loss. The non-canonical model of IFN signaling thus provides insight into the specificity of such signaling and a mechanism for development of IFN mimetics. It is our contention that this model applies to other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
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9
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Johnson HM, Noon-Song EN, Dabelic R, Ahmed CM. IFN signaling: how a non-canonical model led to the development of IFN mimetics. Front Immunol 2013; 4:202. [PMID: 23898330 PMCID: PMC3722551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical model of cytokine signaling dominates our view of specific gene activation by cytokines such as the interferons (IFNs). The importance of the model extends beyond cytokines and applies to hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin, and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). According to this model, ligand activates the cell via interaction with the extracellular domain of the receptor. This results in activation of receptor or receptor-associated tyrosine kinases, primarily of the Janus activated kinase (JAK) family, phosphorylation and dimerization of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors, which dissociate from the receptor cytoplasmic domain and translocate to the nucleus. This view ascribes no further role to the ligand, JAK kinase, or receptor in either specific gene activation or the associated epigenetic events. The presence of dimeric STATs in the nucleus essentially explains it all. Our studies have resulted in the development of a non-canonical, more complex model of IFNγ signaling that is akin to that of steroid hormone (SH)/steroid receptor (SR) signaling. We have shown that ligand, receptor, activated JAKs, and STATs are associated with specific gene activation, where the receptor subunit IFNGR1 functions as a co-transcription factor and the JAKs are involved in associated epigenetic events. We found that the type I IFN system functions similarly. The fact that GH receptor, insulin receptor, EGF receptor, and FGF receptor undergo nuclear translocation upon ligand binding suggests that they may also function similarly. The SH/SR nature of type I and II IFN signaling provides insight into the specificity of signaling by members of cytokine families. The non-canonical model could also provide better understanding to more complex cytokine families such as those of IL-2 and IL-12, whose members often use the same JAKs and STATs, but also have different functions and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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10
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Steroid-like signalling by interferons: making sense of specific gene activation by cytokines. Biochem J 2012; 443:329-38. [PMID: 22452815 DOI: 10.1042/bj20112187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many cytokines, hormones and growth factors use the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway for cell signalling and specific gene activation. In the classical model, ligand is said to interact solely with the receptor extracellular domain, which triggers JAK activation of STATs at the receptor cytoplasmic domain. Activated STATs are then said to carry out nuclear events of specific gene activation. Given the limited number of STATs (seven) and the activation of the same STATs by cytokines with different functions, the mechanism of the specificity of their signalling is not obvious. Focusing on IFNγ (interferon γ), we have shown that ligand, receptor and activated JAKs are involved in nuclear events that are associated with specific gene activation, where the receptor subunit IFNGR1 (IFNγ receptor 1) functions as a transcription/co-transcription factor and the JAKs are involved in key epigenetic events. RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) such as EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] and FGFR [FGF (fibroblast growth factor) receptor] also undergo nuclear translocation in association with their respective ligands. EGFR and FGFR, like IFNGR1, have been shown to function as transcription/co-transcription factors. The RTKs also regulate other kinases that have epigenetic effects. Our IFNγ model, as well as the RTKs EGFR and FGFR, have similarities to that of steroid receptor signalling. These systems consist of ligand-receptor-co-activator complexes at the genes that they activate. The co-activators consist of transcription factors and kinases, of which the latter play an important role in the associated epigenetics. It is our view that signalling by cytokines such as IFNγ is but a variation of specific gene activation by steroid hormones.
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11
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Johnson HM, Noon-Song E, Ahmed CM. Controlling Nuclear Jaks and Stats for Specific Gene Activation by Ifn γ and Other Cytokines: A Possible Steroid-like Connection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2. [PMID: 22924155 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of specific gene activation by cytokines that use JAK/STAT signalling pathway is unknown. There are four different types of JAKs and seven different types of STATs. In the classical model of signaling, ligand interacts solely with the receptor extracellular domain, which triggers JAK activation at the receptor cytoplasmic domain. Activated STATs are then said to carry out nuclear events of specific gene activation, including associated epigenetic changes that cause heterochromatin destabilization. Ligand, receptor, and JAKs play no further role in the classical model. Given the limited number of STATs and the activation of the same STATs by cytokines with different functions, the mechanism of the specificity of their signalling is not obvious. Focusing on gamma interferon (IFNγ), we have shown that ligand, receptor, and activated JAKs are involved in nuclear events that are associated with specific gene activation. In this model, receptor subunit IFNGR1 functions as a transcription/cotranscription factor and the JAKs are involved in key epigenetic events that are required for specific gene activation. The model has implications for gene activation in cancer as well as stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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12
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Ahmed CMI, Dabelic R, Martin JP, Jager LD, Haider SM, Johnson HM. Enhancement of antiviral immunity by small molecule antagonist of suppressor of cytokine signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1103-13. [PMID: 20543109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCSs) are negative regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity via inhibition of signaling by cytokines such as type I and type II IFNs. We have developed a small peptide antagonist of SOCS-1 that corresponds to the activation loop of JAK2. SOCS-1 inhibits both type I and type II IFN activities by binding to the kinase activation loop via the kinase inhibitory region of the SOCS. The antagonist, pJAK2(1001-1013), inhibited the replication of vaccinia virus and encephalomyocarditis virus in cell culture, suggesting that it possesses broad antiviral activity. In addition, pJAK2(1001-1013) protected mice against lethal vaccinia and encephalomyocarditis virus infection. pJAK2(1001-1013) increased the intracellular level of the constitutive IFN-beta, which may play a role in the antagonist antiviral effect at the cellular level. Ab neutralization suggests that constitutive IFN-beta may act intracellularly, consistent with recent findings on IFN-gamma intracellular signaling. pJAK2(1001-1013) also synergizes with IFNs as per IFN-gamma mimetic to exert a multiplicative antiviral effect at the level of transcription, the cell, and protection of mice against lethal viral infection. pJAK2(1001-1013) binds to the kinase inhibitory region of both SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 and blocks their inhibitory effects on the IFN-gamma activation site promoter. In addition to a direct antiviral effect and synergism with IFN, the SOCS antagonist also exhibits adjuvant effects on humoral and cellular immunity as well as an enhancement of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid activation of TLR3. The SOCS antagonist thus presents a novel and effective approach to enhancement of host defense against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M I Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Mohan KVK, Rao SS, Atreya CD. Antiviral activity of selected antimicrobial peptides against vaccinia virus. Antiviral Res 2010; 86:306-11. [PMID: 20347875 PMCID: PMC7114312 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gaining importance as effective therapeutic alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Recently we have shown that a set of nine synthetic antimicrobial peptides, four originating from thrombin-induced human platelet-derived antimicrobial proteins named PD1-PD4 and five synthetic repeats of arginine-tryptophan (RW) repeats (RW1-5) demonstrate antibacterial activity in plasma and platelets. Using WR strain of vaccinia virus (VV) as a model virus for enveloped virus in the present study, we tested the same nine synthetic peptides for their antiviral activity. A cell culture-based standard plaque reduction assay was utilized to estimate antiviral effectiveness of the peptides. Our analysis revealed that peptides PD3, PD4, and RW3 were virucidal against VV with PD3 demonstrating the highest antiviral activity of 100-fold reduction in viral titers, whereas, PD4 and RW3 peptide treatments resulted in 10-30-fold reduction. The EC(50) values of PD3, PD4 and RW3 were found to be 40 microg/ml, 50 microg/ml and 6.5 microM, respectively. In VV-spiked plasma samples, the virucidal activity of PD3, PD4 and RW3 was close to 100% (90-100-fold reduction). Overall, the present study constitutes a new proof-of-concept in developing peptide therapeutics for vaccinia virus infections in biothreat scenarios and as in vitro viral reduction agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketha V K Mohan
- Section of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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SOCS-1 mimetics protect mice against lethal poxvirus infection: identification of a novel endogenous antiviral system. J Virol 2008; 83:1402-15. [PMID: 19019946 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) protein modulates cytokine signaling by binding to and inhibiting the function of Janus kinases (JAKs), ErbB, and other tyrosine kinases. We have developed a small tyrosine kinase inhibitor peptide (Tkip) that binds to the autophosphorylation site of tyrosine kinases and inhibits activation of STAT transcription factors. We have also shown that a peptide corresponding to the kinase-inhibitory region of SOCS-1, SOCS1-KIR, similarly interacts with the activation loop of JAK2 and blocks STAT activation. Poxviruses activate cellular tyrosine kinases, such as ErbB-1 and JAK2, in the infection of cells. We used the pathogenesis of vaccinia virus in C57BL/6 mice to determine the ability of the SOCS-1 mimetics to protect mice against lethal vaccinia virus infection. Injection of mice intraperitoneally with Tkip or SOCS1-KIR containing a palmitate for cell penetration, before and at the time of intranasal challenge with 2 x 10(6) PFU of vaccinia virus, resulted in complete protection at 100 microg. Initiation of treatment 1 day postinfection resulted in 80% survival. Administration of SOCS-1 mimetics by the oral route also protected mice against lethal effects of the virus. Both SOCS1-KIR and Tkip inhibited vaccinia virus transcription and replication at early and possibly later stages of infection. Vaccinia virus-induced phosphorylation of ErbB-1 and JAK2 was inhibited by the mimetics. Protected mice mounted a strong humoral and cellular response to vaccinia virus. The use of SOCS-1 mimetics in the treatment of poxvirus infections reveals an endogenous regulatory system that previously was not known to have an antiviral function.
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Zhang Q, Bai G, Chen JQ, Tian W, Cao Y, Pan PW, Wang C. Identification of antiviral mimetic peptides with interferon alpha-2b-like activity from a random peptide library using a novel functional biopanning method. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:634-40. [PMID: 18430373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To screen for interferon (IFN) alpha-2b mimetic peptides with antiviral activity. METHODS Selecting IFN receptor-binding peptides from a phage-display heptapeptide library using a novel functional biopanning method. This method was developed to identify peptides with activity against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) inducing cytopathic effects on WISH cells. RESULTS Sixteen positive clones were obtained after 3 rounds of functional selection. Ten clones were picked from these positive clones according to the results of phage ELISA and were sequenced. The amino acid sequences homologous to IFN alpha-2b were defined by residues AB loop 31-37, BC loop 68-74, C helix 93-99, CD loop 106-112, D helix 115-121, DE loop 132-138, and E helix 143-161. Two of the peptides, designated clones T3 and T9, aligned with the IFNAR2-binding domains (AB loop and E helix), were synthesized and designated as IR-7 and KP-7, respectively. Both KP-7 and IR-7 were found to compete with GFP/IFN alpha-2b for receptor binding and mimicked the antiviral activity of IFN alpha -2b cooperatively. CONCLUSION Two IFN alpha-2b mimetic peptides with antiviral activity were derived from a phage-display heptapeptide library using a novel functional selection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of pharmaceutical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
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Fulcher AJ, Ahmed CMI, Noon-Song EN, Kwan RYQ, Subramaniam PS, Johnson HM, Jans DA. Interferon gamma is recognised by importin alpha/beta: enhanced nuclear localising and transactivation activities of an interferon gamma mimetic. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1569-74. [PMID: 18405666 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) gamma's ability to localise in the nucleus and function in gene activation has been known for some time, although the role of the conventional nuclear transporting importin molecules is unclear. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the direct recognition of IFNgamma and an IFNgamma mimetic peptide by IMPalpha and the IMPalpha/beta heterodimer, where the IFNgamma mimetic shows higher affinity. Significantly, this correlates well both with in vivo ability to target green fluorescent protein to the nucleus in transfected cells as determined by quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as GAS promoter activity of a luciferase reporter. This has important implications for IFNgamma's anti-viral action, and the potential use of the IFNgamma mimetic in antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Fulcher
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, P.O. Box 13D, Victoria, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Wu J, Xiao X, Zhao P, Xue G, Zhu Y, Zhu X, Zheng L, Zeng Y, Huang W. Minicircle-IFNgamma induces antiproliferative and antitumoral effects in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4702-13. [PMID: 16899621 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this work were to investigate the antitumor effect of IFNgamma gene transfer on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to assess the potential of minicircle vector for antitumor gene therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a recombinant minicircle vector carrying the human IFNgamma gene and evaluated the effects of minicircle-mediated IFNgamma gene transfer on NPC cell lines in vitro and on xenografts in vivo. RESULTS Relative to p2PhiC31-IFNgamma, minicircle-mediated IFNgamma gene transfer in vitro resulted in 19- to 102-fold greater IFNgamma expression levels in transfected cells (293, NIH 3T3, CNE-1, CNE-2, and C666-1) and inhibited the growth of CNE-1, CNE-2, and C666-1 cells more efficiently, reducing relative growth rates to 7.1 +/- 1.6%, 2.7 +/- 1.0%, and 6.1 +/- 1.6%, respectively. Flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assays suggested that the antiproliferative effects of IFNgamma gene transfer on NPC cell lines could be attributed to G(0)-G(1) arrest and apoptosis. Minicircle-mediated intratumoral IFNgamma expression in vivo was 11 to 14 times higher than p2PhiC31-IFNgamma in CNE-2- and C666-1-xenografted mice and lasted for 21 days. Compared with p2PhiC31-IFNgamma treatment, minicircle-IFNgamma treatment significantly increased survival and achieved inhibition rates of 77.5% and 83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that IFNgamma gene transfer exerts antiproliferative effects on NPC cells in vitro and leads to a profound antitumor effect in vivo. Minicircle-IFNgamma is more efficient than corresponding conventional plasmids due to its capability of mediating long-lasting high levels of IFNgamma gene expression. Therefore, minicircle-mediated IFNgamma gene transfer is a promising novel approach in the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Zhao P, Zhu YH, Wu JX, Liu RY, Zhu XY, Xiao X, Li HL, Huang BJ, Xie FJ, Chen JM, Ke ML, Huang W. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of human IFNγ gene inhibits prostate cancer growth. Life Sci 2007; 81:695-701. [PMID: 17714738 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) is regarded as a potent antitumor agent, but therapy with IFNgamma is hampered by its short half-life and significant side effects. We developed a replication defective adenovirus carrying the human IFNgamma gene and evaluated the effects of adenovirus-mediated IFNgamma (Ad-IFNgamma) gene transfer on human prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and on xenografts in vivo. Our results showed infection of prostate cancer cells with Ad-IFNgamma led to production of an active cytokine and resulted in an antiproliferative effect on the prostate cancer cells. Intratumoral injection of Ad-IFNgamma significantly inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell xenografts in vivo, while no significant toxicity effect was observed. RT-PCR analysis indicated transgene expression mainly enriched in tumors in vivo, and slightly distributed in livers. These findings suggest adenovirus-mediated IFNgamma gene transfer is a promising approach in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
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Ahmed CM, Martin JP, Johnson HM. IFN mimetic as a therapeutic for lethal vaccinia virus infection: possible effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:4576-83. [PMID: 17372016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed small peptide mimetics of IFN-gamma that can bypass the poxvirus virulence factor B8R protein, which binds to intact IFN-gamma and prevents its interaction with receptor extracellular domain. Thus, these peptides inhibit vaccinia virus replication in cell culture where intact IFN-gamma is ineffective. We demonstrate here that the mouse IFN-gamma-mimetic peptide, IFN-gamma(95-132), protects C57BL/6 mice against overwhelming lethal vaccinia virus infection. The mimetic peptide was synthesized with an attached lipophilic group for penetration of cell plasma membrane. Injection of mimetic i.p. before and at the time of intranasal (10(6) PFU) or i.p. (10(7) PFU) challenge with virus resulted in complete protection at 200 microg of mimetic and 40-60% protection at 5 microg of mimetic. Initiation of treatment of mice with IFN-gamma mimetic up to 2 days postinfection resulted in complete protection against death, whereas initiation of treatment at 6 days postinfection resulted in 40% protection. Administration of mimetic by the oral route also completely protected mice against the intranasal route of a lethal dose of vaccinia virus challenge. In addition to its direct antiviral effect, the mimetic also possessed adjuvant effects in boosting humoral and cellular immunity to vaccinia virus. The combination of antiviral and adjuvant effects by the IFN mimetic probably plays a role in its potent anti-vaccinia virus properties. These results suggest an effective therapeutic against ongoing, lethal poxvirus infections that taps into innate and adaptive host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Mujtaba MG, Patel CB, Patel RA, Flowers LO, Burkhart MA, Waiboci LW, Martin J, Haider MI, Ahmed CM, Johnson HM. The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mimetic peptide IFN-gamma (95-133) prevents encephalomyocarditis virus infection both in tissue culture and in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:944-52. [PMID: 16893996 PMCID: PMC1539128 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00021-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that the C-terminal gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mimetic peptide consisting of residues 95 to 133 [IFN-gamma(95-133)], which contains the crucial IFN-gamma nuclear localization sequence (NLS), has antiviral activity in tissue culture. Here we evaluate the efficacy of this peptide and its derivatives first in vitro and then in an animal model of lethal viral infection with the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Deletion of the NLS region from the IFN-gamma mimetic peptide IFN-gamma(95-133) resulted in loss of antiviral activity. However, the NLS region does not have antiviral activity in itself. Replacing the NLS region of IFN-gamma(95-133) with the NLS region of the simian virus 40 large T antigen retains the antiviral activity in tissue culture. IFN-gamma(95-133) prevented EMC virus-induced lethality in mice in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Mice treated with IFN-gamma(95-133) had no or low EMC virus titers in their internal organs, whereas control mice had consistently high viral titers, especially in the heart tissues. Injection of B8R protein, which is encoded by poxviruses as a defense mechanism to neutralize host IFN-gamma, did not inhibit IFN-gamma(95-133) protection against a lethal dose of EMC virus, whereas mice treated with rat IFN-gamma were not protected. The data presented here show that the IFN-gamma mimetic peptide IFN-gamma(95-133) prevents EMC virus infection in vivo and in vitro and may have potential against other lethal viruses, such as the smallpox virus, which encodes the B8R protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Mujtaba
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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