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Zheng Q, Liu L, Guo X, Zhu F, Huang Y, Qin Q, Huang X. Fish ELOVL7a is involved in virus replication via lipid metabolic reprogramming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109530. [PMID: 38570120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVL) proteins are key rate-limiting enzymes that catalyze fatty acid synthesis to form long chain fatty acids. ELOVLs also play regulatory roles in the lipid metabolic reprogramming induced by mammalian viruses. However, little is known about the roles of fish ELOVLs during virus infection. Here, a homolog of ELOVL7 was cloned from Epinephelus coioides (EcELOVL7a), and its roles in red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection were investigated. The transcription level of EcELOVL7a was significantly increased upon RGNNV and SGIV infection or other pathogen-associated molecular patterns stimulation in grouper spleen (GS) cells. Subcellular localization analysis showed that EcELOVL7a encoded an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) related protein. Overexpression of EcELOVL7a promoted the viral production and virus release during SGIV and RGNNV infection. Furthermore, the lipidome profiling showed that EcELOVL7a overexpression reprogrammed cellular lipid components in vitro, evidenced by the increase of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and glycerides components. In addition, VLCFAs including FFA (20:2), FFA (20:4), FFA (22:4), FFA (22:5) and FFA (24:0), were enriched in EcELOVL7a overexpressed cells. Consistently, EcELOVL7a overexpression upregulated the transcription level of the key lipid metabolic enzymes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN), phospholipase A 2α (PLA 2α), and cyclooxygenases -2 (COX-2), LPIN1, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1α (DGAT1α). Together, our results firstly provided the evidence that fish ELOVL7a played an essential role in SGIV and RGNNV replication by reprogramming lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xixi Guo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fengyi Zhu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
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Chan S, Morgan B, Yong MK, Margetts M, Farchione AJ, Lucas EC, Godsell J, Giang NA, Slade CA, von Borstel A, Bryant VL, Howson LJ. Cytomegalovirus drives Vδ1 + γδ T cell expansion and clonality in common variable immunodeficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4286. [PMID: 38769332 PMCID: PMC11106253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The function and phenotype of γδ T cells in the context of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) has not been explored. CVID is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by impaired antibody responses resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. γδ T cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that play crucial roles in host defence against infections. In this study, we aim to determine the roles and functions of γδ T cells in CVID. We observe a higher frequency of Vδ1+ γδ T cells compared to healthy controls, particularly in older patients. We also find a higher proportion of effector-memory Vδ1+ γδ T cells and a more clonal T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in CVID. The most significant driver of the Vδ1+ γδ T cell expansion and phenotype in CVID patients is persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia. These findings provide valuable insights into γδ T cell biology and their contribution to immune defence in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Chan
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Morgan
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle K Yong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mai Margetts
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Farchione
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Erin C Lucas
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Godsell
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Nhi Ai Giang
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte A Slade
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren J Howson
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Mokry RL, Purdy JG. Metabolites that feed upper glycolytic branches support glucose independent human cytomegalovirus replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579992. [PMID: 38405935 PMCID: PMC10888764 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The broad tissue distribution and cell tropism of human cytomegalovirus indicates that the virus successfully replicates in tissues with various nutrient environments. HCMV requires and reprograms central carbon metabolism for viral replication. However, many studies focus on reprogramming of metabolism in high nutrient conditions that do not recapitulate physiological nutrient environments in the body. In this study, we investigate how HCMV successfully replicates when nutrients are suboptimal. We limited glucose following HCMV infection to determine how glucose supports virus replication and how nutrients potentially present in the physiological environment contribute to successful glucose independent HCMV replication. Glucose is required for HCMV viral genome synthesis, viral protein production and glycosylation, and virus production. However, supplement of glucose-free cultures with uridine, ribose, or UDP-GlcNAc-metabolites that support upper glycolytic branches-resulted in partially restored viral genome synthesis and subsequent partial restoration of viral protein levels. Low levels of virus production were also restored. Supplementing lower glycolysis in glucose-free cultures using pyruvate had no effect on virus replication. These results indicate nutrients that support upper glycolytic branches like the pentose phosphate pathway and hexosamine pathway can compensate for glucose during HCMV replication to support low levels of virus production. More broadly, our findings suggest that HCMV could successfully replicate in diverse metabolic niches, including those in the body with low levels of glucose, through alternative nutrient usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Mokry
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - John G. Purdy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Cancer Biology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Gao J, Wang A, Bu X, Jia W. Acute murine cytomegalovirus infection boosts cell-type specific response and lipid metabolism changes in the liver of infant mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169869. [PMID: 37638012 PMCID: PMC10449610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in infants can lead to severe diseases, including neonatal hepatitis. The single-cell dimensional changes in immune cells after the initial CMV infection remain elusive, as do the effects of CMV infection on hepatic lipid metabolism. Methods We employed single-cell RNA-sequencing to investigate the changes in liver cell types and immune responses in infant mice following murine CMV (MCMV) infection. Additionally, we examined alterations in protein expression profiles related to lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and the role of the key transcription factor PPAR-γ in hepatocytes during CMV infection. Results Our study revealed that MCMV infects most liver cell types in infant mice, leading to an increase in the proportion of proliferating CD8 effector T cells and a subset of Nos2+ monocytes, potentially playing an essential role in early anti-viral responses. Furthermore, MCMV infection resulted in altered protein expression of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Knocking down the transcription factor PPAR-γ in hepatocytes effectively inhibited CMV infection. Discussion Our findings underscore the immune system's response to early-stage MCMV infection and the subsequent impact on hepatic lipid metabolism in infant mice. This research provides new insights into the mechanisms of CMV infection and could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanzi Gao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Anmin Wang
- Institute of Immunology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyi Bu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Jia
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
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Mlera L, Collins-McMillen D, Zeltzer S, Buehler JC, Moy M, Zarrella K, Caviness K, Cicchini L, Tafoya DJ, Goodrum F. Liver X Receptor-Inducible Host E3 Ligase IDOL Targets a Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation Determinant. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075823. [PMID: 37338407 PMCID: PMC10373547 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00758-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) signaling broadly restricts virus replication; however, the mechanisms of restriction are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that the cellular E3 ligase LXR-inducible degrader of low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) targets the human cytomegalovirus (HMCV) UL136p33 protein for turnover. UL136 encodes multiple proteins that differentially impact latency and reactivation. UL136p33 is a determinant of reactivation. UL136p33 is targeted for rapid turnover by the proteasome, and its stabilization by mutation of lysine residues to arginine results in a failure to quiet replication for latency. We show that IDOL targets UL136p33 for turnover but not the stabilized variant. IDOL is highly expressed in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells where HCMV establishes latency but is sharply downregulated upon differentiation, a stimulus for reactivation. We hypothesize that IDOL maintains low levels of UL136p33 for the establishment of latency. Consistent with this hypothesis, knockdown of IDOL impacts viral gene expression in wild-type (WT) HCMV infection but not in infection where UL136p33 has been stabilized. Furthermore, the induction of LXR signaling restricts WT HCMV reactivation from latency but does not affect the replication of a recombinant virus expressing a stabilized variant of UL136p33. This work establishes the UL136p33-IDOL interaction as a key regulator of the bistable switch between latency and reactivation. It further suggests a model whereby a key viral determinant of HCMV reactivation is regulated by a host E3 ligase and acts as a sensor at the tipping point between the decision to maintain the latent state or exit latency for reactivation. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections, which pose an important risk for disease particularly in the immunocompromised. Our work is focused on the betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that latently infects the majority of the population worldwide. Defining the mechanisms by which HCMV establishes latency or reactivates from latency is important for controlling viral disease. Here, we demonstrate that the cellular inducible degrader of low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) targets a HCMV determinant of reactivation for degradation. The instability of this determinant is important for the establishment of latency. This work defines a pivotal virus-host interaction that allows HCMV to sense changes in host biology to navigate decisions to establish latency or to replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Donna Collins-McMillen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeltzer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason C. Buehler
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Melissa Moy
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristen Zarrella
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katie Caviness
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Louis Cicchini
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - David J. Tafoya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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6
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Ganji R, Paulo JA, Xi Y, Kline I, Zhu J, Clemen CS, Weihl CC, Purdy JG, Gygi SP, Raman M. The p97-UBXD8 complex regulates ER-Mitochondria contact sites by altering membrane lipid saturation and composition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:638. [PMID: 36746962 PMCID: PMC9902492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intimate association between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial membranes at ER-Mitochondria contact sites (ERMCS) is a platform for critical cellular processes, particularly lipid synthesis. How contacts are remodeled and the impact of altered contacts on lipid metabolism remains poorly understood. We show that the p97 AAA-ATPase and its adaptor ubiquitin-X domain adaptor 8 (UBXD8) regulate ERMCS. The p97-UBXD8 complex localizes to contacts and its loss increases contacts in a manner that is dependent on p97 catalytic activity. Quantitative proteomics and lipidomics of ERMCS demonstrates alterations in proteins regulating lipid metabolism and a significant change in membrane lipid saturation upon UBXD8 deletion. Loss of p97-UBXD8 increased membrane lipid saturation via SREBP1 and the lipid desaturase SCD1. Aberrant contacts can be rescued by unsaturated fatty acids or overexpression of SCD1. We find that the SREBP1-SCD1 pathway is negatively impacted in the brains of mice with p97 mutations that cause neurodegeneration. We propose that contacts are exquisitely sensitive to alterations to membrane lipid composition and saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ganji
- Department of Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuecheng Xi
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ian Kline
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Ilumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christoph S Clemen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Conrad C Weihl
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - John G Purdy
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steve P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malavika Raman
- Department of Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Loureirin B protects against obesity via activation of adipose tissue ω3 PUFA-GPR120-UCP1 axis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 632:139-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zou X, Lin F, Yang Y, Chen J, Zhang H, Li L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Tang X. Cholesterol Biosynthesis Modulates CSFV Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071450. [PMID: 35891429 PMCID: PMC9316236 DOI: 10.3390/v14071450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) has resulted in severe losses to the pig industry worldwide. It has been proposed that lipid synthesis is essential for viral replication, and lipids are involved in viral protein maturation and envelope production. However, the specific crosstalk between CSFV and host cell lipid metabolism is still unknown. In this study, we found that CSFV infection increased intracellular cholesterol levels in PK-15 cells. Further analysis demonstrated that CSFV infection upregulated PCSK9 expression to block the uptake of exogenous cholesterol by LDLR and enhanced the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, which disrupted the type I IFN response in PK-15 cells. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis of CSFV and hint at methods for controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Linquan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.C.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (H.O.); (D.P.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Abstract
Cellular lipid metabolism plays a pivotal role in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, as increased lipogenesis in HCMV-infected cells favors the envelopment of newly synthesized viral particles. As all cells are equipped with restriction factors (RFs) able to exert a protective effect against invading pathogens, we asked whether a similar defense mechanism would also be in place to preserve the metabolic compartment from HCMV infection. Here, we show that gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), an RF able to block HCMV DNA synthesis, can also counteract HCMV-mediated metabolic reprogramming in infected primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), thereby limiting virion infectivity. Specifically, we find that IFI16 downregulates the transcriptional activation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) through cooperation with the carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP), thereby reducing HCMV-induced transcription of lipogenic enzymes. The resulting decrease in glucose uptake and consumption leads to diminished lipid synthesis, which ultimately curbs the de novo formation of enveloped viral particles in infected HFFs. Consistently, untargeted lipidomic analysis shows enhanced cholesteryl ester levels in IFI16 KO versus wild-type (WT) HFFs. Overall, our data unveil a new role of IFI16 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism upon HCMV replication and uncover new potential targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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Sweedo A, Wise LM, Roka-Moiia Y, Arce FT, Saavedra SS, Sheriff J, Bluestein D, Slepian MJ, Purdy JG. Shear-Mediated Platelet Activation is Accompanied by Unique Alterations in Platelet Release of Lipids. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:597-612. [PMID: 34900013 PMCID: PMC8630256 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platelet activation by mechanical means such as shear stress exposure, is a vital driver of thrombotic risk in implantable blood-contacting devices used in the treatment of heart failure. Lipids are essential in platelets activation and have been studied following biochemical activation. However, little is known regarding lipid alterations occurring with mechanical shear-mediated platelet activation. METHODS Here, we determined if shear-activation of platelets induced lipidome changes that differ from those associated with biochemically-mediated platelet activation. We performed high-resolution lipidomic analysis on purified platelets from four healthy human donors. For each donor, we compared the lipidome of platelets that were non-activated or activated by shear, ADP, or thrombin treatment. RESULTS We found that shear activation altered cell-associated lipids and led to the release of lipids into the extracellular environment. Shear-activated platelets released 21 phospholipids and sphingomyelins at levels statistically higher than platelets activated by biochemical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that shear-mediated activation of platelets alters the basal platelet lipidome. Further, these alterations differ and are unique in comparison to the lipidome of biochemically activated platelets. Many of the released phospholipids contained an arachidonic acid tail or were phosphatidylserine lipids, which have known procoagulant properties. Our findings suggest that lipids released by shear-activated platelets may contribute to altered thrombosis in patients with implanted cardiovascular therapeutic devices. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00692-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sweedo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Lisa M. Wise
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel Street, PO Box 245221, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Yana Roka-Moiia
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Fernando Teran Arce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - S. Scott Saavedra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Jawaad Sheriff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Danny Bluestein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Marvin J. Slepian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
- Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - John G. Purdy
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel Street, PO Box 245221, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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Viral Infection Drives the Regulation of Feeding Behavior Related Genes in Salmo salar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111391. [PMID: 34768822 PMCID: PMC8583931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The feeding behavior in fish is a complex activity that relies on the ability of the brain to integrate multiple signals to produce appropriate responses in terms of food intake, energy expenditure, and metabolic activity. Upon stress cues including viral infection or mediators such as the proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and cortisol, both Pomc and Npy/Agrp neurons from the hypothalamus are stimulated, thus triggering a response that controls both energy storage and expenditure. However, how appetite modulators or neuro-immune cues link pathogenesis and energy homeostasis in fish remains poorly understood. Here, we provide the first evidence of a molecular linkage between inflammation and food intake in Salmon salar. We show that in vivo viral challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) impacts food consumption by activating anorexic genes such as mc4r, crf, and pomcb and 5-HT in the brain of S. salar. At the molecular level, viral infection induces an overall reduction in lipid content in the liver, favoring the production of AA and EPA associated with the increment of elovl2 gene. In addition, infection upregulates leptin signaling and inhibits insulin signaling. These changes are accompanied by a robust inflammatory response represented by the increment of Il-1b, Il-6, Tnfa, and Pge2 as well as an increased cortisol level in vivo. Thus, we propose a model in which hypothalamic neurons respond to inflammatory cytokines and stress-related molecules and interact with appetite induction/inhibition. These findings provide evidence of crosstalk between pathogenesis-driven inflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axes in stress-induced food intake behavior in fish.
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Kamynina M, Tskhovrebova S, Fares J, Timashev P, Laevskaya A, Ulasov I. Oncolytic Virus-Induced Autophagy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143482. [PMID: 34298694 PMCID: PMC8304501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with an incidence rate of nearly 3.19/100,000. Current therapeutic options fall short in improving the survival of patients with GBM. Various genetic and microenvironmental factors contribute to GBM progression and resistance to therapy. The development of gene therapies using self-replicating oncolytic viruses can advance GBM treatment. Due to GBM heterogeneity, oncolytic viruses have been genetically modified to improve the antiglioma effect in vitro and in vivo. Oncolytic viruses can activate autophagy signaling in GBM upon tumoral infection. Autophagy can be cytoprotective, whereby the GBM cells catabolize damaged organelles to accommodate to virus-induced stress, or cytotoxic, whereby it leads to the destruction of GBM cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control oncolytic virus-induced autophagic signaling in GBM can fuel further development of novel and more effective genetic vectors. Abstract Autophagy is a catabolic process that allows cells to scavenge damaged organelles and produces energy to maintain cellular homeostasis. It is also an effective defense method for cells, which allows them to identify an internalized pathogen and destroy it through the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosomes. Recent reports have demonstrated that various chemotherapeutic agents and viral gene therapeutic vehicles provide therapeutic advantages for patients with glioblastoma as monotherapy or in combination with standards of care. Despite nonstop efforts to develop effective antiglioma therapeutics, tumor-induced autophagy in some studies manifests tumor resistance and glioma progression. Here, we explore the functional link between autophagy regulation mediated by oncolytic viruses and discuss how intracellular interactions control autophagic signaling in glioblastoma. Autophagy induced by oncolytic viruses plays a dual role in cell death and survival. On the one hand, autophagy stimulation has mostly led to an increase in cytotoxicity mediated by the oncolytic virus, but, on the other hand, autophagy is also activated as a cell defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens and modulates antiviral activity through the induction of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. Despite the fact that the moment of switch between autophagic prosurvival and prodeath modes remains to be known, in the context of oncolytic virotherapy, cytotoxic autophagy is a crucial mechanism of cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kamynina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Salome Tskhovrebova
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Laevskaya
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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