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Su MSW, Cheng YL, Lin YS, Wu JJ. Interplay between group A Streptococcus and host innate immune responses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0005222. [PMID: 38451081 PMCID: PMC10966951 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYGroup A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a clinically well-adapted human pathogen that harbors rich virulence determinants contributing to a broad spectrum of diseases. GAS is capable of invading epithelial, endothelial, and professional phagocytic cells while evading host innate immune responses, including phagocytosis, selective autophagy, light chain 3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammation. However, without a more complete understanding of the different ways invasive GAS infections develop, it is difficult to appreciate how GAS survives and multiplies in host cells that have interactive immune networks. This review article attempts to provide an overview of the behaviors and mechanisms that allow pathogenic GAS to invade cells, along with the strategies that host cells practice to constrain GAS infection. We highlight the counteractions taken by GAS to apply virulence factors such as streptolysin O, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotidase, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B as a hindrance to host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Shu-Wei Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kadirvelu L, Sivaramalingam SS, Jothivel D, Chithiraiselvan DD, Karaiyagowder Govindarajan D, Kandaswamy K. A review on antimicrobial strategies in mitigating biofilm-associated infections on medical implants. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100231. [PMID: 38510214 PMCID: PMC10951465 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomedical implants are crucial in providing support and functionality to patients with missing or defective body parts. However, implants carry an inherent risk of bacterial infections that are biofilm-associated and lead to significant complications. These infections often result in implant failure, requiring replacement by surgical restoration. Given these complications, it is crucial to study the biofilm formation mechanism on various biomedical implants that will help prevent implant failures. Therefore, this comprehensive review explores various types of implants (e.g., dental implant, orthopedic implant, tracheal stent, breast implant, central venous catheter, cochlear implant, urinary catheter, intraocular lens, and heart valve) and medical devices (hemodialyzer and pacemaker) in use. In addition, the mechanism of biofilm formation on those implants, and their pathogenesis were discussed. Furthermore, this article critically reviews various approaches in combating implant-associated infections, with a special emphasis on novel non-antibiotic alternatives to mitigate biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohita Kadirvelu
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmiya Sri Sivaramalingam
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepsikha Jothivel
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivia Dharshika Chithiraiselvan
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kumaravel Kandaswamy
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
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Meng M, Wang J, Li H, Wang J, Wang X, Li M, Gao X, Li W, Ma C, Wei L. Eliminating the invading extracellular and intracellular FnBp + bacteria from respiratory epithelial cells by autophagy mediated through FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324727. [PMID: 38264727 PMCID: PMC10803403 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We previously found that the respiratory epithelial cells could eliminate the invaded group A streptococcus (GAS) through autophagy induced by binding a fibronectin (Fn) binding protein (FnBp) expressed on the surface of GAS to plasma protein Fn and its receptor integrin α5β1 of epithelial cells. Is autophagy initiated by FnBp+ bacteria via FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis a common event in respiratory epithelial cells? Methods We chose Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus/S. a) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes/L. m) as representatives of extracellular and intracellular FnBp+ bacteria, respectively. The FnBp of them was purified and the protein function was confirmed by western blot, viable bacteria count, confocal and pull-down. The key molecule downstream of the action axis was detected by IP, mass spectrometry and bio-informatics analysis. Results We found that different FnBp from both S. aureus and L. monocytogenes could initiate autophagy through FnBp-Fn-integrin α5β1 axis and this could be considered a universal event, by which host tries to remove invading bacteria from epithelial cells. Importantly, we firstly reported that S100A8, as a key molecule downstream of integrin β1 chain, is highly expressed upon activation of integrin α5β1, which in turn up-regulates autophagy. Conclusions Various FnBp from FnBp+ bacteria have the ability to initiate autophagy via FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis to promote the removal of invading bacteria from epithelial cells in the presence of fewer invaders. S100A8 is a key molecule downstream of Integrin α5β1 in this autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Meng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiachao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Jin LM, Shen H, Che XY, Jin Y, Yuan CM, Zhang NH. Anti-bacterial mechanism of baicalin-tobramycin combination on carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4026-4034. [PMID: 37388786 PMCID: PMC10303599 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i17.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an important cause of nosocomial infections, and contributes to high morbidity and mortality, especially in intensive care units. P. aeruginosa is considered a 'critical' category bacterial pathogen by the World Health Organization to encourage an urgent need for research and development of new antibiotics against its infections.
AIM To investigate the effectiveness of baicalin combined with tobramycin therapy as a potential treatment method for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) infections.
METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression levels of drug-resistant genes (including VIM, IMP and OprD2) and biofilm-related genes (including algD, pslA and lasR) in CRPA that confer resistance to tobramycin, baicalin and tobramycin combined with baicalin (0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 1MIC).
RESULTS There was a correlation between biofilm formation and the expression of biofilm-related genes. In addition, VIM, IMP, OprD2, algD, pslA and lasR that confer biofilm production under different concentrations in CRPA were significantly correlated. The synergistic effect of baicalin combined with tobramycin was a significant down-regulation of VIM, IMP, algD, pslA and lasR.
CONCLUSION Baicalin combined with tobramycin therapy can be an effective treatment method for patients with CRPA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Jin
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Ying Che
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yuan
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Neng-Hua Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
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Pan F, Zhu M, Liang Y, Yuan C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Fan H, Waldor MK, Ma Z. Membrane vesicle delivery of a streptococcal M protein disrupts the blood-brain barrier by inducing autophagic endothelial cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219435120. [PMID: 37276410 PMCID: PMC10268326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219435120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
M family proteins are critical virulence determinants of Streptococci. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) are Group C streptococci that cause meningitis in animals and humans. SzM, the M protein of SEZ, has been linked to SEZ brain invasion. Here, we demonstrate that SzM is important in SEZ disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). SEZ release SzM-bound membrane vesicles (MVs), and endocytosis of these vesicles by human brain endothelial microvascular cells (hBMECs) results in SzM-dependent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, administration of SzM-bound MVs disrupted the murine BBB. A CRISPR screen revealed that SzM cytotoxicity in hBMECs depends on PTEN-related activation of autophagic cell death. Pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN activity prevented SEZ disruption of the murine BBB and delayed mortality. Our data show that MV delivery of SzM to host cells plays a key role in SEZ pathogenicity and suggests that MV delivery of streptococcal M family proteins is likely a common streptococcal virulence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Mingli Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Yuchang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou225009, China
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- HHMI, Boston, MA02115
- Brigham and Women’s HospitalDivision of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhe Ma
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou225009, China
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Mindin Activates Autophagy for Lipid Utilization and Facilitates White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection in Shrimp. mBio 2023; 14:e0291922. [PMID: 36779788 PMCID: PMC10127999 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02919-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindin is a secreted extracellular matrix protein that is involved in regulating cellular events through interacting with integrin. Studies have demonstrated its role in host immunity, including phagocytosis, cell migration, and cytokine production. However, the function of Mindin in the host-virus interaction is largely unknown. In the present study, we report that Mindin facilitates virus infection by activating lipid utilization in an arthropod, kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Shrimp Mindin facilitates white spot syndrome virus infection by facilitating viral entry and replication. By activating autophagy, Mindin induces lipid droplet consumption, the hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids, and ATP production, ultimately providing energy for virus infection. Moreover, integrin is essential for Mindin-mediated autophagy and lipid utilization. Therefore, by revealing the mechanism by which Mindin facilitates virus infection through regulating lipid metabolism, the present study reveals the significance of Mindin in the host-virus interaction. IMPORTANCE White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that has had a serious influence on worldwide shrimp farming in the last 30 years. We have demonstrated that WSSV hijacks host autophagy and lipid metabolism for reproduction in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). These findings revealed the mechanism by which WSSV exploits host machinery for its infection and provided serial targets for WSSV prevention and control in shrimp farming.
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Viruses Binding to Host Receptors Interacts with Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043423. [PMID: 36834833 PMCID: PMC9968160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses must cross the plasma membrane to infect cells, making them eager to overcome this barrier in order to replicate in hosts. They bind to cell surface receptors as the first step of initiating entry. Viruses can use several surface molecules that allow them to evade defense mechanisms. Various mechanisms are stimulated to defend against viruses upon their entry into cells. Autophagy, one of the defense systems, degrades cellular components to maintain homeostasis. The presence of viruses in the cytosol regulates autophagy; however, the mechanisms by which viral binding to receptors regulates autophagy have not yet been fully established. This review discusses recent findings on autophagy induced by interactions between viruses and receptors. It provides novel perspectives on the mechanism of autophagy as regulated by viruses.
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Abnormal mTOR Activity in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric and MIA-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020967. [PMID: 35055151 PMCID: PMC8781199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by the early onset of communication and behavioral problems. ASD is highly heritable; however, environmental factors also play a considerable role in this disorder. A significant part of both syndromic and idiopathic autism cases could be attributed to disorders caused by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent translation deregulation. This narrative review analyzes both bioinformatic and experimental evidence that connects mTOR signaling to the maternal autoantibody-related (MAR) autism spectrum and autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders simultaneously. In addition, we reconstruct a network presenting the interactions between the mTOR signaling and eight MAR ASD genes coding for ASD-specific maternal autoantibody target proteins. The research discussed in this review demonstrates novel perspectives and validates the need for a subtyping of ASD on the grounds of pathogenic mechanisms. The utter necessity of designing ELISA-based test panels to identify all antibodies related to autism-like behavior is also considered.
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Park JS, Ma H, Roh YS. Ubiquitin pathways regulate the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114764. [PMID: 34529948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is considered the leading cause of global mortality. In westernized countries, increased consumption of alcohol and overeating foods with high fat/ high glucose promote progression of CLD such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Accumulating evidence and research suggest that ubiquitin, a 75 amino acid protein, plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of CLD through dynamic post-translational modifications (PTMs) exerting diverse cellular outcomes such as protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, and regulation of signal transduction. In this review, we present the function of ubiquitination and latest findings on diverse mechanism of PTMs, UPS and autophagy which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and HCC. Despite its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, there are only few FDA approved drugs that could be administered to CLD patients. The goal of this review is to present a variety of pathways and therapeutic targets involving ubiquitination in the pathogenesis of CLD. Further, this review summarizes collective views of pharmaceutical inhibition or activation of recent drugs targeting UPS and autophagy system to highlight potential targets and new approaches to treat CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Hwan Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea.
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Choi MS, Chae YJ, Choi JW, Chang JE. Potential Therapeutic Approaches through Modulating the Autophagy Process for Skin Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157869. [PMID: 34360634 PMCID: PMC8345957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an attractive process to researchers who are seeking novel potential treatments for various diseases. Autophagy plays a critical role in degrading damaged cellular organelles, supporting normal cell development, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Because of the various effects of autophagy, recent human genome research has focused on evaluating the relationship between autophagy and a wide variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. The skin is the largest organ in the body and provides the first line of defense against environmental hazards, including UV damage, chemical toxins, injuries, oxidative stress, and microorganisms. Autophagy takes part in endogenous defense mechanisms by controlling skin homeostasis. In this manner, regulating autophagy might contribute to the treatment of skin barrier dysfunctions. Various studies are ongoing to elucidate the association between autophagy and skin-related diseases in order to find potential therapeutic approaches. However, little evidence has been gathered about the relationship between autophagy and the skin. In this review, we highlight the previous findings of autophagy and skin barrier disorders and suggest potential therapeutic strategies. The recent research regarding autophagy in acne and skin aging is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Choi
- Lab of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea;
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Ji-Eun Chang
- Lab of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
- Correspondence:
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