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Alonso MF, Bain JM, Erwig LP, Brown AJP, Gow NAR. Fungal spore swelling and germination are restricted by the macrophage phagolysosome. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1291-1297. [PMID: 37821151 PMCID: PMC10849972 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Many species of medically important fungi are prolific in the formation of asexual spores. Spores undergo a process of active swelling and cell wall remodelling before a germ tube is formed and filamentous growth ensues. Highly elongated germ tubes are known to be difficult to phagocytose and pose particular challenges for immune phagocytes. However, the significance of the earliest stages of spore germination during immune cell interactions has not been investigated and yet this is likely to be important for defence against sporogenous fungal pathogens. We show here that macrophages restrict the early phases of the spore germination process of Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor circinelloides including the initial phase of spore swelling, spore germination and early polarised growth. Macrophages are therefore adept at retarding germination as well as subsequent vegetative growth which is likely to be critical for immune surveillance and protection against sporulating fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Alonso
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Lars P Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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2
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Gaziano R, Sabbatini S, Monari C. The Interplay between Candida albicans, Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Resident Microbiota in Health and Disease: An Overview and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1211. [PMID: 37317186 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which is primarily caused by Candida albicans, is an infection that affects up to 75% of all reproductive-age women worldwide. Recurrent VVC (RVVC) is defined as >3 episodes per year and affects nearly 8% of women globally. At mucosal sites of the vagina, a delicate and complex balance exists between Candida spp., host immunity and local microbial communities. In fact, both immune response and microbiota composition play a central role in counteracting overgrowth of the fungus and maintaining homeostasis in the host. If this balance is perturbed, the conditions may favor C. albicans overgrowth and the yeast-to-hyphal transition, predisposing the host to VVC. To date, the factors that affect the equilibrium between Candida spp. and the host and drive the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity are not yet fully understood. Understanding the host- and fungus-related factors that drive VVC pathogenesis is of paramount importance for the development of adequate therapeutic interventions to combat this common genital infection. This review focuses on the latest advances in the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the onset of VVC and also discusses novel potential strategies, with a special focus on the use of probiotics and vaginal microbiota transplantation in the treatment and/or prevention of recurrent VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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3
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Suzuki Y, Mao RMD, Shah NR, Schaeffer L, Deanda A, Radhakrishnan RS. Prevalence and Impact of Infection during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Oncologic Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry. J Intensive Care Med 2023; 38:391-398. [PMID: 36128776 DOI: 10.1177/08850666221128243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is widely utilized for severe cardiopulmonary insufficiency, but its application to the oncologic population has been debated given concern for increased risk of infection. This study aims to analyze the implications of infections acquired during ECMO runs in patients with malignancy. Methods: The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) database was queried for patients with an International Classification of Diseases code of neoplasms over the last two decades (2000-2019). Culture-proven infections during ECMO runs were analyzed and compared to previously reported data for all ECMO runs. Results: Two thousand, seven hundred and fifty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Infection acquired during ECMO run was found in 687 patients, a significantly greater proportion compared to all ECMO runs (24.9% vs 11.7%; P = .001). Adult patients had a significantly higher rate of infection (27.0%; P < .001) compared to neonatal (11.0%) and pediatric (21.4%) patients. Prevalence of infection was highest in pulmonary ECMO (29.0%), while the infection rate standardized with ECMO duration was highest in extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (55.03/1000-day ECMO run). Compared with ECMO for all diagnoses, the prevalence of Candida and Klebsiella infection was significantly higher in adult and pediatric oncologic patients. Regardless of the pathogen, the presence of infection was not associated with lower survival (38.6% vs 40.0%; P = .522). Conclusions: Oncologic patients had a significantly higher infection rate while on ECMO compared with the general ECMO population. However, the prognostic impact of these infections was minimal, thus ECMO should not be withheld in oncologic patients solely with concern for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, 12338University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rui-Min D Mao
- Department of Surgery, 12338University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nikhil R Shah
- Department of Surgery, 12338University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Schaeffer
- School of Medicine, 12338University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Abe Deanda
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, 12338University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ravi S Radhakrishnan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, 12338University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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4
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Alonso MF, Bain JM, Rudkin FM, Erwig LP, Brown AJ, Gow NA. The nature of the fungal cargo induces significantly different temporal programmes of macrophage phagocytosis. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100082. [PMID: 36299405 PMCID: PMC9589029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential component of our immune defence against fungal pathogens. Differences in the dynamics of phagocyte migration, recognition, uptake and phagolysosome maturation are dependent on the characteristics of the fungal cargo, and in particular to differences in cell wall composition and cellular morphology. However, studies that have focused on phagocyte interactions with individual fungal species have not enabled comparisons in the kinetics of these interactions to be made between these different species. We therefore used live cell video microscopy to examine the temporal dynamics of phagocytosis for a range of fungal cargoes by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. Uniform populations of macrophages were challenged at the same time with yeast cells of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans (wild-type and an acapsular mutant, cap59Δ), and spores of Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor circinelloides to enable standardized comparative interactions to be quantified from different stages of phagocytosis. Differences in the rate of uptake of fungal cells varied by up to 26-fold, whilst differences in time to induce phagosome acidification varied by as much as 29-fold. Heat-killing or opsonizing the fungal targets markedly affected the kinetics of the interaction in a species-specific manner. Fungal and macrophage killing assays further revealed cargo-specific differences in phagocytosis and diversity in fungal evasion mechanisms. Therefore, simultaneous assessment of the interaction of macrophages with different fungal pathogens highlighted major differences in the kinetics and growth responses during fungus-phagocyte interactions that are likely to impact on pathogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Alonso
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Judith M. Bain
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Fiona M. Rudkin
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J.P. Brown
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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5
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Assar DH, Asa SA, El-Abasy MA, Elbialy ZI, Shukry M, Latif AAE, BinMowyna MN, Althobaiti NA, El-Magd MA. Aspergillus awamori attenuates ochratoxin A-induced renal and cardiac injuries in rabbits by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and downregulating IL1β, TNFα, and iNOS gene expressions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69798-69817. [PMID: 35576029 PMCID: PMC9512883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most dangerous and that pollute agricultural products, inducing a variety of toxic effects in humans and animals. The current study explored the protective effect of different concentrations of Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori) against OTA (0.3 mg/kg diet) induced renal and cardiac damage by exploring its mechanism of action in 60 New Zealand white male rabbits. Dietary supplementation of A. awamori at the selected doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively, for 2 months significantly improved the rabbit's growth performance; modulated the suppressed immune response and restored the altered hematological parameters; reduced the elevated levels of renal injury biomarkers such as urea, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase; and increased serum total proteins concentrations. Moreover, it also declined enzymatic activities of cardiac injury biomarkers, including AST, LDH, and CK-MB. A. awamori alleviated OTA-induced degenerative and necrotic changes in the kidney and heart of rabbits. Interestingly, A. awamori upregulated Nrf2/OH-1 signaling pathway. Therefore enhanced TAC, CAT, and SOD enzyme activities and reduced OTA-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress by declining iNOS gene expression and consequently lowered MDA and NO levels. In addition to attenuating renal and cardiac inflammation via reducing IL-1β, TNF-α gene expressions in a dose-dependent response. In conclusion,this is the first report to pinpoint that dietary incorporation of A. awamori counteracted OTA-induced renal and cardiac damage by potentiating the rabbit's antioxidant defense system through its potent antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties in a dose-dependent response. Based on our observations, A. awamori could be utilized as a natural protective agent against ochratoxicosis in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H. Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Samah Abou Asa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Moshira A. El-Abasy
- Poultry and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Zizy I. Elbialy
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Amera Abd El Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Mona N. BinMowyna
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A. Althobaiti
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities-Al Quwaiiyah, Shaqra University, Al Quwaiiyah, 19257 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. El-Magd
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
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6
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Tartor YH, Elmowalid GA, Hassan MN, Shaker A, Ashour DF, Saber T. Promising Anti-Biofilm Agents and Phagocytes Enhancers for the Treatment of Candida albicans Biofilm–Associated Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:807218. [PMID: 35846767 PMCID: PMC9283759 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.807218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the interactions among phagocytes and antifungal agents and the antifungal immunomodulatory activities on Candida species biofilms. Here, inhibition of C. albicans biofilms and the interactions among biofilms and phagocytes alone or in combination with essential oils, biological, and chemical agents, or fluconazole were investigated. Biofilm formation by a panel of 28 C. albicans clinical isolates from hospitalized patients, birds, and cattle was tested. The anti-biofilm activities of cinnamon and clove oils, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and Enterococcus faecalis cell-free supernatant (CFS) in comparison with fluconazole were investigated using crystal violet and XTT reduction assays, expression of hypha-specific and hyphal regulator genes, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Of the tested C. albicans isolates, 15 of 28 (53.6%) were biofilm producers. Cinnamon followed by E. faecalis–CFS, SDS, and CTAB was the most effective inhibitors of planktonic C. albicans and biofilms. Fluconazole was an ineffective inhibitor of C. albicans biofilms. Sessile minimal inhibitory concentration (SMIC50) of cinnamon, SDS, CTAB, and E. faecalis–CFS downregulated the hypha-specific and regulator genes, albeit to various extents, when compared with untreated biofilms (P < 0.001). SEM analysis revealed disruption and deformity of three-dimensional structures in cinnamon oil–treated biofilms. C. albicans sessile cells within biofilm were less susceptible to phagocytosis than planktonic cells. The additive effects of phagocytes and the tested antifungals enabled phagocytes to engulf C. albicans cells rapidly in cinnamon, E. faecalis–CFS, or SDS-treated biofilms. No differences in anti-Candida or anti-biofilm eradication activities were detected among the tested isolates. Our findings reinforce the substantial anti-biofilm activity of cinnamon oil, SDS, and E. faecalis–CFS and provide new avenues for the development of novel anti-biofilm immunotherapies or antifungals that could be used prior to or during the management of cases with biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine H. Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Yasmine H. Tartor, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0003-1246-6548
| | - Gamal A. Elmowalid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N. Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Dalia F. Ashour
- Department of Public Health, Dakahlia Veterinary Medicine Directorate, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Pasman R, Krom BP, Zaat SAJ, Brul S. The Role of the Oral Immune System in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis-Facilitated Invasion and Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:851786. [PMID: 35464779 PMCID: PMC9021398 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.851786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus account for most invasive fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), respectively. However, the initial point of invasion responsible for S. aureus BSIs is often unclear. Recently, C. albicans has been proposed to mediate S. aureus invasion of immunocompromised hosts during co-colonization of oral mucosal surfaces. The status of the oral immune system crucially contributes to this process in two distinct ways: firstly, by allowing invasive C. albicans growth during dysfunction of extra-epithelial immunity, and secondly following invasion by some remaining function of intra-epithelial immunity. Immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing invasive oral C. albicans infections could, therefore, also be at risk of contracting concordant S. aureus BSIs. Considering the crucial contribution of both oral immune function and dysfunction, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of intra and extra-epithelial oral immunity and discuss predominant immune deficiencies expected to facilitate C. albicans induced S. aureus BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pasman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Stanley Brul
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8
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Zheng Q, Duan L, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Wang H. A dynamically evolving war between autophagy and pathogenic microorganisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:19-41. [PMID: 35029086 PMCID: PMC8758936 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis. It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress. Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. Moreover, host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens. Thus, determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen‒host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China. .,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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9
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Neves GWP, Wong SSW, Aimanianda V, Simenel C, Guijarro JI, Walls C, Willment JA, Gow NAR, Munro CA, Brown GD, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Complement-Mediated Differential Immune Response of Human Macrophages to Sporothrix Species Through Interaction With Their Cell Wall Peptidorhamnomannans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749074. [PMID: 34867977 PMCID: PMC8636148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the human immune response mechanisms against Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii, two causative agents of human and animal sporotrichosis, were investigated. The interaction of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii with human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) was shown to be dependent on the thermolabile serum complement protein C3, which facilitated the phagocytosis of Sporothrix yeast cells through opsonization. The peptidorhamnomannan (PRM) component of the cell walls of these two Sporothrix yeasts was found to be one of their surfaces exposed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), leading to activation of the complement system and deposition of C3b on the Sporothrix yeast surfaces. PRM also showed direct interaction with CD11b, the specific component of the complement receptor-3 (CR3). Furthermore, the blockade of CR3 specifically impacted the interleukin (IL)-1β secretion by hMDM in response to both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, suggesting that the host complement system plays an essential role in the inflammatory immune response against these Sporothrix species. Nevertheless, the structural differences in the PRMs of the two Sporothrix species, as revealed by NMR, were related to the differences observed in the host complement activation pathways. Together, this work reports a new PAMP of the cell surface of pathogenic fungi playing a role through the activation of complement system and via CR3 receptor mediating an inflammatory response to Sporothrix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela W. P. Neves
- Cell Biology Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Catherine Simenel
- Institut Pasteur, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - J. Iñaki Guijarro
- Institut Pasteur, Biological NMR and HDX-MS Technological Platform, CNRS UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - Catriona Walls
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A. Willment
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Leila M. Lopes-Bezerra
- Cell Biology Department, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Biomedical Institute and Technology and Innovation Center (CIETEC), São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Leila M. Lopes-Bezerra,
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10
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Saleh AA, Alhotan RA, Alharthi AS, Nassef E, Kassab MA, Farrag FA, Hendam BM, Abumnadour MMA, Shukry M. Insight View on the Role of in Ovo Feeding of Clenbuterol on Hatched Chicks: Hatchability, Growth Efficiency, Serum Metabolic Profile, Muscle, and Lipid-Related Markers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082429. [PMID: 34438887 PMCID: PMC8388663 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study examined the effects of ovo injection of clenbuterol on fat deposition and growth performance in chickens, which is prejudicial to poultry consumers and muscle growth-related genes, egg hatchability, and fertility. The achieved result showed a definite effect of clenbuterol on body gain and hatchability. It decreased fat deposition and upregulation of muscle growth-related gene expressions accompanied by modulation of fatty and amino acid composition, reflecting a new insight into the intracellular pathways of clenbuterol supplementation on chicks. Abstract The present study aimed to assess the in ovo administration of clenbuterol on chick fertility, growth performance, muscle growth, myogenic gene expression, fatty acid, amino acid profile, intestinal morphology, and hepatic lipid-related gene expressions. In this study, 750 healthy fertile eggs from the local chicken breed Dokki-4 strain were analyzed. Fertile eggs were randomly divided into five experimental groups (150 eggs/3 replicates for each group). On day 14 of incubation, in addition to the control group, four other groups were established where 0.5 mL of worm saline (30 °C) was injected into the second group of eggs. In the third, fourth, and fifth groups, 0.5 mL of worm saline (30 °C), 0.9% of NaCl, and 10, 15, and 20 ppm of clenbuterol were injected into the eggs. Results suggested that clenbuterol increased growth efficiency up to 12 weeks of age, especially at 15 ppm, followed by 10 ppm, decreased abdominal body fat mass, and improved hatchability (p < 0.01). Clenbuterol also modulated saturated fatty acid levels in the breast muscles and improved essential amino acids when administered at 10 and 15 ppm. Additionally, clenbuterol at 15 ppm significantly decreased myostatin gene expression (p < 0.01) and considerably increased IGF1r and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) expression. Clenbuterol administration led to a significant upregulation of hepatic PPARα, growth hormone receptor, and Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression with a marked decrease in fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c) expression. In conclusion, the current study revealed that in ovo injection of clenbuterol showed positive effects on the growth of hatched chicks through reduced abdominal fat deposition, improved intestinal morphology, and modulation of hepatic gene expressions in myogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Alharthi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Eldsokey Nassef
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Kassab
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Foad A. Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Basma M. Hendam
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. A. Abumnadour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22756, Egypt;
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (M.S.)
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11
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Zhou Y, Cheng L, Lei YL, Ren B, Zhou X. The Interactions Between Candida albicans and Mucosal Immunity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652725. [PMID: 34234752 PMCID: PMC8255368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa protects the body against external pathogen invasion. However, pathogen colonies on the mucosa can invade the mucosa when the immunosurveillance is compromised, causing mucosal infection and subsequent diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to timely and effectively monitor and control pathogenic microorganisms through mucosal immunity. Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungi on the mucosa. The C. albicans colonies proliferate and increase their virulence, causing severe infectious diseases and even death, especially in immunocompromised patients. The normal host mucosal immune defense inhibits pathogenic C. albicans through stepwise processes, such as pathogen recognition, cytokine production, and immune cell phagocytosis. Herein, the current advances in the interactions between C. albicans and host mucosal immune defenses have been summarized to improve understanding on the immune mechanisms against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu L. Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Reif T, Dyckhoff G, Hohenberger R, Kolbe CC, Gruell H, Klein F, Latz E, Stolp B, Fackler OT. Contact-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 replication in ex vivo human tonsil cultures by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100317. [PMID: 34195682 PMCID: PMC8233696 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), the most abundant white blood cells, are recruited rapidly to sites of infection to exert potent anti-microbial activity. Information regarding their role in infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is limited. Here we report that addition of PMNs to HIV-infected cultures of human tonsil tissue or peripheral blood mononuclear cells causes immediate and long-lasting suppression of HIV-1 spread and virus-induced depletion of CD4 T cells. This inhibition of HIV-1 spread strictly requires PMN contact with infected cells and is not mediated by soluble factors. 2-Photon (2PM) imaging visualized contacts of PMNs with HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells in tonsil tissue that do not result in lysis or uptake of infected cells. The anti-HIV activity of PMNs also does not involve degranulation, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, or integrin-dependent cell communication. These results reveal that PMNs efficiently blunt HIV-1 replication in primary target cells and tissue by an unconventional mechanism. PMNs blunt HIV-1 spread and CD4 T cell depletion in HIV-infected human tonsils Suppression of HIV-1 replication by PMNs requires cell-cell contacts PMNs do not affect HIV via effector functions such as NETosis or degranulation PMNs exert unconventional antiviral activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Reif
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dyckhoff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Hohenberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl-Christian Kolbe
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Innate Immunity and Metaflammation, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Innate Immunity and Metaflammation, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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d'Enfert C, Kaune AK, Alaban LR, Chakraborty S, Cole N, Delavy M, Kosmala D, Marsaux B, Fróis-Martins R, Morelli M, Rosati D, Valentine M, Xie Z, Emritloll Y, Warn PA, Bequet F, Bougnoux ME, Bornes S, Gresnigt MS, Hube B, Jacobsen ID, Legrand M, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Manichanh C, Munro CA, Netea MG, Queiroz K, Roget K, Thomas V, Thoral C, Van den Abbeele P, Walker AW, Brown AJP. The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa060. [PMID: 33232448 PMCID: PMC8100220 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to fungal outgrowth and the development of mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and patients with compromised immunity are susceptible to life-threatening systemic infections. The importance of the interplay between fungus, host and microbiota in driving the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity is widely appreciated. However, the complexity of these interactions, and the significant impact of fungal, host and microbiota variability upon disease severity and outcome, are less well understood. Therefore, we summarise the features of the fungus that promote infection, and how genetic variation between clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, how this differs between mucosae, and how individual variation influences a person's susceptibility to infection. Also, we describe factors that influence the composition of gut, oral and vaginal microbiotas, and how these affect fungal colonisation and antifungal immunity. We argue that a detailed understanding of these variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota interactions, will present opportunities for directed antifungal therapies that benefit vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ann-Kristin Kaune
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Leovigildo-Rey Alaban
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sayoni Chakraborty
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Cole
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Margot Delavy
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daria Kosmala
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Marsaux
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 94, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Moran Morelli
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Valentine
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zixuan Xie
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoan Emritloll
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter A Warn
- Magic Bullet Consulting, Biddlecombe House, Ugbrook, Chudleigh Devon, TQ130AD, UK
| | - Frédéric Bequet
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF0545, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mélanie Legrand
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Chaysavanh Manichanh
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karla Queiroz
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karine Roget
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Thomas
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Thoral
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Machata S, Sreekantapuram S, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Dunker C, Schubert K, Krüger W, Schulze-Richter B, Speth C, Rambach G, Jacobsen ID. Significant Differences in Host-Pathogen Interactions Between Murine and Human Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 11:565869. [PMID: 33519798 PMCID: PMC7843371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine infection models are widely used to study systemic candidiasis caused by C. albicans. Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human blood. We adapted the human whole-blood model to murine blood. Unlike human blood, murine blood was unable to reduce fungal burden and more substantial filamentation of C. albicans was observed. This coincided with less fungal association with leukocytes, especially neutrophils. The lower neutrophil number in murine blood only partially explains insufficient infection and filamentation control, as spiking with murine neutrophils had only limited effects on fungal killing. Furthermore, increased fungal survival is not mediated by enhanced filamentation, as a filament-deficient mutant was likewise not eliminated. We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans, showing enhanced platelet aggregation, adhesion and activation in murine blood. For human blood, opsonization was shown to decrease platelet interaction suggesting that complement factors interfere with fungus-to-platelet binding. Our results reveal substantial differences between murine and human whole-blood models infected with C. albicans and thereby demonstrate limitations in the translatability of this ex vivo model between hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Machata
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sravya Sreekantapuram
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dunker
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Schubert
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Wibke Krüger
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Schulze-Richter
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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15
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El‐Deep MH, Dawood MAO, Assar MH, Ahamad Paray B. Aspergillus awamori positively impacts the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidative activity and immune responses of growing rabbits. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:226-235. [PMID: 32902158 PMCID: PMC7840208 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the effects of dietary administration of Aspergillus awamori on the growth, intestinal histomorphology, immune parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity of growing rabbits. The rabbits of 5 weeks of age (body weight, 855 ± 5.53 g) were allotted into four groups (12 rabbits per group) and fed four experimental diets enriched with A. awamori at 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg per kg diet for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, an equal number of male APRI rabbits (3 months old; 4 groups, 5 rabbits per group) were housed in metabolism cages and fed the test diets for 14 days for the digestibility trial. All A. awamori-enriched diets induced a significant increase in the average body weight and weight gain of rabbits and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio. In rabbits fed with A. awamori at 100 or 150 mg per kg diet, protein, lipid and fibber digestibility coefficients significantly increased compared with the control group. Intestinal villi measurements (length and thickness) were also enhanced in all rabbits fed with A. awamori. Adding A. awamori as a food supplement generally did not affect rabbit haematology and blood biochemistry values; however, at 150 mg per kg diet, it significantly increased the levels of haemoglobin and total protein, as well as red blood cell count. Furthermore, all enriched diets significantly increased rabbits' phagocytic activity and their phagocytic index. Rabbits fed with A. awamori also showed decreased malondialdehyde but increased catalase activity. In conclusion, A. awamori administered as feed supplement at 100-150 mg per kg of growing rabbits' diet enhances their growth, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility, and it raises the levels of their immune and antioxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Department of Animal ProductionFaculty of AgricultureKafrelsheikh UniversityKafr El‐SheikhEgypt
| | - Mohamed H. Assar
- Animal Production Research InstituteSakha StationKafr El‐SheikhEgypt
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of ZoologyCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh ‐ 11451Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Austermeier S, Kasper L, Westman J, Gresnigt MS. I want to break free – macrophage strategies to recognize and kill Candida albicans, and fungal counter-strategies to escape. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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El-Deep MH, Amber KA, Elgendy S, Dawood MAO, Elwakeel EM, Paray BA. Oxidative stress, hemato-immunological, and intestinal morphometry changes induced by ochratoxin A in APRI rabbits and the protective role of probiotics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35439-35448. [PMID: 32594444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the protective effects of Aspergillus awamori against ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced toxicity in APRI maternal line rabbits. A total number of 48 APRI line weanling rabbits (5 weeks) were divided into 4 groups (12 rabbits each) and fed the basal diet, 30 ppb/kg diet of OTA, 1 g/kg diet of A. awamori, and a mixture of OTA and A. awamori for 8 weeks. OTA reduced the final body weight and weight gain as well as the intestinal villi length and thickness, whereas increased the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Rabbits fed diets with OTA showed significantly reduced crude protein, lipids, and fibers apparent digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05). The red blood cells and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in the OTA group comparing with the other groups (P < 0.05). The blood total protein and albumin displayed significantly lower levels by OTA than the other groups. In contrast, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine levels were significantly increased by OTA (P < 0.05). Phagocytic activity (PA) and phagocytic index (PI) showed significantly (P < 0.05) decreased levels in OTA-contaminated group, while rabbits fed A. awamori significantly showed the highest PA and PI levels (P < 0.05). Dietary A. awamori kept the levels of PA and PI in rabbits fed OTA significantly higher than those fed without A. awamori (P < 0.05) and not significantly different from the control group (P > 0.05). Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) displayed significantly lower levels in the OTA group, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). Rabbits fed OTA-contaminated diets displayed significantly lower CAT and SOD and higher MDA than rabbits fed OTA combined with A. awamori (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that dietary A. awamori ameliorated the damage in APRI rabbits fed OTA through alleviation of oxidative stress and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H El-Deep
- Animal Production Research Institute, Sakha Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Khairy A Amber
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Salwa Elgendy
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Enas M Elwakeel
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Puerner C, Kukhaleishvili N, Thomson D, Schaub S, Noblin X, Seminara A, Bassilana M, Arkowitz RA. Mechanical force-induced morphology changes in a human fungal pathogen. BMC Biol 2020; 18:122. [PMID: 32912212 PMCID: PMC7488538 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The initial step of a number of human or plant fungal infections requires active penetration of host tissue. For example, active penetration of intestinal epithelia by Candida albicans is critical for dissemination from the gut into the bloodstream. However, little is known about how this fungal pathogen copes with resistive forces upon host cell invasion. Results In the present study, we have used PDMS micro-fabrication to probe the ability of filamentous C. albicans cells to penetrate and grow invasively in substrates of different stiffness. We show that there is a threshold for penetration that corresponds to a stiffness of ~ 200 kPa and that invasive growth within a stiff substrate is characterized by dramatic filament buckling, along with a stiffness-dependent decrease in extension rate. We observed a striking alteration in cell morphology, i.e., reduced cell compartment length and increased diameter during invasive growth, that is not due to depolarization of active Cdc42, but rather occurs at a substantial distance from the site of growth as a result of mechanical compression. Conclusions Our data reveal that in response to this compression, active Cdc42 levels are increased at the apex, whereas active Rho1 becomes depolarized, similar to that observed in membrane protrusions. Our results show that cell growth and morphology are altered during invasive growth, suggesting stiffness dictates the host cells that C. albicans can penetrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Puerner
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Nino Kukhaleishvili
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institute Physics of Nice (INPHYNI), Ave. J. Vallot, Nice, France
| | - Darren Thomson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France.,Present Address: Manchester Fungal Infection Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sebastien Schaub
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France.,Present Address: Sorbonne University, CNRS, Developmental Biology Laboratory (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Xavier Noblin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institute Physics of Nice (INPHYNI), Ave. J. Vallot, Nice, France.
| | - Agnese Seminara
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institute Physics of Nice (INPHYNI), Ave. J. Vallot, Nice, France
| | - Martine Bassilana
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Robert A Arkowitz
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France.
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19
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El-Deep MH, Amber KA, Elgendy S, Dawood MAO, Zidan A. In ovo injection of nano-selenium spheres mitigates the hatchability, histopathology image and immune response of hatched chicks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1392-1400. [PMID: 32343020 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In ovo injection of nano-selenium (Se) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB-nano-Se) was investigated on the hatchability, immune responses and the histopathological alterations in hatched chicks. The eggs (18 day age) were injected with 0.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl (normal saline, NS), while the control group was kept without injection. In the third, fourth and fifth groups, the eggs were injected with 0.5 ml of NS and LAB-nano-Se at 10, 20 and 30 μg/egg. The results revealed improved growth performance in groups injected with LAB-nano-Se when compared to the control treatment. The highest final weight and weight gain were noticed in 20 μg LAB-nano-Se/egg group (p < .05). The feed conversion ratio was reduced in all treated groups when compared to the control group (p < .05). Groups injected with LAB-nano-Se showed enhanced hatchability of the whole incubated eggs (p < .05). Total lipids and cholesterol levels were decreased significantly in groups treated with LAB-nano-Se at 10 and 20 μg/egg when compared to the non-treated group. At the same time, globulin was increased by LAB-nano-Se in ovo injection. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase increased in groups treated with LAB-nano-Se at 10 and 20 μg/egg with insignificant (p > .05) differences with those treated with LAB-nano-Se at 30 μg/egg using in ovo injection technique. Also, higher total blood protein and phagocytosis were significantly observed in groups treated with at 10, 20 and 30 μg LAB-nano-Se/egg. The histopathological images of hatched chicks revealed that nano-Se presented normal effects on liver and kidney tissues and restored the parameters as mentioned earlier. To conclude, LAB-nano-Se exhibited beneficial effects in hatched chicks through improving immune and antioxidant activities as well as histopathological effects by using in ovo technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khairy A Amber
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Salwa Elgendy
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman Zidan
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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20
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Haider M, Dambuza IM, Asamaphan P, Stappers M, Reid D, Yamasaki S, Brown GD, Gow NAR, Erwig LP. The pattern recognition receptors dectin-2, mincle, and FcRγ impact the dynamics of phagocytosis of Candida, Saccharomyces, Malassezia, and Mucor species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220867. [PMID: 31393930 PMCID: PMC6687134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process critical to innate immune clearance of pathogens. It proceeds in a regulated sequence of stages: (a) migration of phagocytes towards pathogens, (b) recognition of PAMPs and binding through PRRs, (c) engulfment and internalisation into phagosomes, (d) phagosome maturation, and (e) killing of pathogen or host cells. However, little is known about the role that individual receptors play in these discrete stages in the recognition of fungal cells. In a previous study, we found that dectin-2 deficiency impacted some but not all stages of macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of Candida glabrata. Because the C-type lectin receptor dectin-2 critically requires coupling to the FcRγ chain for signalling, we hypothesised that this coupling may be important for regulating phagocytosis of fungal cargo. We therefore examined how deficiency in FcRγ itself or two receptors to which it couples (dectin-2 and mincle) impacts phagocytosis of six fungal organisms representing three different fungal taxa. Our data show that deficiency in these proteins impairs murine bone marrow-derived macrophage migration, engulfment, and phagosome maturation, but not macrophage survival. Therefore, FcRγ engagement with selective C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) critically affects the spatio-temporal dynamics of fungal phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Haider
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ivy M. Dambuza
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patawee Asamaphan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stappers
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delyth Reid
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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21
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Intravital Imaging Reveals Divergent Cytokine and Cellular Immune Responses to Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00266-19. [PMID: 31088918 PMCID: PMC6520444 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00266-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern medicine, physicians are frequently forced to balance immune suppression against immune stimulation to treat patients such as those undergoing transplants and chemotherapy. More-targeted therapies designed to preserve immunity and prevent opportunistic fungal infection in these patients could be informed by an understanding of how fungi interact with professional and nonprofessional immune cells in mucosal candidiasis. In this study, we intravitally imaged these host-pathogen dynamics during Candida infection in a transparent vertebrate model host, the zebrafish. Single-cell imaging revealed an unexpected partitioning of the inflammatory response between phagocytes and epithelial cells. Surprisingly, we found that in vivo cytokine profiles more closely match in vitro responses of epithelial cells rather than phagocytes. Furthermore, we identified a disconnect between canonical inflammatory cytokine production and phagocyte recruitment to the site of infection, implicating noncytokine chemoattractants. Our study contributes to a new appreciation for the specialization and cross talk among cell types during mucosal infection. Candida yeasts are common commensals that can cause mucosal disease and life-threatening systemic infections. While many of the components required for defense against Candida albicans infection are well established, questions remain about how various host cells at mucosal sites assess threats and coordinate defenses to prevent normally commensal organisms from becoming pathogenic. Using two Candida species, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, which differ in their abilities to damage epithelial tissues, we used traditional methods (pathogen CFU, host survival, and host cytokine expression) combined with high-resolution intravital imaging of transparent zebrafish larvae to illuminate host-pathogen interactions at the cellular level in the complex environment of a mucosal infection. In zebrafish, C. albicans grows as both yeast and epithelium-damaging filaments, activates the NF-κB pathway, evokes proinflammatory cytokines, and causes the recruitment of phagocytic immune cells. On the other hand, C. parapsilosis remains in yeast morphology and elicits the recruitment of phagocytes without inducing inflammation. High-resolution mapping of phagocyte-Candida interactions at the infection site revealed that neutrophils and macrophages attack both Candida species, regardless of the cytokine environment. Time-lapse monitoring of single-cell gene expression in transgenic reporter zebrafish revealed a partitioning of the immune response during C. albicans infection: the transcription factor NF-κB is activated largely in cells of the swimbladder epithelium, while the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is expressed in motile cells, mainly macrophages. Our results point to different host strategies for combatting pathogenic Candida species and separate signaling roles for host cell types.
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22
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Kenno S, Speth C, Rambach G, Binder U, Chatterjee S, Caramalho R, Haas H, Lass-Flörl C, Shaughnessy J, Ram S, Gow NAR, Orth-Höller D, Würzner R. Candida albicans Factor H Binding Molecule Hgt1p - A Low Glucose-Induced Transmembrane Protein Is Trafficked to the Cell Wall and Impairs Phagocytosis and Killing by Human Neutrophils. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3319. [PMID: 30697200 PMCID: PMC6340940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a tightly controlled arm of the innate immune system, facilitating phagocytosis and killing of invading pathogens. Factor H (FH) is the main fluid-phase inhibitor of the alternative pathway. Many pathogens can hijack FH from the host and protect themselves from complement-dependent killing. Candida albicans is a clinically important opportunistic yeast, expressing different FH binding molecules on its cell surface, which allow complement evasion. One such FH binding molecule is the transmembrane protein "High affinity glucose transporter 1" (Hgt1p), involved in glucose metabolism. This study demonstrated that Hgt1p transcription and expression is induced and highest at the low, but physiological glucose concentration of 0.1%. Thus, this concentration was used throughout the study. We also demonstrated the transport of Hgt1p to the fungal cell wall surface by vesicle trafficking and its release by exosomes containing Hgt1p integrated in the vesicular membrane. We corroborated Hgt1p as FH binding molecule. A polyclonal anti-Hgt1p antibody was created which interfered with the binding of FH, present in normal human serum to the fungal cell wall. A chimeric molecule consisting of FH domains 6 and 7 fused to human IgG1 Fc (FH6.7/Fc) even more comprehensively blocked FH binding, likely because FH6.7/Fc diverted FH away from fungal FH ligands other than Hgt1p. Reduced FH binding to the yeast was associated with a concomitant increase in C3b/iC3b deposition and resulted in significantly increased in vitro phagocytosis and killing by human neutrophils. In conclusion, Hgt1p also exhibits non-canonical functions such as binding FH after its export to the cell wall. Blocking Hgt1p-FH interactions may represent a tool to enhance complement activation on the fungal surface to promote phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyr Kenno
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sneha Chatterjee
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rita Caramalho
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Neil A R Gow
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Rudkin FM, Raziunaite I, Workman H, Essono S, Belmonte R, MacCallum DM, Johnson EM, Silva LM, Palma AS, Feizi T, Jensen A, Erwig LP, Gow NAR. Single human B cell-derived monoclonal anti-Candida antibodies enhance phagocytosis and protect against disseminated candidiasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5288. [PMID: 30538246 PMCID: PMC6290022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The high global burden of over one million annual lethal fungal infections reflects a lack of protective vaccines, late diagnosis and inadequate chemotherapy. Here, we have generated a unique set of fully human anti-Candida monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diagnostic and therapeutic potential by expressing recombinant antibodies from genes cloned from the B cells of patients suffering from candidiasis. Single class switched memory B cells isolated from donors serum-positive for anti-Candida IgG were differentiated in vitro and screened against recombinant Candida albicans Hyr1 cell wall protein and whole fungal cell wall preparations. Antibody genes from Candida-reactive B cell cultures were cloned and expressed in Expi293F human embryonic kidney cells to generate a panel of human recombinant anti-Candida mAbs that demonstrate morphology-specific, high avidity binding to the cell wall. The species-specific and pan-Candida mAbs generated through this technology display favourable properties for diagnostics, strong opsono-phagocytic activity of macrophages in vitro, and protection in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Late diagnosis and ineffective treatment of fungal infections lead to high mortality. Here, Rudkin et al. generate anti-Candida human monoclonal antibodies with diagnostic and therapeutic potential, by expressing recombinant antibodies from genes cloned from B cells of patients suffering candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Rudkin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ingrida Raziunaite
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hillary Workman
- Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sosthene Essono
- Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,HiFiBiO, 325 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rodrigo Belmonte
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,MSD Animal Health Innovation AS, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Donna M MacCallum
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Johnson
- National Infection Service, PHE South West Laboratory, Science Quarter, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Lisete M Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Angelina S Palma
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1099-085, Portugal
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Allan Jensen
- Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,H. Lundbeck, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Lars P Erwig
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Galvani Bioelectronics, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, TW8 9GS, UK
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. .,School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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24
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De Zuani M, Paolicelli G, Zelante T, Renga G, Romani L, Arzese A, Pucillo CEM, Frossi B. Mast Cells Respond to Candida albicans Infections and Modulate Macrophages Phagocytosis of the Fungus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2829. [PMID: 30555491 PMCID: PMC6284040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are long-lived immune cells widely distributed at mucosal surfaces and are among the first immune cell type that can get in contact with the external environment. This study aims to unravel the mechanisms of reciprocal influence between mucosal MCs and Candida albicans as commensal/opportunistic pathogen species in humans. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with live forms of C. albicans induced the release of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-13, and IL-4. Quite interestingly, BMMCs were able to engulf C. albicans hyphae, rearranging their α-tubulin cytoskeleton and accumulating LAMP1+ vesicles at the phagocytic synapse with the fungus. Candida-infected MCs increased macrophage crawling ability and promoted their chemotaxis against the infection. On the other side, resting MCs inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of C. albicans in a contact-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that MCs play a key role in the maintenance of the equilibrium between the host and the commensal fungus C. albicans, limiting pathological fungal growth and modulating the response of resident macrophages during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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25
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Candida albicans Ras1 Inactivation Increases Resistance to Phagosomal Killing by Human Neutrophils. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00685-18. [PMID: 30249746 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00685-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host phagocytic cells are crucial players in initial defense against Candida albicans infection. C. albicans utilizes MAP kinases and Ras1 stress response signaling pathways to protect itself from killing by immune cells. In this study, we tested the importance of these pathways in C. albicans phagocytosis by neutrophils and subsequent phagosomal survival. Phagocytosis was influenced by C. albicans morphology, so hyphal length of >10 μm reduced the phagocytic index (PI) 2- to 3-fold in human neutrophils. Primary human neutrophils killed 81% of phagocytosed C. albicans, while primary mouse neutrophils killed 63% of yeasts. We found that both the C. albicans Cek1 and Hog1 pathways were required for survival of phagocytosed yeast, whereas deletion of C. albicans RAS1 resulted in an 84% increase in survival within neutrophils compared to that of the wild type (WT). The absence of Ras1 did not alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by C. albicans; however, phagocytosed C. albicans Δ/Δras1 cells reduced ROS release by neutrophils by 86%. Moreover, C. albicans Δ/Δras1 cells had increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide as a result of high levels of catalase activity. This phenotype was specific to Ras1, since these effects were not observed in the absence of its partner Cyr1 or with its downstream target Efg1. In addition, C. albicans Δ/Δras1 cells had a significantly increased resistance to nonoxidative killing by human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) that was reversed by restoring cellular cAMP levels. These data show that C. albicans Ras1 inactivation leads to fungal resistance to both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms of neutrophil phagosomal killing.
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26
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Duan Z, Chen Q, Du L, Tong J, Xu S, Zeng R, Ma Y, Chen X, Li M. Phagocytosis of Candida albicans Inhibits Autophagic Flux in Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4938649. [PMID: 29887941 PMCID: PMC5985103 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4938649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy machinery has roles in the defense against microorganisms such as Candida albicans. Lipidated LC3, the marker protein of autophagy, participates in the elimination of C. albicans by forming a single-membrane phagosome; this process is called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). However, the influence of C. albicans on autophagic flux is not clear. In this study, we found that C. albicans inhibited LC3 turnover in macrophages. After the phagocytosis of C. albicans in macrophages, we observed fewer acridine orange-positive vacuoles and RFP-GFP-LC3 puncta without colocalization with phagocytized C. albicans. However, phagocytosis of C. albicans led to LC3 recruitment, but p62 and ATG9A did not colocalize with LC3 or C. albicans. These effects are due to an MTOR-independent pathway. Nevertheless, we found that the C. albicans pattern-associated molecular pattern β-glucan increased LC3 turnover. In addition, phagocytosis of C. albicans caused a decrease in BrdU incorporation. Blocking autophagic flux aggravated this effect. Our findings suggest that phagocytosis of C. albicans decreases autophagic flux but induces LAP in an MTOR-independent manner in macrophages. Occupation of LC3 by recruiting engulfed C. albicans might contribute to the inhibition of autophagic flux. Our study highlights the coordinated machinery between canonical autophagy and LAP that defends against C. albicans challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Duan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Leilei Du
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianbo Tong
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Song Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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27
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Cell walls of the dimorphic fungal pathogens Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis exhibit bilaminate structures and sloughing of extensive and intact layers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522522 PMCID: PMC5903669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by pathogenic species of the Sporothrix genus. A new emerging species, Sporothrix brasiliensis, is related to cat-transmitted sporotrichosis and has severe clinical manifestations. The cell wall of pathogenic fungi is a unique structure and impacts directly on the host immune response. We reveal and compare the cell wall structures of Sporothrix schenckii and S. brasiliensis using high-pressure freezing electron microscopy to study the cell wall organization of both species. To analyze the components of the cell wall, we also used infrared and 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and the sugar composition was determined by quantitative high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Our ultrastructural data revealed a bi-layered cell wall structure for both species, including an external microfibrillar layer and an inner electron-dense layer. The inner and outer layers of the S. brasiliensis cell wall were thicker than those of S. schenckii, correlating with an increase in the chitin and rhamnose contents. Moreover, the outer microfibrillar layer of the S. brasiliensis cell wall had longer microfibrils interconnecting yeast cells. Distinct from those of other dimorphic fungi, the cell wall of Sporothrix spp. lacked α-glucan component. Interestingly, glycogen α-particles were identified in the cytoplasm close to the cell wall and the plasma membrane. The cell wall structure as well as the presence of glycogen α-particles varied over time during cell culture. The structural differences observed in the cell wall of these Sporothrix species seemed to impact its uptake by monocyte-derived human macrophages. The data presented here show a unique cell wall structure of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii during the yeast parasitic phase. A new cell wall model for Sporothrix spp. is therefore proposed that suggests that these fungi molt sheets of intact cell wall layers. This observation may have significant effects on localized and disseminated immunopathology.
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Yano J, Peters BM, Noverr MC, Fidel PL. Novel Mechanism behind the Immunopathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: "Neutrophil Anergy". Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00684-17. [PMID: 29203543 PMCID: PMC5820946 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00684-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 3 decades, investigators have studied the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (RVVC) through clinical studies and animal models. While there was considerable consensus that susceptibility was not associated with any apparent deficiencies in adaptive immunity, protective immune mechanisms and the role of innate immunity remained elusive. It was not until an innovative live-challenge design was conducted in women that a fuller understanding of the natural history of infection/disease was achieved. These studies revealed that symptomatic infection is associated with recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the vaginal lumen. Subsequent studies in the established mouse model demonstrated that infiltrating PMNs were incapable of reducing the fungal burden, which supported the hypothesis that VVC/RVVC was an immunopathology, whereby Candida and the host response drive symptomatic disease. Further studies in mice revealed the requirement for C. albicans hyphae and identified pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and proinflammatory mediators responsible for the PMN response, all of which are critical pieces of the immunopathogenesis. However, a mechanism explaining PMN dysfunction at the vaginal mucosa remained an enigma. Ultimately, by employing mouse strains resistant or susceptible to chronic VVC, it was determined that heparan sulfate (HS) in the vaginal environment of susceptible mice serves as a competitive ligand for Mac-1 on PMNs, which effectively renders the PMNs incapable of binding to Candida to initiate killing. Hence, the outcome of symptomatic VVC/RVVC is postulated to be dependent on a PMN-mediated immunopathogenic response involving HS that effectively places the neutrophils in a state of functional anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yano
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mairi C Noverr
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paul L Fidel
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Dühring S, Ewald J, Germerodt S, Kaleta C, Dandekar T, Schuster S. Modelling the host-pathogen interactions of macrophages and Candida albicans using Game Theory and dynamic optimization. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0095. [PMID: 28701506 PMCID: PMC5550964 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of fungal cells following macrophage phagocytosis, called non-lytic expulsion, is reported for several fungal pathogens. On one hand, non-lytic expulsion may benefit the fungus in escaping the microbicidal environment of the phagosome. On the other hand, the macrophage could profit in terms of avoiding its own lysis and being able to undergo proliferation. To analyse the causes of non-lytic expulsion and the relevance of macrophage proliferation in the macrophage–Candida albicans interaction, we employ Evolutionary Game Theory and dynamic optimization in a sequential manner. We establish a game-theoretical model describing the different strategies of the two players after phagocytosis. Depending on the parameter values, we find four different Nash equilibria and determine the influence of the systems state of the host upon the game. As our Nash equilibria are a direct consequence of the model parameterization, we can depict several biological scenarios. A parameter region, where the host response is robust against the fungal infection, is determined. We further apply dynamic optimization to analyse whether macrophage mitosis is relevant in the host–pathogen interaction of macrophages and C. albicans. For this, we study the population dynamics of the macrophage–C. albicans interactions and the corresponding optimal controls for the macrophages, indicating the best macrophage strategy of switching from proliferation to attacking fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Dühring
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Ewald
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Germerodt
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Biocenter, Department of Bioinformatics, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Davidson L, Netea MG, Kullberg BJ. Patient Susceptibility to Candidiasis-A Potential for Adjunctive Immunotherapy. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E9. [PMID: 29371502 PMCID: PMC5872312 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are colonizing fungi of human skin and mucosae of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, present in 30-50% of healthy individuals in a population at any given moment. The host defense mechanisms prevent this commensal fungus from invading and causing disease. Loss of skin or mucosal barrier function, microbiome imbalances, or defects of immune defense mechanisms can lead to an increased susceptibility to severe mucocutaneous or invasive candidiasis. A comprehensive understanding of the immune defense against Candida is essential for developing adjunctive immunotherapy. The important role of underlying genetic susceptibility to Candida infections has become apparent over the years. In most patients, the cause of increased susceptibility to fungal infections is complex, based on a combination of immune regulation gene polymorphisms together with other non-genetic predisposing factors. Identification of patients with an underlying genetic predisposition could help determine which patients could benefit from prophylactic antifungal treatment or adjunctive immunotherapy. This review will provide an overview of patient susceptibility to mucocutaneous and invasive candidiasis and the potential for adjunctive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Davidson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart Jan Kullberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Alonso MF, Gow NAR, Erwig LP, Bain JM. Macrophage Migration Is Impaired within Candida albicans Biofilms. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030031. [PMID: 29371549 PMCID: PMC5715939 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects immunocompromised patients. Infection control requires phagocytosis by innate immune cells, including macrophages. Migration towards, and subsequent recognition of, C. albicans fungal cell wall components by macrophages is critical for phagocytosis. Using live-cell imaging of phagocytosis, the macrophage cell line J774.1 showed enhanced movement in response to C. albicans cell wall mutants, particularly during the first 30 min, irrespective of the infection ratio. However, phagocyte migration was reduced up to 2-fold within a C. albicans biofilm compared to planktonic fungal cells. Biofilms formed from C. albicans glycosylation mutant cells also inhibited macrophage migration to a similar extent as wildtype Candida biofilms, suggesting that the physical structure of the biofilm, rather than polysaccharide matrix composition, may hamper phagocyte migration. These data illustrate differential macrophage migratory capacities, dependent upon the form of C. albicans encountered. Impaired migration of macrophages within a C. albicans biofilm may contribute to the recalcitrant nature of clinical infections in which biofilm formation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Alonso
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Lars P Erwig
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Judith M Bain
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Vaginal Heparan Sulfate Linked to Neutrophil Dysfunction in the Acute Inflammatory Response Associated with Experimental Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00211-17. [PMID: 28292981 PMCID: PMC5350465 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00211-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite acute inflammation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) during vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), clearance of Candida fails to occur. The purpose of this study was to uncover the mechanism of vaginal PMN dysfunction. Designs included assessing PMN migration, proinflammatory mediators, and tissue damage (by analysis of the activity of lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) in mice susceptible (C3H/HeN-C57BL/6) or resistant (CD-1) to chronic VVC (CVVC-S or CVVC-R) and testing morphology-specific Candida albicans strains under conditions of preinduced PMN migration (CVVC-S mice) or PMN depletion (CVVC-R mice). In vitro designs included evaluation of C. albicans killing by elicited vaginal or peritoneal PMNs in standard or vaginal conditioned medium (VCM). Results showed that despite significant migration of PMNs and high levels of vaginal beta interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and alarmin S100A8, CVVC-S mice failed to reduce vaginal fungal burden irrespective of morphology or whether PMNs were present pre- or postinoculation, and had high LDH levels. In contrast, CVVC-R mice had reduced fungal burden and low LDH levels following PMN recruitment and IL-1β/S100A8 production, but maintained colonization in the absence of PMNs. Elicited vaginal and peritoneal PMNs showed substantial killing activity in standard media or VCM from CVVC-R mice but not in VCM from CVVC-S mice. The inhibitory effect of VCM from CVVC-S mice was unaffected by endogenous or exogenous estrogen and was ablated following depletion/neutralization of Mac-1 ligands using Mac-1+/+ PMNs or recombinant Mac-1. Heparan sulfate (HS) was identified as the putative inhibitor as evidenced by the rescue of PMN killing following heparanase treatment of VCM, as well as by inhibition of killing by purified HS. These results suggest that vaginal HS is linked to PMN dysfunction in CVVC-S mice as a competitive ligand for Mac-1.IMPORTANCE Vaginal candidiasis, caused by Candida albicans, affects a significant number of women worldwide. Despite an acute inflammatory response by neutrophils during infection, the response fails to reduce the organism. Instead, the response is considered a key process underlying the symptoms of vaginitis. Therefore, it is important to determine the mechanism(s) associated with the lack of vaginal neutrophil antifungal activity. The established mouse model of Candida vaginitis was used to uncover the mechanism of neutrophil dysfunction. Results revealed that heparan sulfate present in the vagina of mice susceptible to chronic vaginitis served as a competitive ligand for the receptor (Mac-1) necessary for fungal recognition and neutrophil-mediated killing. This inhibitory function of heparan sulfate, confirmed through several approaches, provides the first evidence to explain the lack of antifungal immune reactivity during vaginal candidiasis. This finding paves the way for design of therapeutic strategies to reduce/eliminate symptomatic vaginal candidiasis and restore quality of life to those affected.
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Pais P, Costa C, Cavalheiro M, Romão D, Teixeira MC. Transcriptional Control of Drug Resistance, Virulence and Immune System Evasion in Pathogenic Fungi: A Cross-Species Comparison. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:131. [PMID: 27812511 PMCID: PMC5072224 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are key players in the control of the activation or repression of gene expression programs in response to environmental stimuli. The study of regulatory networks taking place in fungal pathogens is a promising research topic that can help in the fight against these pathogens by targeting specific fungal pathways as a whole, instead of targeting more specific effectors of virulence or drug resistance. This review is focused on the analysis of regulatory networks playing a central role in the referred mechanisms in the human fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. Current knowledge on the activity of the transcription factors characterized in each of these pathogenic fungal species will be addressed. Particular focus is given to their mechanisms of activation, regulatory targets and phenotypic outcome. The review further provides an evaluation on the conservation of transcriptional circuits among different fungal pathogens, highlighting the pathways that translate common or divergent traits among these species in what concerns their drug resistance, virulence and host immune evasion features. It becomes evident that the regulation of transcriptional networks is complex and presents significant variations among different fungal pathogens. Only the oxidative stress regulators Yap1 and Skn7 are conserved among all studied species; while some transcription factors, involved in nutrient homeostasis, pH adaptation, drug resistance and morphological switching are present in several, though not all species. Interestingly, in some cases not very homologous transcription factors display orthologous functions, whereas some homologous proteins have diverged in terms of their function in different species. A few cases of species specific transcription factors are also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Romão
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
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Chen Y, Yu Q, Wang H, Dong Y, Jia C, Zhang B, Xiao C, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. The malfunction of peroxisome has an impact on the oxidative stress sensitivity in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 95:1-12. [PMID: 27473887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome plays an essential role in eukaryotic cellular metabolism, including β-oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. However, its functions in the important fungal pathogen, C. albicans, remain to be investigated. In this study, we identified a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomal protein Pex1 in this pathogen, and explored its functions in stress tolerance. Fluorescence observation revealed that C. albicans Pex1 was localized in the peroxisomes, and its loss led to the defect in peroxisome formation. Interestingly, the pex1Δ/Δ mutant had increased tolerance to oxidative stress, which was neither associated with the Cap1 pathway, nor related to the altered distribution of catalase. However, under oxidative stress, the pex1Δ/Δ mutant showed increased expression of autophagy-related genes, with enhanced cytoplasm-to-vacuole transport and degradation of the autophagy markers Atg8 and Lap41. Moreover, the double mutants pex1Δ/Δatg8Δ/Δ and pex1Δ/Δatg1Δ/Δ, both of which were defective in autophagy and peroxisome formation, showed remarkable attenuated tolerance to oxidative stress. These results indicated that autophagy is involved in resistance to oxidative stress in pex1Δ/Δ mutant. Taken together, this study provides evidence that the peroxisomal protein Pex1 regulates oxidative stress tolerance in an autophagy-dependent manner in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chenpeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Laijun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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Trevijano-Contador N, Rueda C, Zaragoza O. Fungal morphogenetic changes inside the mammalian host. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:100-109. [PMID: 27101887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the main features of the majority of pathogenic fungi is the ability to switch between different types of morphological forms. These changes include the transition between cells of different shapes (such as the formation of pseudohyphae and hyphae), or the massive growth of the blastoconidia and formation of titan cells. Morphological changes occur during infection, and there is extensive evidence that they play a key role in processes required for disease, such as adhesion, invasion and dissemination, immune recognition evasion, and phagocytosis avoidance. In the present review, we will provide an overview of how morphological transitions contribute to the development of fungal disease, with special emphasis in two cases: Candida albicans as an example of yeast that switches between blastoconidia and filaments, and Cryptococcus neoformans as an example of a fungus that changes the size without modifying the shape of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Trevijano-Contador
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rueda
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, Majadahonda 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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Qin Y, Zhang L, Xu Z, Zhang J, Jiang YY, Cao Y, Yan T. Innate immune cell response upon Candida albicans infection. Virulence 2016; 7:512-26. [PMID: 27078171 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1138201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a polymorphic fungus which is the predominant cause of superficial and deep tissue fungal infections. This microorganism has developed efficient strategies to invade the host and evade host defense systems. However, the host immune system will be prepared for defense against the microbe by recognition of receptors, activation of signal transduction pathways and cooperation of immune cells. As a consequence, C. albicans could either be eliminated by immune cells rapidly or disseminate hematogenously, leading to life-threatening systemic infections. The interplay between Candida albicans and the host is complex, requiring recognition of the invaded pathogens, activation of intricate pathways and collaboration of various immune cells. In this review, we will focus on the effects of innate immunity that emphasize the first line protection of host defense against invaded C. albicans including the basis of receptor-mediated recognition and the mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qin
- a Research and Develop Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- a Research and Develop Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zheng Xu
- a Research and Develop Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- a Research and Develop Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- a Research and Develop Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yongbing Cao
- a Research and Develop Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Tianhua Yan
- b Department of Pharmacology , School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Abstract
The surveillance and elimination of fungal pathogens rely heavily on the sentinel behaviour of phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, especially macrophages and neutrophils. The efficiency by which these cells recognize, uptake and kill fungal pathogens depends on the size, shape and composition of the fungal cells and the success or failure of various fungal mechanisms of immune evasion. In this Review, we describe how fungi, particularly Candida albicans, interact with phagocytic cells and discuss the many factors that contribute to fungal immune evasion and prevent host elimination of these pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.,GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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38
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Teoh F, Pavelka N. How Chemotherapy Increases the Risk of Systemic Candidiasis in Cancer Patients: Current Paradigm and Future Directions. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010006. [PMID: 26784236 PMCID: PMC4810127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal commensal and a major colonizer of the human skin, as well as of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. It is also one of the leading causes of opportunistic microbial infections in cancer patients, often presenting in a life-threatening, systemic form. Increased susceptibility to such infections in cancer patients is attributed primarily to chemotherapy-induced depression of innate immune cells and weakened epithelial barriers, which are the body’s first-line defenses against fungal infections. Moreover, classical chemotherapeutic agents also have a detrimental effect on components of the adaptive immune system, which further play important roles in the antifungal response. In this review, we discuss the current paradigm regarding the mechanisms behind the increased risk of systemic candidiasis in cancer patients. We also highlight some recent findings, which suggest that chemotherapy may have more extensive effects beyond the human host, in particular towards C. albicans itself and the bacterial microbiota. The extent to which these additional effects contribute towards the development of candidiasis in chemotherapy-treated patients remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Teoh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Dong Y, Yu Q, Chen Y, Xu N, Zhao Q, Jia C, Zhang B, Zhang K, Zhang B, Xing L, Li M. The Ccz1 mediates the autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria in response to oxidative stress in Candida albicans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:41-51. [PMID: 26471407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in response to numerous cellular stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, starvation and organelle damage. The disruption of autophagy pathway affects multiple aspects of cellular stress response. Here we for the first time identified Ccz1 as an essential component for autophagy in Candida albicans. Our experiments demonstrated that loss of CCZ1 gene led to vacuolar fragmentation and disruption of the autophagy pathway. Our results also suggested that Ccz1 functioned in oxidative stress. In the ccz1Δ/Δ mutant, the levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS) sharply increased under H2O2 treatment. Further studies demonstrated that breakdown of the autophagic clearance pathway led to the accumulation of oxidative stress-damaged mitochondria, and consequently elevated cellular ROS levels in the ccz1Δ/Δ mutant. Furthermore, deletion of CCZ1 led to a significant defect in filamentous development at both 30°C and 37°C. The disruption of CCZ1 gene led to decreased capacity of macrophage killing and increased sensitivity to the macrophages. In addition, the ccz1Δ/Δ mutant exhibited attenuated virulence and decreased fungal burdens in the mouse systemic infection model, indicating that CCZ1 might provide a promising target for antifungal drugs development. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the understanding of autophagy-related gene in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Yulu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Ning Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Chang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Biao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Laijun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
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Tóth R, Alonso MF, Bain JM, Vágvölgyi C, Erwig LP, Gácser A. Different Candida parapsilosis clinical isolates and lipase deficient strain trigger an altered cellular immune response. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1102. [PMID: 26528256 PMCID: PMC4602145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous human diseases can be associated with fungal infections either as potential causative agents or as a result of changed immune status due to a primary disease. Fungal infections caused by Candida species can vary from mild to severe dependent upon the site of infection, length of exposure, and past medical history. Patients with impaired immune status are at increased risk for chronic fungal infections. Recent epidemiologic studies have revealed the increasing incidence of candidiasis caused by non-albicans species such as Candida parapsilosis. Due to its increasing relevance we chose two distinct C. parapsilosis strains, to describe the cellular innate immune response toward this species. In the first section of our study we compared the interaction of CLIB 214 and GA1 cells with murine and human macrophages. Both strains are commonly used to investigate C. parapsilosis virulence properties. CLIB 214 is a rapidly pseudohyphae-forming strain and GA1 is an isolate that mainly exists in a yeast form. Our results showed, that the phagocyte response was similar in terms of overall uptake, however differences were observed in macrophage migration and engulfment of fungal cells. As C. parapsilosis releases extracellular lipases in order to promote host invasion we further investigated the role of these secreted components during the distinct stages of the phagocytic process. Using a secreted lipase deficient mutant strain and the parental strain GA1 individually and simultaneously, we confirmed that fungal secreted lipases influence the fungi's virulence by detecting altered innate cellular responses. In this study we report that two isolates of a single species can trigger markedly distinct host responses and that lipase secretion plays a role on the cellular level of host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria F Alonso
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary ; Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lars-Peter Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
The polymorphic commensal fungus Candida albicans causes life-threatening disease via bloodstream and intra-abdominal infections in immunocompromised and transplant patients. Although host immune evasion is a common strategy used by successful human fungal pathogens, C. albicans provokes recognition by host immune cells less capable of destroying it. To accomplish this, C. albicans white cells secrete a low-molecular-weight chemoattractive stimulant(s) of macrophages, a phagocyte that they are able to survive within and eventually escape from. C. albicans opaque cells do not secrete this chemoattractive stimulant(s). We report here a physiological mechanism that contributes to the differences in the interaction of C. albicans white and opaque cells with macrophages. E,E-Farnesol, which is secreted by white cells only, is a potent stimulator of macrophage chemokinesis, whose activity is enhanced by yeast cell wall components and aromatic alcohols. E,E-farnesol results in up to an 8.5-fold increase in macrophage migration in vitro and promotes a 3-fold increase in the peritoneal infiltration of macrophages in vivo. Therefore, modulation of farnesol secretion to stimulate host immune recognition by macrophages may help explain why this commensal is such a successful pathogen.
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Boros-Majewska J, Turczyk Ł, Wei X, Milewski S, Williams DW. A novel in vitro assay for assessing efficacy and toxicity of antifungals using human leukaemic cells infected with Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:177-87. [PMID: 25845720 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study describes a novel in vitro assay that simultaneously determines antifungal efficiency and host cell toxicity using suspensions of human leukaemic cells (HL-60) infected with Candida albicans. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of Candida infection on host cell viability was evaluated by the microscopy of trypan blue-stained cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The in vitro 'drug potency assay' utilized the Cell Counting Kit-8 and measured post-antifungal treatment viability of Candida-infected HL-60 cells and the ability of the antifungal treatment to prevent infection. LDH activity showed that 42% ± 4·0 and 85·3% ± 7·40 of HL-60 cells were killed following Candida infection at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 : 1 and 1 : 5, respectively. The antifungal nystatin (0·78-25 μmol l(-1) ) was found to inhibit C. albicans infection as seen by the significantly increased viability of HL-60 cells. Cytotoxicity of nystatin towards infected HL-60 cells was evident at higher concentrations and this was also confirmed by propidium iodide staining. CONCLUSIONS An assay using undisturbed cell suspension conditions was successfully developed for assessing the selectivity of the antifungal therapy in the host-Candida environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay employing Candida infection of host cell suspensions represents a promising method for testing interactions of antifungal compounds with both fungal and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boros-Majewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ł Turczyk
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk (UG) and Medical University of Gdańsk (MUG), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - X Wei
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland
| | - D W Williams
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Rab14 regulates maturation of macrophage phagosomes containing the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1523-35. [PMID: 25644001 PMCID: PMC4363425 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02917-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoidance of innate immune defense is an important mechanism contributing to the pathogenicity of microorganisms. The fungal pathogen Candida albicans undergoes morphogenetic switching from the yeast to the filamentous hyphal form following phagocytosis by macrophages, facilitating its escape from the phagosome, which can result in host cell lysis. We show that the intracellular host trafficking GTPase Rab14 plays an important role in protecting macrophages from lysis mediated by C. albicans hyphae. Live-cell imaging of macrophages expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Rab14 or dominant negative Rab14, or with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Rab14, revealed the temporal dynamics of this protein and its influence on the maturation of macrophage phagosomes following the engulfment of C. albicans cells. Phagosomes containing live C. albicans cells became transiently Rab14 positive within 2 min following engulfment. The duration of Rab14 retention on phagosomes was prolonged for hyphal cargo and was directly proportional to hyphal length. Interference with endogenous Rab14 did not affect the migration of macrophages toward C. albicans cells, the rate of engulfment, the overall uptake of fungal cells, or early phagosome processing. However, Rab14 depletion delayed the acquisition of the late phagosome maturation markers LAMP1 and lysosomal cathepsin, indicating delayed formation of a fully bioactive lysosome. This was associated with a significant increase in the level of macrophage killing by C. albicans. Therefore, Rab14 activity promotes phagosome maturation during C. albicans infection but is dysregulated on the phagosome in the presence of the invasive hyphal form, which favors fungal survival and escape.
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Tóth R, Tóth A, Papp C, Jankovics F, Vágvölgyi C, Alonso MF, Bain JM, Erwig LP, Gácser A. Kinetic studies of Candida parapsilosis phagocytosis by macrophages and detection of intracellular survival mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:633. [PMID: 25477874 PMCID: PMC4238376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the number of Candida infections due to non-albicans species like C. parapsilosis has been increasing, little is known about their pathomechanisms. Certain aspects of C. parapsilosis and host interactions have already been investigated; however we lack information about the innate cellular responses toward this species. The aim of our project was to dissect and compare the phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis to C. albicans and to another Candida species C. glabrata by murine and human macrophages by live cell video microscopy. We broke down the phagocytic process into three stages: macrophage migration, engulfment of fungal cells and host cell killing after the uptake. Our results showed increased macrophage migration toward C. parapsilosis and we observed differences during the engulfment processes when comparing the three species. The engulfment time of C. parapsilosis was comparable to that of C. albicans regardless of the pseudohypha length and spatial orientation relative to phagocytes, while the rate of host cell killing and the overall uptake regarding C. parapsilosis showed similarities mainly with C. glabrata. Furthermore, we observed difference between human and murine phagocytes in the uptake of C. parapsilosis. UV-treatment of fungal cells had varied effects on phagocytosis dependent upon which Candida strain was used. Besides statistical analysis, live cell imaging videos showed that this species similarly to the other two also has the ability to survive in host cells via the following mechanisms: yeast replication, and pseudohypha growth inside of phagocytes, exocytosis of fungal cells and also abortion of host cell mitosis following the uptake. According to our knowledge this is the first study that provides a thorough examination of C. parapsilosis phagocytosis and reports intracellular survival mechanisms associated with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adél Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Papp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jankovics
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria F Alonso
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lars-Peter Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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Novel insights into host-fungal pathogen interactions derived from live-cell imaging. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:131-9. [PMID: 25398200 PMCID: PMC4326660 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman outlined in his 1959 lecture, “There’s plenty of room at the bottom”, the enormous possibility of producing and visualising things at smaller scales. The advent of advanced scanning and transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution microscopy has begun to open the door to visualise host-pathogen interactions at smaller scales, and spinning disc confocal and two-photon microscopy has improved our ability to study these events in real time in three dimensions. The aim of this review is to illustrate some of the advances in understanding host-fungal interactions that have been made in recent years in particular those relating to the interactions of live fungal pathogens with phagocytes. Dynamic imaging of host-pathogen interactions has recently revealed novel detail and unsuspected mechanistic insights, facilitating the dissection of the phagocytic process into its component parts. Here, we will highlight advances in our knowledge of host-fungal pathogen interactions, including the specific effects of fungal cell viability, cell wall composition and morphogenesis on the phagocytic process and try to define the relative contributions of neutrophils and macrophages to the clearance of fungal pathogens in vitro and the infected host.
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Schäfer K, Bain JM, Di Pietro A, Gow NAR, Erwig LP. Hyphal growth of phagocytosed Fusarium oxysporum causes cell lysis and death of murine macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101999. [PMID: 25025395 PMCID: PMC4099067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an important plant pathogen and an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Here we investigated phagocytosis of F. oxysporum by J774.1 murine cell line macrophages using live cell video microscopy. Macrophages avidly migrated towards F. oxysporum germlings and were rapidly engulfed after cell-cell contact was established. F. oxysporum germlings continued hyphal growth after engulfment by macrophages, leading to associated macrophage lysis and escape. Macrophage killing depended on the multiplicity of infection. After engulfment, F. oxysporum inhibited macrophages from completing mitosis, resulting in large daughter cells fused together by means of a F. oxysporum hypha. These results shed new light on the initial stages of Fusarium infection and the innate immune response of the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schäfer
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Judith M. Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lars P. Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans causes macrophage death and escapes, but the molecular mechanisms remained unknown. Here we used live-cell imaging to monitor the interaction of C. albicans with macrophages and show that C. albicans kills macrophages in two temporally and mechanistically distinct phases. Early upon phagocytosis, C. albicans triggers pyroptosis, a proinflammatory macrophage death. Pyroptosis is controlled by the developmental yeast-to-hypha transition of Candida. When pyroptosis is inactivated, wild-type C. albicans hyphae cause significantly less macrophage killing for up to 8 h postphagocytosis. After the first 8 h, a second macrophage-killing phase is initiated. This second phase depends on robust hyphal formation but is mechanistically distinct from pyroptosis. The transcriptional regulator Mediator is necessary for morphogenesis of C. albicans in macrophages and the establishment of the wild-type surface architecture of hyphae that together mediate activation of macrophage cell death. Our data suggest that the defects of the Mediator mutants in causing macrophage death are caused, at least in part, by reduced activation of pyroptosis. A Mediator mutant that forms hyphae of apparently wild-type morphology but is defective in triggering early macrophage death shows a breakdown of cell surface architecture and reduced exposed 1,3 β-glucan in hyphae. Our report shows how Candida uses host and pathogen pathways for macrophage killing. The current model of mechanical piercing of macrophages by C. albicans hyphae should be revised to include activation of pyroptosis by hyphae as an important mechanism mediating macrophage cell death upon C. albicans infection. Upon phagocytosis by macrophages, Candida albicans can transition to the hyphal form, which causes macrophage death and enables fungal escape. The current model is that the highly polarized growth of hyphae results in macrophage piercing. This model is challenged by recent reports of C. albicans mutants that form hyphae of wild-type morphology but are defective in killing macrophages. We show that C. albicans causes macrophage cell death by at least two mechanisms. Phase 1 killing (first 6 to 8 h) depends on the activation of the pyroptotic programmed host cell death by fungal hyphae. Phase 2 (up to 24 h) is rapid and depends on robust hyphal formation but is independent of pyroptosis. Our data provide a new model for how the interplay between fungal morphogenesis and activation of a host cell death pathway mediates macrophage killing by C. albicans hyphae.
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