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Neurauter CG, Pannone M, Sousa MMLD, Wang W, Kuśnierczyk A, Luna L, Sætrom P, Scheffler K, Bjørås M. Enhanced glutathione levels confer resistance to apoptotic and ferroptotic programmed cell death in NEIL DNA glycosylase deficient HAP1 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:470-487. [PMID: 38301978 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The NTHL1 and NEIL1-3 DNA glycosylases are major enzymes in the removal of oxidative DNA base lesions, via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. It is expected that lack of these DNA glycosylases activities would render cells vulnerable to oxidative stress, promoting cell death. Intriguingly, we found that single, double, triple, and quadruple DNA glycosylase knockout HAP1 cells are, however, more resistant to oxidative stress caused by genotoxic agents than wild type cells. Furthermore, glutathione depletion in NEIL deficient cells further enhances resistance to cell death induced via apoptosis and ferroptosis. Finally, we observed higher basal level of glutathione and differential expression of NRF2-regulated genes associated with glutathione homeostasis in the NEIL triple KO cells. We propose that lack of NEIL DNA glycosylases causes aberrant transcription and subsequent errors in protein synthesis. This leads to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and proteotoxic stress. To counteract the elevated intracellular stress, an adaptive response mediated by increased glutathione basal levels, rises in these cells. This study reveals an unforeseen role of NEIL glycosylases in regulation of resistance to oxidative stress, suggesting that modulation of NEIL glycosylase activities is a potential approach to improve the efficacy of e.g. anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gran Neurauter
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, 0424, Norway; Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway.
| | - Marco Pannone
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, 0424, Norway; Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Mirta Mittelstedt Leal de Sousa
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, 0424, Norway; Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Anna Kuśnierczyk
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Luisa Luna
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, 0424, Norway; Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway.
| | - Pål Sætrom
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Katja Scheffler
- Department of Neurology, St.Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, 7006, Norway; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, 0424, Norway; Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0373, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
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Dar NJ, John U, Bano N, Khan S, Bhat SA. Oxytosis/Ferroptosis in Neurodegeneration: the Underlying Role of Master Regulator Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1507-1526. [PMID: 37725216 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxytosis/ferroptosis is an iron-dependent oxidative form of cell death triggered by lethal accumulation of phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOHs) in membranes. Failure of the intricate PLOOH repair system is a principle cause of ferroptotic cell death. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is distinctly vital for converting PLOOHs in membranes to non-toxic alcohols. As such, GPX4 is known as the master regulator of oxytosis/ferroptosis. Ferroptosis has been implicated in a number of disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), etc.), ischemia/reperfusion injury, and kidney degeneration. Reduced function of GPX4 is frequently observed in degenerative disorders. In this study, we examine how diminished GPX4 function may be a critical event in triggering oxytosis/ferroptosis to perpetuate or initiate the neurodegenerative diseases and assess the possible therapeutic importance of oxytosis/ferroptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. These discoveries are important for advancing our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases because oxytosis/ferroptosis may provide a new target to slow the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawab John Dar
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Urmilla John
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nargis Bano
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, India
| | - Sameera Khan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, India
| | - Shahnawaz Ali Bhat
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, India.
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Li C, Kiefer MF, Dittrich S, Flores RE, Meng Y, Yang N, Wulff S, Gohlke S, Sommerfeld M, Wowro SJ, Petricek KM, Dürbeck D, Spranger L, Mai K, Scholz H, Schulz TJ, Schupp M. Adipose retinol saturase is regulated by β-adrenergic signaling and its deletion impairs lipolysis in adipocytes and acute cold tolerance in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101855. [PMID: 38128827 PMCID: PMC10784691 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinol saturase (RetSat) is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized oxidoreductase highly expressed in organs involved in lipid metabolism such as white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold exposure was shown to increase RETSAT protein in BAT but its relevance for non-shivering thermogenesis, a process with beneficial effects on metabolic health, is unknown. METHODS We analyzed the regulation of RetSat expression in white and brown adipocytes and different murine adipose tissue depots upon β-adrenergic stimulation and cold exposure. RetSat function during the differentiation and β-adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes was dissected by loss-of-function experiments. Mice with BAT-specific deletion of RetSat were generated and exposed to cold. Gene expression in human WAT was analyzed and the effect of RetSat depletion on adipocyte lipolysis investigated. RESULTS We show that cold exposure induces RetSat expression in both WAT and BAT of mice via β-adrenergic signaling. In brown adipocytes, RetSat has minor effects on differentiation but is required for maximal thermogenic gene and protein expression upon β-adrenergic stimulation and mitochondrial respiration. In mice, BAT-specific deletion of RetSat impaired acute but not long-term adaptation to cold exposure. RetSat expression in subcutaneous WAT of humans correlates with the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, we found that RetSat depletion impaired β-agonist-induced lipolysis, a major regulator of thermogenic gene expression in adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, RetSat expression is under β-adrenergic control and determines thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes and acute cold tolerance in mice. Modulating RetSat activity may allow for therapeutic interventions towards pathologies with inadequate metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie F Kiefer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Dittrich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto E Flores
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yueming Meng
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Na Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gohlke
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Manuela Sommerfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin M Petricek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominic Dürbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Scholz
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Wang B, Wan AH, Xu Y, Zhang RX, Zhao BC, Zhao XY, Shi YC, Zhang X, Xue Y, Luo Y, Deng Y, Neely GG, Wan G, Wang QP. Identification of indocyanine green as a STT3B inhibitor against mushroom α-amanitin cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2241. [PMID: 37193694 PMCID: PMC10188588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The "death cap", Amanita phalloides, is the world's most poisonous mushroom, responsible for 90% of mushroom-related fatalities. The most fatal component of the death cap is α-amanitin. Despite its lethal effect, the exact mechanisms of how α-amanitin poisons humans remain unclear, leading to no specific antidote available for treatment. Here we show that STT3B is required for α-amanitin toxicity and its inhibitor, indocyanine green (ICG), can be used as a specific antidote. By combining a genome-wide CRISPR screen with an in silico drug screening and in vivo functional validation, we discover that N-glycan biosynthesis pathway and its key component, STT3B, play a crucial role in α-amanitin toxicity and that ICG is a STT3B inhibitor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ICG is effective in blocking the toxic effect of α-amanitin in cells, liver organoids, and male mice, resulting in an overall increase in animal survival. Together, by combining a genome-wide CRISPR screen for α-amanitin toxicity with an in silico drug screen and functional validation in vivo, our study highlights ICG as a STT3B inhibitor against the mushroom toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Arabella H Wan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Xu
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ruo-Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ben-Chi Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research Group, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yongbo Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guohui Wan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Zhu B, Ni Y, Gong Y, Kang X, Guo H, Liu X, Li J, Wang L. Formononetin ameliorates ferroptosis-associated fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells and in mice with chronic kidney disease by suppressing the Smad3/ATF3/SLC7A11 signaling. Life Sci 2023; 315:121331. [PMID: 36586573 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by interstitial fibrosis, while limited treatment drugs are available. Ferroptosis is a newly identified process that can trigger tubular atrophy and fibrosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of formononetin (FN), a bioflavonoid, on ferroptosis and renal fibrosis. MAIN METHODS In vivo experiments, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)- and folic acid (FA, 250 mg/kg)-induced CKD models were constructed in C57BL/6 mice of 6-8 weeks old, followed by the administration with 40 mg/kg/day FN by gavage. For in vitro experiments, ferroptosis was induced with RSL3 or erastin in primary mouse renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs), followed by the addition of indicated concentrations of FN. Then, the levels of ferroptosis and fibrosis were analyzed. The translocation of Smad3, ATF3, and Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was checked by western blotting. The interaction of Smad3 and ATF3 was detected by Co-immunoprecipitation. KEY FINDINGS FN dramatically ameliorated tubular injury along with reduced expression of the profibrotic genes including α-SMA, Col1a1, and fibronectin in both two CKD mouse models and RSL3/erastin-treated TECs. Furthermore, FN administration also significantly suppressed ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4, and decreased levels of 4-HNE. In mechanism, FN disrupted the interaction between Smad3 and ATF3, resulting in the blocking of their translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In addition, FN also promoted the separation of the Nrf2/Keap1 complex and enhanced Nrf2 nuclear accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE FN alleviates CKD by impeding ferroptosis-associated fibrosis by suppressing the Smad3/ATF3/SLC7A11 signaling and could serve as a candidate therapeutic drug for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Zhu
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yufang Ni
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Huaiying Guo
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000 Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Banerjee R, Sotero-Caio CG, Fu B, Yang F. Chromosomal instability (CIN) in HAP1 cell lines revealed by multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M-FISH). Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:46. [PMID: 36289492 PMCID: PMC9609465 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HAP1, a near-haploid human leukemic cancer cell line is often used in combination with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology for genetic screens. HAP1 carries the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and an additional ~ 30 Mb fragment of chromosome 15 inserted into chromosome 19. The potential use of an in vitro cell line as a model system in biomedical research studies depends on its ability to maintain genome stability. Being a cancer cell line with a near-haploid genome, HAP1 is prone to genetic instability, which is further compounded by its tendency to diploidise in culture spontaneously. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing coupled with prolonged in-vitro cell culturing has the potential to induce unintended 'off-target' cytogenetic mutations. To gain an insight into chromosomal instability (CIN) and karyotype heterogeneity, 19 HAP1 cell lines were cytogenetically characterised, 17 of which were near-haploids and two double-haploids, using multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M-FISH), at single cell resolution. We focused on novel numerical (N) and structural (S) CIN and discussed the potential causal factors for the observed instability. For each cell line we examined its ploidy, gene editing status and its length of in-vitro cell culturing. RESULTS Sixteen of the 19 cell lines had been gene edited with passage numbers ranging from 10 to 35. Diploidisation in 17 near-haploid cell lines ranged from 4 to 35% and percentage of N- and S-CIN in [1n] and [2n] metaphases ranged from 7 to 50% with two cell lines showing no CIN. Percentage of cells with CIN in the two double-haploid cell lines were 96% and 100% respectively. The most common S-CIN observed was deletion followed by translocation of both types, non-reciprocal and Robertsonian. Interestingly, we observed a prevalence of S-CIN associated with chromosome 13 in both near-and double-haploid cell lines, with a high incidence of Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 13. Furthermore, locus-specific BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) FISH enabled us to show for the first time that the additional chromosome 15 fragment is inserted into the p-arm rather than the q-arm of chromosome 19 of the HAP1 genome. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a high incidence of CIN leading to karyotype heterogeneity in majority of the HAP1 cell lines with the number of chromosomal aberrations varying between cell lines. A noteworthy observation was the high frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations associated with chromosome 13. We showed that CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology in combination with spontaneous diploidisation and prolonged in-vitro cell culturing is potentially instrumental in inducing further chromosomal rearrangements in the HAP1 cell lines with existing CIN. We highlight the importance of maintaining cell lines at low passage and the need for regular monitoring to prevent implications in downstream applications. Our study also established that the additional fragment of chromosome 15 in the HAP1 genome is inserted into chromosome 19p rather than 19q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Banerjee
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Cibele G. Sotero-Caio
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK ,grid.412509.b0000 0004 1808 3414School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Carotenoids constitute an essential dietary component of animals and other non-carotenogenic species which use these pigments in both their modified and unmodified forms. Animals utilize uncleaved carotenoids to mitigate light damage and oxidative stress and to signal fitness and health. Carotenoids also serve as precursors of apocarotenoids including retinol, and its retinoid metabolites, which carry out essential functions in animals by forming the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinaldehyde. Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid, can also act as ligands of nuclear hormone receptors. The fact that enzymes and biochemical pathways responsible for the metabolism of carotenoids in animals bear resemblance to the ones in plants and other carotenogenic species suggests an evolutionary relationship. We will explore some of the modes of transmission of carotenoid genes from carotenogenic species to metazoans. This apparent relationship has been successfully exploited in the past to identify and characterize new carotenoid and retinoid modifying enzymes. We will review approaches used to identify putative animal carotenoid enzymes, and we will describe methods used to functionally validate and analyze the biochemistry of carotenoid modifying enzymes encoded by animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moise
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
| | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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