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Xia N, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Su J. GCRV-II invades monocytes/macrophages and induces macrophage polarization and apoptosis in tissues to facilitate viral replication and dissemination. J Virol 2024; 98:e0146923. [PMID: 38345385 PMCID: PMC10949474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01469-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), particularly the highly prevalent type II GCRV (GCRV-II), causes huge losses in the aquaculture industry. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which GCRV-II invades grass carp and further disseminates among tissues. In the present study, monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφs) were isolated from the peripheral blood of grass carp and infected with GCRV-II. The results of indirect immunofluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot (WB), and flow cytometry analysis collectively demonstrated that GCRV-II invaded Mo/Mφs and replicated in them. Additionally, we observed that GCRV-II induced different types (M1 and M2) of polarization of Mo/Mφs in multiple tissues, especially in the brain, head kidney, and intestine. To assess the impact of different types of polarization on GCRV-II replication, we recombinantly expressed and purified the intact cytokines CiIFN-γ2, CiIL-4/13A, and CiIL-4/13B and successfully induced M1 and M2 type polarization of macrophages using these cytokines through in vitro experiments. qRT-PCR, WB, and flow cytometry analyses showed that M2 macrophages had higher susceptibility to GCRV-II infection than other types of Mo/Mφs. In addition, we found GCRV-II induced apoptosis of Mo/Mφs to facilitate virus replication and dissemination and also detected the presence of GCRV-II virus in plasma. Collectively, our findings indicated that GCRV-II could invade immune cells Mo/Mφs and induce apoptosis and polarization of Mo/Mφs for efficient infection and dissemination, emphasizing the crucial role of Mo/Mφs as a vector for GCRV-II infection.IMPORTANCEType II grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a prevalent viral strain and causes huge losses in aquaculture. However, the related dissemination pathway and mechanism remain largely unclear. Here, our study focused on phagocytic immune cells, monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφs) in blood and tissues, and explored whether GCRV-II can invade Mo/Mφs and replicate and disseminate via Mo/Mφs with their differentiated type M1 and M2 macrophages. Our findings demonstrated that GCRV-II infected Mo/Mφs and replicated in them. Furthermore, GCRV-II infection induces an increased number of M1 and M2 macrophages in grass carp tissues and a higher viral load in M2 macrophages. Furthermore, GCRV-II induced Mo/Mφs apoptosis to release viruses, eventually infecting more cells. Our study identified Mo/Mφs as crucial components in the pathway of GCRV-II dissemination and provides a solid foundation for the development of treatment strategies for GCRV-II infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanqi Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
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Wang Q, Liang X, Wang H, Yang C, Li Y, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y, He L. Grass carp peroxiredoxin 5 and 6-mediated autophagy inhibit grass carp reovirus replication and mitigate oxidative stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109419. [PMID: 38301812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes crucial for shielding cells against oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we cloned and analyzed two grass carp peroxiredoxin genes, CiPrx5 and CiPrx6. These genes exhibited ubiquitous expression across all sampled tissues, with their expression levels significantly modulated upon exposure to grass carp reovirus (GCRV). CiPrx5 was localized in the mitochondria, while CiPrx6 was uniformly distributed in the whole cells. Transfection or transformation of CiPrx5 and CiPrx6 into fish cells or E. coli significantly enhanced host resistance to H2O2 and heavy metals, leading to increased cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis rates. Furthermore, purified recombinant CiPrx5 and CiPrx6 proteins effectively protected DNA against oxidative damage. Notably, overexpression of both peroxiredoxins in fish cells effectively inhibited GCRV replication, reduced intracellular ROS levels induced by GCRV infection and H2O2 treatment, and induced autophagy. Significantly, these functions of CiPrx5 and CiPrx6 in GCRV replication and ROS mitigation were abolished upon treatment with an autophagy inhibitor. In summation, our findings suggest that grass carp Prx5 and Prx6 promote autophagy to inhibit GCRV replication, decrease intracellular ROS, and provide protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hanyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Hao K, Wang Y, Zhu B, Yu F, Zhao Z, Wang GX. Recombinant surface display vaccine enhances the immersion immune effect against grass carp reovirus in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109160. [PMID: 37858787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is subject to a hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV), which can lead to mass mortality in grass carp culture, causing significant economic loss. Vaccination is the most promising strategy for the prevention of infectious diseases. Immersion vaccination is considered the most effective disease prevention method for juvenile fish because it can be implemented on many fish at once and administered without causing stress. However, immune responses by immersion vaccination are markedly less robust due to the skin barrier and insufficient antigen uptake. The display of heterologous proteins on the cell surface has been explored as a delivery system for viral antigens in veterinary and human vaccine studies. To improve the efficacy of the immersion vaccine, the major capsid protein (VP7) of GCRV was co-displayed with Aeromonas hydrophila outer membrane protein a (OmpA) and major adhesion protein (Mah) on the outer membrane surface of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli BL21 using the anchoring motif of ice-nucleation protein (Inp). The immune responses and protection efficiency against GCRV infection via both the injection and immersion routes were evaluated. The results indicated that the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes (ACP, AKP, SOD and T-AOC), as well as the expression of immune-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, MHCI and IgM) and specific VP7 antibody levels, were strongly increased in the grass carp from 7 to 21 days post-injection inoculation in a dose dependent manner. The cumulative mortality rates of injection-vaccinated groups were much lower than those of the control group after the GCRV challenge, and the relative percent survival (RPS) was greater than 80 %. Vitally, the surface co-display of vp7-Mah protein conferred marked protection to grass carp against GCRV infection after immersion administration (RPS >50 %); this was consistent with the production of high level of specific serum antibodies, non-specific immune responses, and the expression of immune-related genes. Moreover, the invasion analysis further showed that surface co-display of the vp7-Mah protein indeed significantly improved the invasion of E. coli BL21 (DE3) in vitro. Altogether, this study demonstrated that surface display GCRV core antigen vaccine system accompanied by invasion component from aquatic pathogenic microorganism is an effective prophylactic against GCRV viral diseases via the immersion administration approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
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Kong W, Ding G, Yang P, Li Y, Cheng G, Cai C, Xiao J, Feng H, Xu Z. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed Potential Differential Mechanisms of Grass Carp Reovirus Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15501. [PMID: 37958486 PMCID: PMC10649309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), one of the most serious pathogens threatening grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), can lead to grass carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD). Currently, GCRV can be divided into three genotypes, but the comparison of their pathogenic mechanisms and the host responses remain unclear. In this study, we utilized the Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) model infected with GCRV to conduct comparative studies on the three genotypes. We observed a cytopathic effect (CPE) in the GCRV-I and GCRV-III groups, whereas the GCRV-II group did not show any CPE. Moreover, a consistent trend in the mRNA expression levels of antiviral-related genes across all experimental groups of CIK cells was detected via qPCR and further explored through RNA-seq analysis. Importantly, GO/KEGG enrichment analysis showed that GCRV-I, -II, and -III could all activate the immune response in CIK cells, but GCRV-II induced more intense immune responses. Intriguingly, transcriptomic analysis revealed a widespread down-regulation of metabolism processes such as steroid biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, and N-Glycan biosynthesis in infected CIK cells. Overall, our results reveal the CIK cells showed unique responses in immunity and metabolism in the three genotypes of GCRV infection. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis and prevention and control methods of GCRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Guangyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Chang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (H.F.)
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (H.F.)
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (W.K.); (G.D.); (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (G.C.); (C.C.)
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