1
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Mandel CG, Sanchez SE, Monahan CC, Phuklia W, Omsland A. Metabolism and physiology of pathogenic bacterial obligate intracellular parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1284701. [PMID: 38585652 PMCID: PMC10995303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1284701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial obligate intracellular parasites (BOIPs) represent an exclusive group of bacterial pathogens that all depend on invasion of a eukaryotic host cell to reproduce. BOIPs are characterized by extensive adaptation to their respective replication niches, regardless of whether they replicate within the host cell cytoplasm or within specialized replication vacuoles. Genome reduction is also a hallmark of BOIPs that likely reflects streamlining of metabolic processes to reduce the need for de novo biosynthesis of energetically costly metabolic intermediates. Despite shared characteristics in lifestyle, BOIPs show considerable diversity in nutrient requirements, metabolic capabilities, and general physiology. In this review, we compare metabolic and physiological processes of prominent pathogenic BOIPs with special emphasis on carbon, energy, and amino acid metabolism. Recent advances are discussed in the context of historical views and opportunities for discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G. Mandel
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Savannah E. Sanchez
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Colleen C. Monahan
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Weerawat Phuklia
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Anders Omsland
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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2
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Differential Effects of Small Molecule Inhibitors on the Intracellular Chlamydia Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0107622. [PMID: 35703434 PMCID: PMC9426518 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01076-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria that reside within a membrane-bound compartment called the chlamydial inclusion inside a eukaryotic host cell. These pathogens have a complex biphasic developmental cycle, which involves conversion between a replicating, but noninfectious, reticulate body (RB) and an infectious elementary body (EB). Small molecule inhibitors have been reported to have deleterious effects on the intracellular Chlamydia infection, but these studies have typically been limited in terms of assays and time points of analysis. We compared published and novel inhibitors and showed that they can differentially alter inclusion size, chlamydial number and infectious EB production, and that these effects can vary over the course of the intracellular infection. Our results provide the justification for analysis with multiple assays performed either at the end of the infection or over a time course. We also show that this approach has the potential to identify the particular step in the developmental cycle that is impacted by the inhibitor. We furthermore propose that the magnitude of inhibitor-induced progeny defects are best quantified and compared by using a new value called maximal progeny production (Progenymax). As a demonstration of the validity of this systematic approach, we applied it to inhibitors of Akt and AMPK, which are host kinases involved in lipid synthesis and cholesterol trafficking pathways. Both inhibitors reduced EB production, but Akt disruption primarily decreased RB-to-EB conversion while AMPK inhibition paradoxically enhanced RB replication.
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3
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The Small Molecule H89 Inhibits Chlamydia Inclusion Growth and Production of Infectious Progeny. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0072920. [PMID: 33820812 PMCID: PMC8373235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00729-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the most common reportable cause of human infection in the United States. This pathogen proliferates inside a eukaryotic host cell, where it resides within a membrane-bound compartment called the chlamydial inclusion. It has an unusual developmental cycle, marked by conversion between a replicating form, the reticulate body (RB), and an infectious form, the elementary body (EB). We found that the small molecule H89 slowed inclusion growth and decreased overall RB replication by 2-fold but caused a 25-fold reduction in infectious EBs. This disproportionate effect on EB production was mainly due to a defect in RB-to-EB conversion and not to the induction of chlamydial persistence, which is an altered growth state. Although H89 is a known inhibitor of specific protein kinases and vesicular transport to and from the Golgi apparatus, it did not cause these anti-chlamydial effects by blocking protein kinase A or C or by inhibiting protein or lipid transport. Thus, H89 is a novel anti-chlamydial compound that has a unique combination of effects on an intracellular Chlamydia infection.
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4
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A 2-pyridone amide inhibitor of transcriptional activity in Chlamydia trachomatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 95:AAC.01826-20. [PMID: 33593835 PMCID: PMC8092867 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01826-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a strict intracellular bacterium that causes sexually transmitted infections and eye infections that can lead to life-long sequelae. Treatment options are limited to broad-spectrum antibiotics that disturb the commensal flora and contribute to selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Hence, development of novel drugs that specifically target C. trachomatis would be beneficial. 2-pyridone amides are potent and specific inhibitors of Chlamydia infectivity. The first generation compound KSK120, inhibits the developmental cycle of Chlamydia resulting in reduced infectivity of progeny bacteria. Here, we show that the improved, highly potent second-generation 2-pyridone amide KSK213 allowed normal growth and development of C. trachomatis and the effect was only observable upon re-infection of new cells. Progeny elementary bodies (EBs) produced in the presence of KSK213 were unable to activate transcription of essential genes in early development and did not differentiate into the replicative form, the reticulate body (RB). The effect was specific to C. trachomatis since KSK213 was inactive in the closely related animal pathogen C. muridarum and in C. caviae The molecular target of KSK213 may thus be different in C. trachomatis or non-essential in C. muridarum and C. caviae Resistance to KSK213 was mediated by a combination of amino acid substitutions in both DEAD/DEAH RNA helicase and RNAse III, which may indicate inhibition of the transcriptional machinery as the mode of action. 2-pyridone amides provide a novel antibacterial strategy and starting points for development of highly specific drugs for C. trachomatis infections.
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5
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Genome copy number regulates inclusion expansion, septation, and infectious developmental form conversion in Chlamydia trachomatis. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00630-20. [PMID: 33431433 PMCID: PMC8095454 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00630-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is essential for the growth and development of Chlamydia trachomatis, however it is unclear how this process contributes to and is controlled by the pathogen's biphasic lifecycle. While inhibitors of transcription, translation, cell division, and glucose-6-phosphate transport all negatively affect chlamydial intracellular development, the effects of directly inhibiting DNA polymerase have never been examined. We isolated a temperature sensitive dnaE mutant (dnaEts ) that exhibits a ∼100-fold reduction in genome copy number at the non-permissive temperature (40°C), but replicates similarly to the parent at the permissive temperature of 37°C. We measured higher ratios of genomic DNA nearer the origin of replication than the terminus in dnaEts at 40°C, indicating that this replication deficiency is due to a defect in DNA polymerase processivity. dnaEts formed fewer and smaller pathogenic vacuoles (inclusions) at 40°C, and the bacteria appeared enlarged and exhibited defects in cell division. The bacteria also lacked both discernable peptidoglycan and polymerized MreB, the major cell division organizing protein in Chlamydia responsible for nascent peptidoglycan biosynthesis. We also found that absolute genome copy number, rather than active genome replication, was sufficient for infectious progeny production. Deficiencies in both genome replication and inclusion expansion reversed when dnaEts was shifted from 40°C to 37°C early in infection, and intragenic suppressor mutations in dnaE also restored dnaEts genome replication and inclusion expansion at 40°C. Overall, our results show that genome replication in C. trachomatis is required for inclusion expansion, septum formation, and the transition between the microbe's replicative and infectious forms.SIGNIFICANCE Chlamydiae transition between infectious, extracellular elementary bodies (EBs) and non-infectious, intracellular reticulate bodies (RBs). Some checkpoints that govern transitions in chlamydial development have been identified, but the extent to which genome replication plays a role in regulating the pathogen's infectious cycle has not been characterized. We show that genome replication is dispensable for EB to RB conversion, but is necessary for RB proliferation, division septum formation, and inclusion expansion. We use new methods to investigate developmental checkpoints and dependencies in Chlamydia that facilitate the ordering of events in the microbe's biphasic life cycle. Our findings suggest that Chlamydia utilizes feedback inhibition to regulate core metabolic processes during development, likely an adaptation to intracellular stress and a nutrient-limiting environment.
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6
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Kulén M, Núñez-Otero C, Cairns AG, Silver J, Lindgren AEG, Wede E, Singh P, Vielfort K, Bahnan W, Good JAD, Svensson R, Bergström S, Gylfe Å, Almqvist F. Methyl sulfonamide substituents improve the pharmacokinetic properties of bicyclic 2-pyridone based Chlamydia trachomatis inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1966-1987. [PMID: 32206238 PMCID: PMC7069368 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00405j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methyl sulfonamide substituents effectively improve the pharmacokinetic properties of bicyclic 2-pyridones, a new class of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity inhibitors.
Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a global health problem and new approaches to treat C. trachomatis with drugs of high specificity would be valuable. A library of substituted ring fused 2-pyridones has been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to attenuate C. trachomatis infectivity. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed, with the best candidates demonstrating that a C8-methylsulfonamide substituent improved pharmacokinetic properties important for oral administration. C8-Methyl sulfonamide analogue 30 inhibited C. trachomatis infectivity in low micromolar concentrations. Further pharmacokinetic evaluation at an oral dose of 10 mg kg–1 showed an apparent bioavailability of 41%, compared to C8-cyclopropyl and -methoxy analogues which had negligible oral uptake. In vitro ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) testing of solubility and Caco-2 cell permeability revealed that both solubility and permeability is greatly improved with the C8-methyl sulfonamide 30, effectively moving it from BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class IV to II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kulén
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ;
| | - Carlos Núñez-Otero
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Department of Clinical microbiology , Umeå University , 901 85 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Andrew G Cairns
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ;
| | - Jim Silver
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Anders E G Lindgren
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ;
| | - Emma Wede
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ;
| | - Katarina Vielfort
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - James A D Good
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ;
| | - Richard Svensson
- The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform , Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden.,SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform , ADME of Therapeutics Facility , Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sven Bergström
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Department of Molecular Biology , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Åsa Gylfe
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ; .,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden.,Department of Clinical microbiology , Umeå University , 901 85 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . .,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden . ;
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7
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Singh P, Cairns AG, Adolfsson DE, Ådén J, Sauer UH, Almqvist F. Synthesis of Densely Functionalized N-Alkenyl 2-Pyridones via Benzyne-Induced Ring Opening of Thiazolino-Fused 2-Pyridones. Org Lett 2019; 21:6946-6950. [PMID: 31419146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of 6-arylthio-substituted-N-alkenyl 2-pyridones by ring opening of bicyclic thiazolino-2-pyridones with arynes. Varied functionalization was used to investigate scope and substituent influences on reactivity. Selected conditions favor thioether ring opening over [4 + 2] cycloaddition and an unusual aryne incorporating ring expansion. Deuterium labeling was used to clarify observed reactivity. Using the knowledge, we produced drug-like molecules with complex substitution patterns and show how thioether ring opening can be used on scaffolds with competing reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Cairns
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dan E Adolfsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Ådén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Uwe H Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Singh P, Adolfsson DE, Ådén J, Cairns AG, Bartens C, Brännström K, Olofsson A, Almqvist F. Pyridine-Fused 2-Pyridones via Povarov and A3 Reactions: Rapid Generation of Highly Functionalized Tricyclic Heterocycles Capable of Amyloid Fibril Binding. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3887-3903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christian Bartens
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1b, Hannover 30167, Germany
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9
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Mojica SA, Eriksson AU, Davis RA, Bahnan W, Elofsson M, Gylfe Å. Red Fluorescent Chlamydia trachomatis Applied to Live Cell Imaging and Screening for Antibacterial Agents. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3151. [PMID: 30619216 PMCID: PMC6305398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the application of a transformed Chlamydia trachomatis strain constitutively expressing the red fluorescent protein mCherry, to allow real-time monitoring of the infection cycle and screening for agents that block replication of C. trachomatis. The red fluorescent C. trachomatis strain was detected autonomously without antibody staining and was equally susceptible to doxycycline as the wild type strain. A high-throughput screening assay was developed using the transformed strain and automated fluorescence microscopy. The assay was used in a pilot screen of a 349 compound library containing natural products from Australian flora and fauna. Compounds with anti-chlamydial activity were tested for dose response and toxicity to host cells and two non-toxic compounds had 50% effective concentration (EC50) values in the low micromolar range. Natural products are valuable sources for drug discovery and the identified Chlamydia growth inhibition may be starting points for future drug development. Live cell imaging was used to visualize growth of the red fluorescent C. trachomatis strain over time. The screening assay reduced workload and reagents compared to an assay requiring immunostaining and could further be used to monitor the development of Chlamydia inclusions and anti-chlamydial effect in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Mojica
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna U Eriksson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Laboratories of Chemical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elofsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gylfe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Käding N, Kaufhold I, Müller C, Szaszák M, Shima K, Weinmaier T, Lomas R, Conesa A, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Rattei T, Rupp J. Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae Is Enhanced in Cells with Impaired Mitochondrial Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:499. [PMID: 29259924 PMCID: PMC5723314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective growth and replication of obligate intracellular pathogens depend on host cell metabolism. How this is connected to host cell mitochondrial function has not been studied so far. Recent studies suggest that growth of intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae is enhanced in a low oxygen environment, arguing for a particular mechanistic role of the mitochondrial respiration in controlling intracellular progeny. Metabolic changes in C. pneumoniae infected epithelial cells were analyzed under normoxic (O2 ≈ 20%) and hypoxic conditions (O2 < 3%). We observed that infection of epithelial cells with C. pneumoniae under normoxia impaired mitochondrial function characterized by an enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS generation. Knockdown and mutation of the host cell ATP synthase resulted in an increased chlamydial replication already under normoxic conditions. As expected, mitochondrial hyperpolarization was observed in non-infected control cells cultured under hypoxic conditions, which was beneficial for C. pneumoniae growth. Taken together, functional and genetically encoded mitochondrial dysfunction strongly promotes intracellular growth of C. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Käding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Kaufhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Constanze Müller
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marta Szaszák
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Weinmaier
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrigo Lomas
- Genomics of Gene Expression Lab, Centro de Investigaciones Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Genomics of Gene Expression Lab, Centro de Investigaciones Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Thomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jan Rupp
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11
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Good JAD, Kulén M, Silver J, Krishnan KS, Bahnan W, Núñez-Otero C, Nilsson I, Wede E, de Groot E, Gylfe Å, Bergström S, Almqvist F. Thiazolino 2-Pyridone Amide Isosteres As Inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9393-9399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. D. Good
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martina Kulén
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jim Silver
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - K. Syam Krishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carlos Núñez-Otero
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Clinical
microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingela Nilsson
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Wede
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esmee de Groot
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gylfe
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Clinical
microbiology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sven Bergström
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory
for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå
Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Al-Zeer MA, Xavier A, Abu Lubad M, Sigulla J, Kessler M, Hurwitz R, Meyer TF. Chlamydia trachomatis Prevents Apoptosis Via Activation of PDPK1-MYC and Enhanced Mitochondrial Binding of Hexokinase II. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:100-110. [PMID: 28803120 PMCID: PMC5605330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular human bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis pursues effective strategies to protect infected cells against death-inducing stimuli. Here, we show that Chlamydia trachomatis infection evokes 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) signaling to ensure the completion of its developmental cycle, further leading to the phosphorylation and stabilization of MYC. Using biochemical approaches and imaging we demonstrate that Chlamydia-induced PDPK1-MYC signaling induces host hexokinase II (HKII), which becomes enriched and translocated to the mitochondria. Strikingly, preventing the HKII interaction with mitochondria using exogenous peptides triggers apoptosis of infected cells as does inhibiting either PDPK1 or MYC, which also disrupts intracellular development of Chlamydia trachomatis. These findings identify a previously unknown pathway activated by Chlamydia infection, which exhibits pro-carcinogenic features. Targeting the PDPK1-MYC-HKII-axis may provide a strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir A Al-Zeer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Audrey Xavier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; The Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abu Lubad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Mu'tah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Janine Sigulla
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Good JAD, Silver J, Núñez-Otero C, Bahnan W, Krishnan KS, Salin O, Engström P, Svensson R, Artursson P, Gylfe Å, Bergström S, Almqvist F. Thiazolino 2-Pyridone Amide Inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis Infectivity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2094-108. [PMID: 26849778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis is a global health burden currently treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics which disrupt commensal bacteria. We recently identified a compound through phenotypic screening that blocked infectivity of this intracellular pathogen without host cell toxicity (compound 1, KSK 120). Herein, we present the optimization of 1 to a class of thiazolino 2-pyridone amides that are highly efficacious (EC50 ≤ 100 nM) in attenuating infectivity across multiple serovars of C. trachomatis without host cell toxicity. The lead compound 21a exhibits reduced lipophilicity versus 1 and did not affect the growth or viability of representative commensal flora at 50 μM. In microscopy studies, a highly active fluorescent analogue 37 localized inside the parasitiphorous inclusion, indicative of a specific targeting of bacterial components. In summary, we present a class of small molecules to enable the development of specific treatments for C. trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A D Good
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jim Silver
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carlos Núñez-Otero
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University , 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - K Syam Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olli Salin
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University , 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Engström
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gylfe
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University , 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sven Bergström
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Sit B, Crowley SM, Bhullar K, Lai CCL, Tang C, Hooda Y, Calmettes C, Khambati H, Ma C, Brumell JH, Schryvers AB, Vallance BA, Moraes TF. Active Transport of Phosphorylated Carbohydrates Promotes Intestinal Colonization and Transmission of a Bacterial Pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005107. [PMID: 26295949 PMCID: PMC4546632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient acquisition of extracellular nutrients is essential for bacterial pathogenesis, however the identities and mechanisms for transport of many of these substrates remain unclear. Here, we investigate the predicted iron-binding transporter AfuABC and its role in bacterial pathogenesis in vivo. By crystallographic, biophysical and in vivo approaches, we show that AfuABC is in fact a cyclic hexose/heptose-phosphate transporter with high selectivity and specificity for a set of ubiquitous metabolites (glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). AfuABC is conserved across a wide range of bacterial genera, including the enteric pathogens EHEC O157:H7 and its murine-specific relative Citrobacter rodentium, where it lies adjacent to genes implicated in sugar sensing and acquisition. C. rodentium ΔafuA was significantly impaired in an in vivo murine competitive assay as well as its ability to transmit infection from an afflicted to a naïve murine host. Sugar-phosphates were present in normal and infected intestinal mucus and stool samples, indicating that these metabolites are available within the intestinal lumen for enteric bacteria to import during infection. Our study shows that AfuABC-dependent uptake of sugar-phosphates plays a critical role during enteric bacterial infection and uncovers previously unrecognized roles for these metabolites as important contributors to successful pathogenesis. Essentially all Gram-negative pathogens are reliant on specific transport machineries termed binding protein-dependent transporters (BPDTs) to transport solutes such as amino acids, sugars and metal ions across their membranes. In this study we investigated AfuABC, a predicted iron-transporting BPDT found in many bacterial pathogens. We show by structural and functional approaches that AfuABC is not an iron transporter. Instead, AfuABC is a trio of proteins that bind and transport sugar-phosphates such as glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). In doing so, we present the first structural solution of a G6P-specific transport protein and add to the few known unique machineries for sugar-phosphate uptake by bacteria. Furthermore, we show that AfuABC is required by the intestinal pathogen C. rodentium to effectively transmit between mice and re-establish infection, leading us to propose that the transport of sugar-phosphates is an important part of general bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shauna M. Crowley
- Department of Pediatrics and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirandeep Bhullar
- Department of Pediatrics and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Calvin Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yogesh Hooda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Calmettes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Husain Khambati
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caixia Ma
- Department of Pediatrics and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony B. Schryvers
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (BAV); (TFM)
| | - Trevor F. Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (BAV); (TFM)
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15
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Chlamydia trachomatis In Vivo to In Vitro Transition Reveals Mechanisms of Phase Variation and Down-Regulation of Virulence Factors. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207372 PMCID: PMC4514472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis demands culture in cell-lines, but the adaptive process behind the in vivo to in vitro transition is not understood. We assessed the genomic and transcriptomic dynamics underlying C. trachomatis in vitro adaptation of strains representing the three disease groups (ocular, epithelial-genital and lymphogranuloma venereum) propagated in epithelial cells over multiple passages. We found genetic features potentially underlying phase variation mechanisms mediating the regulation of a lipid A biosynthesis enzyme (CT533/LpxC), and the functionality of the cytotoxin (CT166) through an ON/OFF mechanism. We detected inactivating mutations in CT713/porB, a scenario suggesting metabolic adaptation to the available carbon source. CT135 was inactivated in a tropism-specific manner, with CT135-negative clones emerging for all epithelial-genital populations (but not for LGV and ocular populations) and rapidly increasing in frequency (~23% mutants per 10 passages). RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that a deletion event involving CT135 impacted the expression of multiple virulence factors, namely effectors known to play a role in the C. trachomatis host-cell invasion or subversion (e.g., CT456/Tarp, CT694, CT875/TepP and CT868/ChlaDub1). This reflects a scenario of attenuation of C. trachomatis virulence in vitro, which may take place independently or in a cumulative fashion with the also observed down-regulation of plasmid-related virulence factors. This issue may be relevant on behalf of the recent advances in Chlamydia mutagenesis and transformation where culture propagation for selecting mutants/transformants is mandatory. Finally, there was an increase in the growth rate for all strains, reflecting gradual fitness enhancement over time. In general, these data shed light on the adaptive process underlying the C. trachomatis in vivo to in vitro transition, and indicates that it would be prudent to restrict culture propagation to minimal passages and check the status of the CT135 genotype in order to avoid the selection of CT135-negative mutants, likely originating less virulent strains.
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16
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Expansion of the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion does not require bacterial replication. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:378-82. [PMID: 25771502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis replication takes place inside of a host cell, exclusively within a vacuole known as the inclusion. During an infection, the inclusion expands to accommodate the increasing numbers of C. trachomatis. However, whether inclusion expansion requires bacterial replication and/or de novo protein synthesis has not been previously investigated in detail. Therefore, using a chemical biology approach, we herein investigated C. trachomatis inclusion expansion under varying conditions in vitro. Under normal cell culture conditions, inclusion expansion correlated with C. trachomatis replication. When bacterial replication was inhibited using KSK120, an inhibitor that targets C. trachomatis glucose metabolism, inclusions expanded even in the absence of bacterial replication. In contrast, when bacterial protein synthesis was inhibited using chloramphenicol, expansion of inclusions was blocked. Together, these data suggest that de novo protein synthesis is necessary, whereas bacterial replication is dispensable for C. trachomatis inclusion expansion.
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17
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Kumar R, Rai SK, Singh P, Gaurav A, Yadav P, Khanna RS, Gupta H, Tewari AK. Face-to-face stacking in sulfonamide based bis-ethylene bridged heteroaromatic dimers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four sulfonamide based bis-ethylene bridged heteroaromatic dimers were crystallized in offset face-to-face stacked geometry. Further, density functional theory revealed that crystallized structures were the most stable conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Sunil K. Rai
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Archana Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Pratima Yadav
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Ranjana S. Khanna
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Hariom Gupta
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility
- CSMCRI
- Bhavnagar 364021
- India
| | - Ashish K. Tewari
- Department of Chemistry (Center of Advanced Study)
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
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