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Abrashev R, Krumova E, Petrova P, Eneva R, Dishliyska V, Gocheva Y, Engibarov S, Miteva-Staleva J, Spasova B, Kolyovska V, Angelova M. Glucose Catabolite Repression Participates in the Regulation of Sialidase Biosynthesis by Antarctic Strain Penicillium griseofulvum P29. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:241. [PMID: 38667912 PMCID: PMC11051313 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialidases (neuraminidases) catalyze the removal of terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins. Novel enzymes from non-clinical isolates are of increasing interest regarding their application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the participation of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in the regulation of cold-active sialidase biosynthesis by the psychrotolerant fungal strain Penicillium griseofulvum P29, isolated from Antarctica. The presence of glucose inhibited sialidase activity in growing and non-growing fungal mycelia in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The same response was demonstrated with maltose and sucrose. The replacement of glucose with glucose-6-phosphate also exerted CCR. The addition of cAMP resulted in the partial de-repression of sialidase synthesis. The CCR in the psychrotolerant strain P. griseofulvum P29 did not depend on temperature. Sialidase might be subject to glucose repression by both at 10 and 25 °C. The fluorescent assay using 4MU-Neu5Ac for enzyme activity determination under increasing glucose concentrations evidenced that CCR may have a regulatory role in sialidase production. The real-time RT-PCR experiments revealed that the sialidase gene was subject to glucose repression. To our knowledge, this is the first report that has studied the effect of CCR on cold-active sialidase, produced by an Antarctic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Abrashev
- Department of Mycology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (E.K.); (V.D.); (J.M.-S.); (B.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Krumova
- Department of Mycology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (E.K.); (V.D.); (J.M.-S.); (B.S.)
| | - Penka Petrova
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.P.); (R.E.); (Y.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Rumyana Eneva
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.P.); (R.E.); (Y.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Vladislava Dishliyska
- Department of Mycology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (E.K.); (V.D.); (J.M.-S.); (B.S.)
| | - Yana Gocheva
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.P.); (R.E.); (Y.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Stefan Engibarov
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.P.); (R.E.); (Y.G.); (S.E.)
| | - Jeny Miteva-Staleva
- Department of Mycology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (E.K.); (V.D.); (J.M.-S.); (B.S.)
| | - Boryana Spasova
- Department of Mycology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (E.K.); (V.D.); (J.M.-S.); (B.S.)
| | - Vera Kolyovska
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Maria Angelova
- Department of Mycology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician G. Bonchev 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.A.); (E.K.); (V.D.); (J.M.-S.); (B.S.)
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Maués DB, Maraschin JC, Duarte DÂ, Antoniêto ACC, Silva RN. Overexpression of the Transcription Factor Azf1 Reveals Novel Regulatory Functions and Impacts β-Glucosidase Production in Trichoderma reesei. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1173. [PMID: 38132774 PMCID: PMC10744372 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma reesei is an essential producer of enzymes that degrade lignocellulosic biomass to produce value-added bioproducts. The cellulolytic system of T. reesei is controlled by several transcription factors (TFs) that efficiently regulate the production of these enzymes. Recently, a new TF named Azf1 was identified as a positive regulator of cellulase expression. Here, we investigated novel regulatory functions of Azf1 by its overexpression. In the mutant strain OEazf1, overexpression of azf1 was achieved under both repression and induction conditions. Although azf1 was more abundant in transcript and protein, overexpression of this TF did not activate transcription of the cellulase gene in the presence of the repressor glucose, suggesting that Azf1 may be subject to posttranslational regulation. In cellulose, the expression of swo, encoding the accessory protein swollenin, and the β-glucosidases cel1a, cel1b, cel3b, and cel3g increases in the early stages of cultivation. The increased production of these β-glucosidases increases the hydrolysis rate of cellobiose and sophorose, which activates carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and causes repression of cellulase genes and the regulator Xyr1 in the later stages of cultivation. Moreover, overexpression of azf1 led to increased cellulase activity in T. reesei during long-term cultivation in cellulose and sugarcane bagasse. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms regulating Azf1 and novel genes that are important targets of this TF. This work contributes to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms regulating cellulase expression in T. reesei. It will contribute to the development of strains with higher production of these essential enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roberto N. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (D.B.M.); (J.C.M.); (D.Â.D.); (A.C.C.A.)
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Liu Z, Ma K, Zhang X, Song X, Qin Y. Different Putative Methyltransferases Have Different Effects on the Expression Patterns of Cellulolytic Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1118. [PMID: 37998923 PMCID: PMC10671955 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Putative methyltranferase LaeA and LaeA-like proteins, conserved in many filamentous fungi, regulate fungal growth, development, virulence, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and the production of cellulolytic enzymes. Penicillium oxaliucm is a typical fungus that produces cellulolytic enzymes. In this study, we reported the biological function of eight putative methyltransferases (PoMtr23C/D/E/F/G/H and PoMtr25A/B) containing a methyltransf_23 or methyltransf_25 domain, with a focus on their roles in the production of cellulolytic enzymes. In P. oxalicum, various methyltransferase genes displayed different transcriptional levels. The genes Pomtr23C and Pomtr25A exhibited high transcriptional levels, while Pomtr23D/E/F/G/H and Pomtr25B were transcribed constantly at low levels. The gene deletion mutants (Δmtr23C/D/E/F/G/H and Δmtr25A/B) were constructed. Various mutants have different patterns in cellulolytic enzyme production. Compared to the WT, the largest increase in filter paper activity (FPA, indicating total cellulase activity) was observed in the Δmtr23G mutant, the only mutant with a cellulolytic halo surrounding the colony. Three mutants (Δmtr23C/D and Δmtr25A) also showed increased cellulolytic enzyme production. The Δmtr23E and Δmtr25B mutants displayed decreased FPA activity, while the Δmtr23F and Δmtr23H mutants displayed similar patterns of cellulolytic enzyme production compared with the WT. The assay of transcriptional levels of cellobiohydrolase gene Pocbh1 and β-1,4-endoglucanase Poeg1 supported that higher cellulolytic gene transcription resulted in higher production of cellulolytic enzymes, and vice versa. The transcriptional levels of two transcription factors, activator XlnR and repressor CreA, were measured. The high transcription level of the PoxlnR gene in the Δmtr23D mutant should be one reason for the increased transcription of its cellulolytic enzyme gene. Both XlnR and CreA transcriptional levels increased in the Δmtr23G mutant, but the former showed a more significant increase than the latter, indicating that the activation effect predominated. The PoMtr25A is localized in the nucleus. The catalytic subunit SNF2 of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex was found as one of the interacting proteins of PoMtr25A via tandem affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry. PoMtr25A may affect not only the transcription of repressor CreA but also by recruiting SWI/SNF complexes that affect chromatin structure, thereby regulating the transcription of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjiao Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (K.M.); (X.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Kexuan Ma
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (K.M.); (X.Z.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (K.M.); (X.Z.); (X.S.)
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250024, China
| | - Xin Song
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (K.M.); (X.Z.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.L.); (K.M.); (X.Z.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Li N, Qiu Z, Cai W, Shen Y, Wei D, Chen Y, Wang W. The Ras small GTPase RSR1 regulates cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 37218014 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable resource in the world and has attracted widespread attention. It can be hydrolyzed into sugars with the help of cellulases and hemicellulases that are secreted by filamentous fungi. Several studies have revealed that the Ras small GTPase superfamily regulates important cellular physiological processes, including synthesis of metabolites, sporulation, and cell growth and differentiation. However, it remains unknown how and to what extent Ras small GTPases participate in cellulase production. RESULTS In this study, we found that the putative Ras small GTPase RSR1 negatively regulated the expression of cellulases and xylanases. Deletion of rsr1 (∆rsr1) significantly increased cellulase production and decreased the expression levels of ACY1-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway genes and the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Loss of acy1 based on ∆rsr1 (∆rsr1∆acy1) could further increase cellulase production and the expression levels of cellulase genes, while overexpression of acy1 based on ∆rsr1 (∆rsr1-OEacy1) significantly reduced cellulase production and transcriptional levels of cellulase genes. In addition, our results revealed that RSR1 negatively controlled cellulase production via the ACY1-cAMP-PKA pathway. Transcriptome analysis revealed significantly increased expression of three G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs; tre62462, tre58767, and tre53238) and approximately two-fold higher expression of ACE3 and XYR1, which transcriptionally activated cellulases with the loss of rsr1. ∆rsr1∆ tre62462 exhibited a decrease in cellulase activity compared to ∆rsr1, while that of ∆rsr1∆tre58767 and ∆rsr1∆tre53238 showed a remarkable improvement compared to ∆rsr1. These findings revealed that GPCRs on the membrane may sense extracellular signals and transmit them to rsr1 and then to ACY1-cAMP-PKA, thereby negatively controlling the expression of the cellulase activators ACE3 and XYR1. These data indicate the crucial role of Ras small GTPases in regulating cellulase gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that some GPCRs and Ras small GTPases play key roles in the regulation of cellulase genes in Trichoderma reesei. Understanding the roles of these components in the regulation of cellulase gene transcription and the signaling processes in T. reesei can lay the groundwork for understanding and transforming other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhouyuan Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wanchuan Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaling Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Jiangsu Yiming Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Suqian, 223699, Jiangsu, China.
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Yu NN, Ketya W, Park G. Intracellular Nitric Oxide and cAMP Are Involved in Cellulolytic Enzyme Production in Neurospora crassa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054503. [PMID: 36901932 PMCID: PMC10003064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although molecular regulation of cellulolytic enzyme production in filamentous fungi has been actively explored, the underlying signaling processes in fungal cells are still not clearly understood. In this study, the molecular signaling mechanism regulating cellulase production in Neurospora crassa was investigated. We found that the transcription and extracellular cellulolytic activity of four cellulolytic enzymes (cbh1, gh6-2, gh5-1, and gh3-4) increased in Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose) medium. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by fluorescent dyes were observed in larger areas of fungal hyphae grown in Avicel medium compared to those grown in glucose medium. The transcription of the four cellulolytic enzyme genes in fungal hyphae grown in Avicel medium was significantly decreased and increased after NO was intracellularly removed and extracellularly added, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the cyclic AMP (cAMP) level in fungal cells was significantly decreased after intracellular NO removal, and the addition of cAMP could enhance cellulolytic enzyme activity. Taken together, our data suggest that the increase in intracellular NO in response to cellulose in media may have promoted the transcription of cellulolytic enzymes and participated in the elevation of intracellular cAMP, eventually leading to improved extracellular cellulolytic enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Yu
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma-Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Wirinthip Ketya
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma-Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungsoon Park
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma-Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-940-8324
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Cabrera IE, Oza Y, Carrillo AJ, Collier LA, Wright SJ, Li L, Borkovich KA. Regulator of G Protein Signaling Proteins Control Growth, Development and Cellulase Production in Neurospora crassa. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101076. [PMID: 36294641 PMCID: PMC9604755 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric (αβγ) G protein signaling pathways are critical environmental sensing systems found in eukaryotic cells. Exchange of GDP for GTP on the Gα subunit leads to its activation. In contrast, GTP hydrolysis on the Gα is accelerated by Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins, resulting in a return to the GDP-bound, inactive state. Here, we analyzed growth, development and extracellular cellulase production in strains with knockout mutations in the seven identified RGS genes (rgs-1 to rgs-7) in the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa. We compared phenotypes to those of strains with either knockout mutations or expressing predicted constitutively activated, GTPase-deficient alleles for each of the three Gα subunit genes (gna-1Q204L, gna-2Q205L or gna-3Q208L). Our data revealed that six RGS mutants have taller aerial hyphae than wild type and all seven mutants exhibit reduced asexual sporulation, phenotypes shared with strains expressing the gna-1Q204L or gna-3Q208L allele. In contrast, Δrgs-1 and Δrgs-3 were the only RGS mutants with a slower growth rate phenotype, a defect in common with gna-1Q204L strains. With respect to female sexual development, Δrgs-1 possessed defects most similar to gna-3Q208L strains, while those of Δrgs-2 mutants resembled strains expressing the gna-1Q204L allele. Finally, we observed that four of the seven RGS mutants had significantly different extracellular cellulase levels relative to wild type. Of interest, the Δrgs-2 mutant had no detectable activity, similar to the gna-3Q208L strain. In contrast, the Δrgs-1 and Δrgs-4 mutants and gna-1Q204L and gna-2Q205L strains exhibited significantly higher cellulase activity than wild type. With the exception of sexual development, our results demonstrate the greatest number of genetic interactions between rgs-1 and gna-1 and rgs-2 and gna-3 in N. crassa.
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Schmoll M, Hinterdobler W. Tools for adapting to a complex habitat: G-protein coupled receptors in Trichoderma. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:65-97. [PMID: 36357080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensing the environment and interpretation of the received signals are crucial competences of living organisms in order to properly adapt to their habitat, succeed in competition and to reproduce. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are members of a large family of sensors for extracellular signals and represent the starting point of complex signaling cascades regulating a plethora of intracellular physiological processes and output pathways in fungi. In Trichoderma spp. current research involves a wide range of topics from enzyme production, light response and secondary metabolism to sexual and asexual development as well as biocontrol, all of which require delicate balancing of resources in response to the environmental challenges or biotechnological needs at hand, which are crucially impacted by the surroundings of the fungi and their intercellular signaling cascades triggering a precisely tailored response. In this review we summarize recent findings on sensing by GPCRs in Trichoderma, including the function of pheromone receptors, glucose sensing by CSG1 and CSG2, regulation of secondary metabolism by GPR8 and impacts on mycoparasitism by GPR1. Additionally, we provide an overview on structural determinants, posttranslational modifications and interactions for regulation, activation and signal termination of GPCRs in order to inspire future in depth analyses of their function and to understand previous regulatory outcomes of natural and biotechnological processes modulated or enabled by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Chen Y, Fan X, Zhao X, Shen Y, Xu X, Wei L, Wang W, Wei D. cAMP activates calcium signalling via phospholipase C to regulate cellulase production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:62. [PMID: 33685506 PMCID: PMC7941909 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is one of the best producers of cellulase and has been widely studied for the production of cellulosic ethanol and bio-based products. We previously reported that Mn2+ and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) can stimulate cellulase overexpression via Ca2+ bursts and calcium signalling in T. reesei under cellulase-inducing conditions. To further understand the regulatory networks involved in cellulase overexpression in T. reesei, we characterised the Mn2+/DMF-induced calcium signalling pathway involved in the stimulation of cellulase overexpression. RESULTS We found that Mn2+/DMF stimulation significantly increased the intracellular levels of cAMP in an adenylate cyclase (ACY1)-dependent manner. Deletion of acy1 confirmed that cAMP is crucial for the Mn2+/DMF-stimulated cellulase overexpression in T. reesei. We further revealed that cAMP elevation induces a cytosolic Ca2+ burst, thereby initiating the Ca2+ signal transduction pathway in T. reesei, and that cAMP signalling causes the Ca2+ signalling pathway to regulate cellulase production in T. reesei. Furthermore, using a phospholipase C encoding gene plc-e deletion strain, we showed that the plc-e gene is vital for cellulase overexpression in response to stimulation by both Mn2+ and DMF, and that cAMP induces a Ca2+ burst through PLC-E. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study reveal the presence of a signal transduction pathway in which Mn2+/DMF stimulation produces cAMP. Increase in the levels of cAMP activates the calcium signalling pathway via phospholipase C to regulate cellulase overexpression under cellulase-inducing conditions. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism of the cAMP-PLC-calcium signalling pathway underlying cellulase expression in T. reesei and highlight the potential applications of signal transduction in the regulation of gene expression in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road , P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xingjia Fan
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road , P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road , P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Zaozhuang Jie Nuo Enzyme Co. Ltd., Shandong, China
| | - Liujing Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road , P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road , P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road , P.O.B. 311, Shanghai, 200237, China
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