1
|
Zhu S, Chen W, Masson A, Li YP. Cell signaling and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis. Cell Discov 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 38956429 PMCID: PMC11219878 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation of osteogenesis primarily occurs as mesenchymal stem cells undergo differentiation into osteoblasts. This differentiation process plays a crucial role in bone formation and homeostasis and is regulated by two intricate processes: cell signal transduction and transcriptional gene expression. Various essential cell signaling pathways, including Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PTH, FGF, Ephrin, Notch, Hippo, and Piezo1/2, play a critical role in facilitating osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and bone homeostasis. Key transcriptional factors in this differentiation process include Runx2, Cbfβ, Runx1, Osterix, ATF4, SATB2, and TAZ/YAP. Furthermore, a diverse array of epigenetic factors also plays critical roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis at the transcriptional level. This review provides an overview of the latest developments and current comprehension concerning the pathways of cell signaling, regulation of hormones, and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the commitment and differentiation of osteoblast lineage, as well as in bone formation and maintenance of homeostasis. The paper also reviews epigenetic regulation of osteoblast differentiation via mechanisms, such as histone and DNA modifications. Additionally, we summarize the latest developments in osteoblast biology spurred by recent advancements in various modern technologies and bioinformatics. By synthesizing these insights into a comprehensive understanding of osteoblast differentiation, this review provides further clarification of the mechanisms underlying osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, and bone formation, and highlights potential new therapeutic applications for the treatment of bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Alasdair Masson
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawa Y, Shindo M, Ohgane J, Inui M. Epigenome editing revealed the role of DNA methylation of T-DMR/CpG island shore on Runx2 transcription. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101733. [PMID: 38799114 PMCID: PMC11127475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
RUNX2 is a transcription factor crucial for bone formation. Mutant mice with varying levels of Runx2 expression display dosage-dependent skeletal abnormalities, underscoring the importance of Runx2 dosage control in skeletal formation. RUNX2 activity is regulated by several molecular mechanisms, including epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation. In this study, we investigated whether targeted repressive epigenome editing including hypermethylation to the Runx2-DMR/CpG island shore could influence Runx2 expression using Cas9-based epigenome-editing tools. Through the transient introduction of CRISPRoff-v2.1 and gRNAs targeting Runx2-DMR into MC3T3-E1 cells, we successfully induced hypermethylation of the region and concurrently reduced Runx2 expression during osteoblast differentiation. Although the epigenome editing of Runx2-DMR did not impact the expression of RUNX2 downstream target genes, these results indicate a causal relationship between the epigenetic status of the Runx2-DMR and Runx2 transcription. Additionally, we observed that hypermethylation of the Runx2-DMR persisted for at least 24 days under growth conditions but decreased during osteogenic differentiation, highlighting an endogenous DNA demethylation activity targeting the Runx2-DMR during the differentiation process. In summary, our study underscore the usefulness of the epigenome editing technology to evaluate the function of endogenous genetic elements and revealed that the Runx2-DMR methylation is actively regulated during osteoblast differentiation, subsequently could influence Runx2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kawa
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shindo
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Jun Ohgane
- Laboratory of Genomic Function Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inui
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pekkarinen M, Nordfors K, Uusi-Mäkelä J, Kytölä V, Hartewig A, Huhtala L, Rauhala M, Urhonen H, Häyrynen S, Afyounian E, Yli-Harja O, Zhang W, Helen P, Lohi O, Haapasalo H, Haapasalo J, Nykter M, Kesseli J, Rautajoki KJ. Aberrant DNA methylation distorts developmental trajectories in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302088. [PMID: 38499326 PMCID: PMC10948937 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are pediatric brain tumors known for their aggressiveness and aberrant but still unresolved epigenetic regulation. To better understand their malignancy, we investigated how AT/RT-specific DNA hypermethylation was associated with gene expression and altered transcription factor binding and how it is linked to upstream regulation. Medulloblastomas, choroid plexus tumors, pluripotent stem cells, and fetal brain were used as references. A part of the genomic regions, which were hypermethylated in AT/RTs similarly as in pluripotent stem cells and demethylated in the fetal brain, were targeted by neural transcriptional regulators. AT/RT-unique DNA hypermethylation was associated with polycomb repressive complex 2 and linked to suppressed genes with a role in neural development and tumorigenesis. Activity of the several NEUROG/NEUROD pioneer factors, which are unable to bind to methylated DNA, was compromised via the suppressed expression or DNA hypermethylation of their target sites, which was also experimentally validated for NEUROD1 in medulloblastomas and AT/RT samples. These results highlight and characterize the role of DNA hypermethylation in AT/RT malignancy and halted neural cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meeri Pekkarinen
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kristiina Nordfors
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Unit of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Uusi-Mäkelä
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Kytölä
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anja Hartewig
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Huhtala
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna Rauhala
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Department of Neurosurgery, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henna Urhonen
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sergei Häyrynen
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ebrahim Afyounian
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Pauli Helen
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Department of Neurosurgery, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Lohi
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Haapasalo
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- https://ror.org/031y6w871 Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Haapasalo
- Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Department of Neurosurgery, Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- https://ror.org/031y6w871 Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Kesseli
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi J Rautajoki
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- https://ror.org/033003e23 Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dashti P, Thaler R, Hawse JR, Galvan ML, van der Eerden BJ, van Wijnen AJ, Dudakovic A. G-protein coupled receptor 5C (GPRC5C) is required for osteoblast differentiation and responds to EZH2 inhibition and multiple osteogenic signals. Bone 2023; 176:116866. [PMID: 37558192 PMCID: PMC10962865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is epigenetically suppressed by the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, and induced by the morphogen BMP2 and transcription factor RUNX2. These factors also regulate distinct G protein coupled receptors (GPRCs; e.g., PTH1R, GPR30/GPER1). Because GPRCs transduce many physiological stimuli, we examined whether BMP2 or EZH2 inhibition (i.e., GSK126) regulates other GPRC genes in osteoblasts. RNA-seq screening of >400 mouse GPRC-related genes showed that many GPRCs are downregulated during osteogenic differentiation. The orphan receptor GPRC5C, along with a small subset of other GPRCs, is induced by BMP2 or GSK126 during Vitamin C dependent osteoblast differentiation, but not by all-trans retinoic acid. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that GSK126 reduces H3K27me3 levels at the GPRC5C gene locus in differentiating MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, consistent with enhanced GPRC5C mRNA expression. Loss of function analyses revealed that shRNA-mediated depletion of GPRC5C decreases expression of bone markers (e.g., BGLAP and IBSP) and mineral deposition in response to BMP2 or GSK126. GPRC5C mRNA was found to be reduced in the osteopenic bones of KLF10 null mice which have compromised BMP2 signaling. GPRC5C mRNA is induced by the bone-anabolic activity of 17β-estradiol in trabecular but not cortical bone following ovariectomy. Collectively, these findings suggest that GPRC5C protein is a key node in a pro-osteogenic axis that is normally suppressed by EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 marks and induced during osteoblast differentiation by GSK126, BMP2, and/or 17β-estradiol. Because GPRC5C protein is an understudied orphan receptor required for osteoblast differentiation, identification of ligands that induce GPRC5C signaling may support therapeutic strategies to mitigate bone-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roman Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Lizeth Galvan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bram J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang C, Gao Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Bai M, Yang H, Guo J, Zhang Y. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals layer-specific methylation patterns in deer antler tissue. Gene 2023; 884:147744. [PMID: 37640118 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper explored using of deer antlers as a model for studying rapid growth and cartilage formation in mammals. The genes and regulatory mechanisms involved in antler chondrogenesis are poorly understood, however, previous research has suggested that DNA methylation played a key role in antler regeneration. By using fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (F-MSAP), this study measured DNA methylation levels in cartilage (CA) and reserve mesenchyme (RM) cells and tissues. Results showed that RM cells (RMCs) DNA methylation levels were significantly lower than those of CA, suggesting that DNA demethylation may be involved in antler fast cartilage differentiation. The study also identified 20 methylated fragments specific to RMCs or CA using the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique and confirmed these findings using southern blot analysis. The data provide the first experimental evidence of a link between epigenetic regulation and rapid cartilage differentiation in antlers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Zizheng Gao
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yukun Wang
- School of Stomatology, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Muran Bai
- School of Stomatology, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Huiran Yang
- School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Junqi Guo
- The Third Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beihua University, Jilin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Atf7ip Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation via Negative Regulation of the Sp7 Transcription Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054305. [PMID: 36901736 PMCID: PMC10002255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are critical for cell differentiation and growth. As a regulator of H3K9 methylation, Setdb1 is implicated in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. The activity and nucleus localization of Setdb1 are regulated by its binding partner, Atf7ip. However, whether Atf7ip is involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation remains largely unclear. In the present study, we found that Atf7ip expression was upregulated during the osteogenesis of primary bone marrow stromal cells and MC3T3-E1 cells, and was induced in PTH-treated cells. The overexpression of Atf7ip impaired osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells regardless of PTH treatment, as measured by the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, Alp-positive cells, Alp activity, and calcium deposition. Conversely, the depletion of Atf7ip in MC3T3-E1 cells promoted osteoblast differentiation. Compared with the control mice, animals with Atf7ip deletion in the osteoblasts (Oc-Cre;Atf7ipf/f) showed more bone formation and a significant increase in the bone trabeculae microarchitecture, as reflected by μ-CT and bone histomorphometry. Mechanistically, Atf7ip contributed to the nucleus localization of Setdb1 in MC3T3-E1, but did not affect Setdb1 expression. Atf7ip negatively regulated Sp7 expression, and through specific siRNA, Sp7 knockdown attenuated the enhancing role of Atf7ip deletion in osteoblast differentiation. Through these data, we identified Atf7ip as a novel negative regulator of osteogenesis, possibly via its epigenetic regulation of Sp7 expression, and demonstrated that Atf7ip inhibition is a potential therapeutic measure for enhancing bone formation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Alghfeli L, Parambath D, Tag Eldeen LA, El-Serafi I, El-Serafi AT. Non-additive effect of the DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-Aza-dC, and glass as a culture surface on osteogenic differentiation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12433. [PMID: 36590514 PMCID: PMC9794900 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical need for bone regenerative solutions is expanding with increasing life expectancy and escalating incidence of accidents. Several strategies are being investigated to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. We previously reported two different approaches for this purpose, in monolayer and three-dimensional cell culture. The first approach was based on pretreating cells with 5-Aza-dC, a DNA methylation inhibitor, before the applying the differentiation media. The second approach was based on culturing cells on a glass surface during differentiation. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of combining both methods. Our results suggested that both approaches were associated with decreasing global DNA methylation levels. Cells cultured as a monolayer on glass surface showed enhancement in alkaline phosphatase activity at day 10, while 5-Aza-dC pretreatment enhanced the activity at day 5, irrespective of the culture surface. In three-dimensional pellet culture, 5-Aza-dC pretreatment enhanced osteogenesis through Runx-2 and TGF-β1 upregulation while the glass surface induced Osterix. Furthermore, pellets cultured on glass showed upregulation of a group of miRNAs, including pro-osteogenesis miR- 20a and miR -148b and anti-osteogenesis miR -125b, miR -31, miR -138, and miR -133a. Interestingly, 5-Aza-dC was not associated with a change of miRNAs in cells cultured on tissue culture plastic but reverted the upregulated miRNAs on the glass to the basal level. This study confirms the two approaches for enhancing osteogenic differentiation and contradicts their combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Alghfeli
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Divyasree Parambath
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Loaa A. Tag Eldeen
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Port-Said University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed T. El-Serafi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates,Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Larsson L, Kavanagh NM, Nguyen TVN, Castilho RM, Berglundh T, Giannobile WV. Influence of epigenetics on periodontitis and peri-implantitis pathogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:125-137. [PMID: 35913702 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease characterized by tooth-associated microbial biofilms that drive chronic inflammation and destruction of periodontal-supporting tissues. In some individuals, disease progression can lead to tooth loss. A similar condition can occur around dental implants in the form of peri-implantitis. The immune response to bacterial challenges is not only influenced by genetic factors, but also by environmental factors. Epigenetics involves the study of gene function independent of changes to the DNA sequence and its associated proteins, and represents a critical link between genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications have been shown to contribute to the progression of several diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases like periodontitis and peri-implantitis. This review aims to present the latest findings on epigenetic influences on periodontitis and to discuss potential mechanisms that may influence peri-implantitis, given the paucity of information currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nolan M Kavanagh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trang V N Nguyen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine and Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma Q, Song C, Yin B, Shi Y, Ye L. The role of Trithorax family regulating osteogenic and Chondrogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13233. [PMID: 35481717 PMCID: PMC9136489 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise and clinical efficacy in bone/cartilage regeneration. With a deeper understanding of stem cell biology over the past decade, epigenetics stands out as one of the most promising ways to control MSCs differentiation. Trithorax group (TrxG) proteins, including the COMPASS family, ASH1L, CBP/p300 as histone modifying factors, and the SWI/SNF complexes as chromatin remodelers, play an important role in gene expression regulation during the process of stem cell differentiation. This review summarises the components and functions of TrxG complexes. We provide an overview of the regulation mechanisms of TrxG in MSCs osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, and discuss the prospects of epigenetic regulation mediated by TrxG in bone and cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dusadeemeelap C, Rojasawasthien T, Matsubara T, Kokabu S, Addison WN. Inhibition of TET-mediated DNA demethylation suppresses osteoblast differentiation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22153. [PMID: 34997955 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101402r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification critical for the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression during development and disease. The ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme family catalyzes the hydroxymethylation and subsequent demethylation of DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Little is known about TET protein function due to a lack of pharmacological tools to manipulate DNA hydroxymethylation levels. In this study, we examined the role of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation during BMP-induced C2C12 osteoblast differentiation using a novel cytosine-based selective TET enzyme inhibitor, Bobcat339 (BC339). Treatment of C2C12 cells with BC339 increased global 5mC and decreased global 5hmC without adversely affecting cell viability, proliferation, or apoptosis. Furthermore, BC339 treatment inhibited osteoblast marker gene expression and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity during differentiation. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and bisulfite sequencing showed that inhibition of TET with BC339 led to increased 5mC at specific CpG-rich regions at the promoter of Sp7, a key osteoblast transcription factor. Consistent with promoter 5mC marks being associated with transcriptional repression, luciferase activity of an Sp7-promoter-reporter construct was repressed by in vitro DNA methylation or BC339. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that TET2 does indeed occupy the promoter region of Sp7. Accordingly, forced overexpression of SP7 rescued the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation by BC339. In conclusion, our data suggest that TET-mediated DNA demethylation of genomic regions, including the Sp7 promoter, plays a role in the initiation of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, BC339 is a novel pharmacological tool for the modulation of DNA methylation dynamics for research and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chirada Dusadeemeelap
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Division of Special Needs and Geriatric Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Thira Rojasawasthien
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - William N Addison
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Epigenetic modifications of histones during osteoblast differentiation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2022; 1865:194780. [PMID: 34968769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In bone biology, epigenetics plays a key role in mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) commitment towards osteoblasts. It involves gene regulatory mechanisms governed by chromatin modulators. Predominant epigenetic mechanisms for efficient osteogenic differentiation include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Among these mechanisms, histone modifications critically contribute to altering chromatin configuration. Histone based epigenetic mechanisms are an essential mediator of gene expression during osteoblast differentiation as it directs the bivalency of the genome. Investigating the importance of histone modifications in osteogenesis may lead to the development of epigenetic-based remedies for genetic disorders of bone. Hence, in this review, we have highlighted the importance of epigenetic modifications such as post-translational modifications of histones, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and their role in the activation or suppression of gene expression during osteoblast differentiation. Further, we have emphasized the future advancements in the field of epigenetics towards orthopaedical therapeutics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu H, Hu L, Yu G, Yang H, Cao Y, Wang S, Fan Z. LncRNA, PLXDC2-OT promoted the osteogenesis potentials of MSCs by inhibiting the deacetylation function of RBM6/SIRT7 complex and OSX specific isoform. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1049-1066. [PMID: 33684230 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration and remodeling are complex physiological processes that are regulated by key transcription factors. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of key transcription factors on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a key issue for successful bone regeneration and remodeling. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of the histone deacetylase Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) on the key transcription factor OSX and osteogenesis of MSCs. In this study, we found that SIRT7 knockdown increased ALP activity and in vitro mineralization and promoted the expression of the osteogenic differentiation markers DSPP, DMP1, BSP, OCN, and the key transcription factor OSX in MSCs. In addition, SIRT7 could associate with RNA binding motif protein 6 (RBM6) to form a protein complex. Moreover, RBM6 inhibited ALP activity, the expression of DSPP, DMP1, BSP, OCN, and OSX in MSCs, and the osteogenesis of MSCs in vivo. Then, the SIRT7/RBM6 protein complex was shown to downregulate the level of H3K18Ac in the OSX promoter by recruiting SIRT7 to the OSX promoter and inhibiting the expression of OSX isoforms 1 and 2. Furthermore, lncRNA PLXDC2-OT could associate with the SIRT7/RBM6 protein complex to diminish its binding and deacetylation function in the OSX promoter and its inhibitory function on OSX isoforms 1 and 2 and to promote the osteogenic potential of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huina Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxia Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoqing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sheikh T, Sen E. p53 affects epigenetic signature on SOCS1 promoter in response to TLR4 inhibition. Cytokine 2021; 140:155418. [PMID: 33476981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS1) functions as a negative regulator of toll-like receptor (TLR) induced inflammatory signaling. As silencing of SOCS1 is concomitant with elevated TLR4 levels in glioblastoma, we investigated the effect of TLR4 inhibition on SOCS1 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 signaling by TAK242 or its siRNA-mediated knockdown in p53 mutant or wild-type glioma cells resulted in either increased or decreased SOCS1 expression and promoter activity, respectively. Genetic manipulation of p53 indicated that SOCS1 expression upon TLR4 inhibition is dependent on p53 mutational status. Increased SOCS1 level was concomitant with diminished nucleosomal occupancy around p53-binding site on SOCS1 promoter. This altered nucleosomal landscape was accompanied by (i) diminished nuclear H3K9me3 and (ii) increased JMJD2A and Brg1 levels. JMJD2A inhibition or ectopic expression of ATPase-deficient BRG1 prevented TAK242 mediated increase in SOCS1 expression. Recruitment of Brg1-p53-JMJD2A complex on p53 binding sites of SOCS1 promoter upon TLR4 inhibition was concomitant with increased SOCS1 expression in p53-mutant cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset indicated an inverse correlation between TLR4 and SOCS1 levels in p53 mutant but not in p53WT GBM. Taken together, p53 mutational status regulates transcriptional plasticity of SOCS1 promoter through differential recruitment of chromatin remodelers and epigenetic regulators in response to TLR4 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Touseef Sheikh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122 052, India
| | - Ellora Sen
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122 052, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Montecino M, Carrasco ME, Nardocci G. Epigenetic Control of Osteogenic Lineage Commitment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:611197. [PMID: 33490076 PMCID: PMC7820369 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the eukaryotic nucleus the genomic DNA is organized into chromatin by stably interacting with the histone proteins as well as with several other nuclear components including non-histone proteins and non-coding RNAs. Together these interactions distribute the genetic material into chromatin subdomains which can exhibit higher and lower compaction levels. This organization contributes to differentially control the access to genomic sequences encoding key regulatory genetic information. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression as they modify the degree of chromatin compaction to facilitate both activation and repression of transcription. Among the most studied epigenetic mechanisms we find the methylation of DNA, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and enzyme-mediated deposition and elimination of post-translational modifications at histone and non-histone proteins. In this mini review, we discuss evidence that supports the role of these epigenetic mechanisms during transcriptional control of osteoblast-related genes. Special attention is dedicated to mechanisms of epigenetic control operating at the Runx2 and Sp7 genes coding for the two principal master regulators of the osteogenic lineage during mesenchymal stem cell commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Montecino
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita E Carrasco
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Lab, Program in Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saul D, Kosinsky RL. Epigenetics of Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010401. [PMID: 33401659 PMCID: PMC7794926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging represents the multifactorial decline in physiological function of every living organism. Over the past decades, several hallmarks of aging have been defined, including epigenetic deregulation. Indeed, multiple epigenetic events were found altered across different species during aging. Epigenetic changes directly contributing to aging and aging-related diseases include the accumulation of histone variants, changes in chromatin accessibility, loss of histones and heterochromatin, aberrant histone modifications, and deregulated expression/activity of miRNAs. As a consequence, cellular processes are affected, which results in the development or progression of several human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on epigenetic mechanisms underlying aging-related processes in various species and describe how these deregulations contribute to human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Saul
- Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Robyn Laura Kosinsky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-293-2386
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Montero-Montoya R, López-Vargas MR, Arriaga-Alba M. Oxidative stress status and industrial discharges. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Liu Q, Li M, Wang S, Xiao Z, Xiong Y, Wang G. Recent Advances of Osterix Transcription Factor in Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601224. [PMID: 33384998 PMCID: PMC7769847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.601224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectations, more and more patients suffer from fractures either induced by intensive sports or other bone-related diseases. The balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is the basis for maintaining bone health. Osterix (Osx) has long been known to be an essential transcription factor for the osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Emerging evidence suggests that Osx not only plays an important role in intramembranous bone formation, but also affects endochondral ossification by participating in the terminal cartilage differentiation. Given its essentiality in skeletal development and bone formation, Osx has become a new research hotspot in recent years. In this review, we focus on the progress of Osx's function and its regulation in osteoblast differentiation and bone mass. And the potential role of Osx in developing new therapeutic strategies for osteolytic diseases was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Neuroendocrine Diseases, College of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Biomedical Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Mao Li
- Biomedical Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Neuroendocrine Diseases, College of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Neuroendocrine Diseases, College of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Biomedical Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aguilar R, Bustos FJ, Nardocci G, van Zundert B, Montecino M. Epigenetic silencing of the osteoblast-lineage gene program during hippocampal maturation. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:367-384. [PMID: 33135214 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic control of gene expression plays a significant role during cell lineage commitment and subsequent cell fate maintenance. Here, we assess epigenetic mechanisms operating in the rat brain that mediate silencing of genes that are expressed during early and late stages of osteogenesis. We report that repression of the osteoblast master regulator Sp7 in embryonic (E18) hippocampus is mainly mediated through the Polycomb complex PRC2 and its enzymatic product H3K27me3. During early postnatal (P10), juvenile (P30), and adult (P90) hippocampal stages, the repressive H3K27me3 mark is progressively replaced by nucleosome enrichment and increased CpG DNA methylation at the Sp7 gene promoter. In contrast, silencing of the late bone phenotypic Bglap gene in the hippocampus is PRC2-independent and accompanied by strong CpG methylation from E18 through postnatal and adult stages. Forced ectopic expression of the primary master regulator of osteogenesis Runx2 in embryonic hippocampal neurons activates the expression of its downstream target Sp7 gene. Moreover, transcriptomic analyses show that several genes associated with the mesenchymal-osteogenic lineages are transcriptionally activated in these hippocampal cells that express Runx2 and Sp7. This effect is accompanied by a loss in neuronal properties, including a significant reduction in secondary processes at the dendritic arbor and reduced expression of critical postsynaptic genes like PSD95. Together, our results reveal a developmental progression in epigenetic control mechanisms that repress the expression of the osteogenic program in hippocampal neurons at embryonic, postnatal, and adult stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando J Bustos
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Montecino
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ghorbaninejad M, Khademi-Shirvan M, Hosseini S, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Epidrugs: novel epigenetic regulators that open a new window for targeting osteoblast differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:456. [PMID: 33115508 PMCID: PMC7594482 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a critical step in the treatment of bone defects and skeletal disorders, which present challenges for cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine. Thus, it is necessary to understand the regulatory agents involved in osteogenesis. Epigenetic mechanisms are considered to be the primary mediators that regulate gene expression during MSC differentiation. In recent years, epigenetic enzyme inhibitors have been used as epidrugs in cancer therapy. A number of studies mentioned the role of epigenetic inhibitors in the regulation of gene expression patterns related to osteogenic differentiation. This review attempts to provide an overview of the key regulatory agents of osteogenesis: transcription factors, signaling pathways, and, especially, epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, we propose to introduce epigenetic enzyme inhibitors (epidrugs) and their applications as future therapeutic approaches for bone defect regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghorbaninejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Khademi-Shirvan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although many signalling pathways have been discovered to be essential in mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSC) differentiation, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is a vital component of lineage determination, encompassing diet, lifestyle and parental influences on bone, fat and cartilage development. RECENT FINDINGS This review discusses how specific enzymes that modify histone methylation and acetylation or DNA methylation orchestrate the differentiation programs in lineage determination of MSC and the epigenetic changes that facilitate development of bone related diseases such as osteoporosis. The review also describes how environmental factors such as mechanical loading influence the epigenetic signatures of MSC, and how the use of chemical agents or small peptides can regulate epigenetic drift in MSC populations during ageing and disease. Epigenetic regulation of MSC lineage commitment is controlled through changes in enzyme activity, which modifies DNA and histone residues leading to alterations in chromatin structure. The co-ordinated epigenetic regulation of transcriptional activation and repression act to mediate skeletal tissue homeostasis, where deregulation of this process can lead to bone loss during ageing or osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hojo H, Ohba S. Gene regulatory landscape in osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2020; 137:115458. [PMID: 32474244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of osteoblasts, a bone-forming cell population, occurs in conjunction with development of the skeleton, which creates our physical framework and shapes the body. In the past two decades, genetic studies have uncovered the molecular framework of this process-namely, transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways coordinate the cell fate determination and differentiation of osteoblasts in a spatial and temporal manner. Recently emerging genome-wide studies provide additional layers of understanding of the gene regulatory landscape during osteoblast differentiation, allowing us to gain novel insight into the modes of action of the key regulators, functional interaction among the regulator-bound enhancers, epigenetic regulations, and the complex nature of regulatory inputs. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the transcriptional regulation in osteoblasts, in terms of the gene regulatory landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Department of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Z, Lv F, Dai C, Wang Q, Jiang C, Fang M, Xu Y. Activation of Galectin-3 (LGALS3) Transcription by Injurious Stimuli in the Liver Is Commonly Mediated by BRG1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:310. [PMID: 31850346 PMCID: PMC6901944 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (encoded by LGALS3) is a glycan-binding protein that regulates a diverse range of pathophysiological processes contributing to the pathogenesis of human diseases. Previous studies have found that galectin-3 levels are up-regulated in the liver by a host of different injurious stimuli. The underlying epigenetic mechanism, however, is unclear. Here we report that conditional knockout of Brahma related gene (BRG1), a chromatin remodeling protein, in hepatocytes attenuated induction of galectin-3 expression in several different animal models of liver injury. Similarly, BRG1 depletion or pharmaceutical inhibition in cultured hepatocytes suppressed the induction of galectin-3 expression by treatment with LPS plus free fatty acid (palmitate). Further analysis revealed that BRG1 interacted with AP-1 to bind to the proximal galectin-3 promoter and activate transcription. Mechanistically, DNA demethylation surrounding the galectin-3 promoter appeared to be a rate-limiting step in BRG1-mediated activation of galectin-3 transcription. BRG1 recruited the DNA 5-methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1 to the galectin-3 to promote active DNA demethylation thereby activating galectin-3 transcription. Finally, TET1 silencing abrogated induction of galectin-3 expression by LPS plus palmitate in cultured hepatocytes. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel epigenetic pathway that contributes to injury-associated activation of galectin-3 transcription in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangqiao Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Congxin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cisternas CD, Cortes LR, Bruggeman EC, Yao B, Forger NG. Developmental changes and sex differences in DNA methylation and demethylation in hypothalamic regions of the mouse brain. Epigenetics 2019; 15:72-84. [PMID: 31378140 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1649528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is dynamically modulated during postnatal brain development, and plays a key role in neuronal lineage commitment. This epigenetic mark has also recently been implicated in the development of neural sex differences, many of which are found in the hypothalamus. The level of DNA methylation depends on a balance between the placement of methyl marks by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and their removal, which is catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenases. Here, we examined developmental changes and sex differences in the expression of Tet and Dnmt enzymes from birth to adulthood in two hypothalamic regions (the preoptic area and ventromedial nucleus) and the hippocampus of mice. We found highest expression of all Tet enzymes (Tet1, Tet2, Tet3) and Dnmts (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) in newborns, despite the fact that global methylation and hydroxymethylation were at their lowest levels at birth. Expression of the Dnmt co-activator, Dnmt3l, followed a pattern opposite to that of the canonical Dnmts (i.e., was very low in newborns and increased with age). Tet enzyme activity was much higher at birth than at weaning in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus, mirroring developmental changes in gene expression. Sex differences in Tet enzyme expression were seen in all brain regions examined during the first week of life, whereas Dnmt expression was more balanced between the sexes. Neonatal testosterone treatment of females only partially masculinized enzyme expression. Thus, Tet expression and activity are elevated during neonatal brain development, and may play important roles in sexual differentiation of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Cisternas
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura R Cortes
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily C Bruggeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy G Forger
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang Y, Liu L, Fang M, Bai H, Xu Y. The chromatin remodeling protein BRM regulates the transcription of tight junction proteins: Implication in breast cancer metastasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:547-556. [PMID: 30946989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a group of cell tight junction proteins that play versatile roles in cancer biology. Recent studies have correlated down-regulation of Claudins with augmented breast cancer malignancy and poor prognosis. The mechanism underlying repression of Claudin transcription in breast cancer cells is not well understood. Here we report that expression levels of Brahma (BRM) were down-regulated in triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-231) compared to the less malignant MCF-7 cells and in high-grade human breast cancer specimens compared to low-grade ones. TGF-β treatment in MCF-7 cells repressed BRM transcription likely through targeting C/EBPβ. BRM over-expression suppressed whereas BRM knockdown promoted TGF-β induced migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells. BRM down-regulation was accompanied by the loss of a panel of Claudins in breast cancer cells. BRM directly bound to the promoter region of Claudin genes via interacting with Sp1 and activated transcription by modulating histone modifications. Together, our data have identified a novel epigenetic pathway that links Claudin transcription to breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease and Innovative Collaboration Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cakouros D, Hemming S, Gronthos K, Liu R, Zannettino A, Shi S, Gronthos S. Specific functions of TET1 and TET2 in regulating mesenchymal cell lineage determination. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:3. [PMID: 30606231 PMCID: PMC6317244 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 5 hydroxymethylation (5hmC) mark and TET DNA dioxygenases play a pivotal role in embryonic stem cell differentiation and animal development. However, very little is known about TET enzymes in lineage determination of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSC). We examined the function of all three TET DNA dioxygenases, responsible for DNA hydroxymethylation, in human BMSC cell osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Results We used siRNA knockdown and retroviral mediated enforced expression of TET molecules and discovered TET1 to be a repressor of both osteogenesis and adipogenesis. TET1 was found to recruit the co-repressor proteins, SIN3A and the histone lysine methyltransferase, EZH2 to osteogenic genes. Conversely, TET2 was found to be a promoter of both osteogenesis and adipogenesis. The data showed that TET2 was directly responsible for 5hmC levels on osteogenic and adipogenic lineage-associated genes, whereas TET1 also played a role in this process. Interestingly, TET3 showed no functional effect in BMSC osteo-/adipogenic differentiation. Finally, in a mouse model of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis, the numbers of clonogenic BMSC were dramatically diminished corresponding to lower trabecular bone volume and reduced levels of TET1, TET2 and 5hmC. Conclusion The present study has discovered an epigenetic mechanism mediated through changes in DNA hydroxymethylation status regulating the activation of key genes involved in the lineage determination of skeletal stem cells, which may have implications in BMSC function during normal bone regulation. Targeting TET molecules or their downstream targets may offer new therapeutic strategies to help prevent bone loss and repair following trauma or disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0247-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah Hemming
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kahlia Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Renjing Liu
- Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Andrew Zannettino
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Multiple Myeloma Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yin B, Yu F, Wang C, Li B, Liu M, Ye L. Epigenetic Control of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate Decision via Histone Methyltransferase Ash1l. Stem Cells 2018; 37:115-127. [PMID: 30270478 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that knocking out absent, small, or homeotic-like (Ash1l) in mice, a histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) trimethyltransferase, can result in arthritis with more severe cartilage and bone destruction. Research has documented the essential role of Ash1l in stem cell fate decision such as hematopoietic stem cells and the progenitors of keratinocytes. Following up on those insights, our research seeks to document the function of Ash1l in skeletal formation, specifically whether it controls the fate decision of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Our findings indicate that in osteoporotic bones, Ash1l was significantly decreased, indicating a positive correlation between bone mass and the expression of Ash1l. Silencing of Ash1l that had been markedly upregulated in differentiated C3H10T1/2 (C3) cells hampered osteogenesis and chondrogenesis but promoted adipogenesis. Consistently, overexpression of an Ash1l SET domain-containing fragment 3 rather than Ash1lΔN promoted osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of C3 cells and simultaneously inhibited adipogenic differentiation. This indicates that the role of Ash1l in regulating the differentiation of C3 cells is linked to its histone methyltransferase activity. Subcutaneous ex vivo transplantation experiments confirmed the role of Ash1l in the promotion of osteogenesis. Further experiments proved that Ash1l can epigenetically affect the expression of essential osteogenic and chondrogenic transcription factors. It exerts this impact via modifications in the enrichment of H3K4me3 on their promoter regions. Considering the promotional action of Ash1l on bone, it could potentially prompt new therapeutic strategy to promote osteogenesis. Stem Cells 2019;37:115-127.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Boer Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rojas A, Sepulveda H, Henriquez B, Aguilar R, Opazo T, Nardocci G, Bustos F, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, van Zundert B, van Wijnen AJ, Allende ML, Montecino M. Mll-COMPASS complexes mediate H3K4me3 enrichment and transcription of the osteoblast master gene Runx2/p57 in osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6244-6253. [PMID: 30256410 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Runx2/p57 is a hallmark of the osteoblast-lineage identity. Although several regulators that control the expression of Runx2/p57 during osteoblast-lineage commitment have been identified, the epigenetic mechanisms that sustain this expression in differentiated osteoblasts remain to be completely determined. Here, we assess epigenetic mechanisms associated with Runx2/p57 gene transcription in differentiating MC3T3 mouse osteoblasts. Our results show that an enrichment of activating histone marks at the Runx2/p57 P1 promoter is accompanied by the simultaneous interaction of Wdr5 and Utx proteins, both are components of COMPASS complexes. Knockdown of Wdr5 and Utx expression confirms the activating role of both proteins at the Runx2-P1 promoter. Other chromatin modifiers that were previously described to regulate Runx2/p57 transcription in mesenchymal precursor cells (Ezh2, Prmt5, and Jarid1b proteins) were not found to contribute to Runx2/p57 transcription in full-committed osteoblasts. We also determined the presence of additional components of COMPASS complexes at the Runx2/p57 promoter, evidencing that the Mll2/COMPASS- and Mll3/COMPASS-like complexes bind to the P1 promoter in osteoblastic cells expressing Runx2/p57 to modulate the H3K4me1 to H3K4me3 transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rojas
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia.,Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Sepulveda
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Berta Henriquez
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatiana Opazo
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Bustos
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Miguel L Allende
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Montecino
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetic mechanisms modify gene activity in a stable manner without altering DNA sequence. They participate in the adaptation to the environment, as well as in the pathogenesis of common complex disorders. We provide an overview of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in bone biology and pathology. RECENT FINDINGS Extensive evidence supports the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histone tails, and non-coding RNAs) in the differentiation of bone cells and mechanotransduction. A variety of epigenetic abnormalities have been described in patients with osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and skeletal cancers, but their actual pathogenetic roles are still unclear. A few drugs targeting epigenetic marks have been approved for neoplastic disorders, and many more are being actively investigated. Advances in the field of epigenetics underscore the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors as determinants of osteoporosis and other common disorders. Likewise, they help to explain the mechanisms by which prenatal and post-natal external factors, from nutrition to psychological stress, impact our body and influence the risk of later disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Del Real
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Laura López-Delgado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - José A Riancho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nardocci G, Carrasco ME, Acevedo E, Hodar C, Meneses C, Montecino M. Identification of a novel long noncoding RNA that promotes osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7657-7666. [PMID: 29806713 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a heterogeneous class of transcripts, longer than 200 nucleotides, 5'-capped, polyadenylated, and poorly conserved among mammalian species. Several studies have shown the contribution of lncRNAs to different cellular processes, including regulation of the chromatin structure, control of messenger RNA translation, regulation of gene transcription, regulation of embryonic pluripotency, and differentiation. Although limited numbers of functional lncRNAs have been identified so far, the immense regulatory potential of these RNAs is already evident, indicating that a functional characterization of lncRNAs is needed. In this study, mouse preosteoblastic cells were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. At 3 sequential differentiation stages, total RNA was isolated and libraries were constructed for Illumina sequencing. The resulting sequences were aligned and transcript abundances were determined. New lncRNA candidates that displayed differential expression patterns during osteoblast differentiation were identified by combining bioinformatics and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. Among these, lncRNA-1 that exhibited increased expression during osteogenesis and was downregulated during myogenesis. Importantly, knockdown of lncRNA-1 expression in primary mouse preosteoblasts was found to inhibit osteogenic differentiation, reflected by a reduced transcription of the Runx2/p57 and Sp7 bone master genes. Together, our results indicate that lncRNA-1 represents a new regulatory RNA that plays a relevant role during the early stages of osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gino Nardocci
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Life Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita E Carrasco
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Life Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elvis Acevedo
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Life Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Hodar
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Montecino
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Life Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xin F, Smith LM, Susiarjo M, Bartolomei MS, Jepsen KJ. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, epigenetics, and skeletal system dysfunction: exploration of links using bisphenol A as a model system. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy002. [PMID: 29732168 PMCID: PMC5920333 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been associated with physiological changes of endocrine-sensitive tissues throughout postnatal life. Although hormones play a critical role in skeletal growth and maintenance, the effects of prenatal EDC exposure on adult bone health are not well understood. Moreover, studies assessing skeletal changes across multiple generations are limited. In this article, we present previously unpublished data demonstrating dose-, sex-, and generation-specific changes in bone morphology and function in adult mice developmentally exposed to the model estrogenic EDC bisphenol A (BPA) at doses of 10 μg (lower dose) or 10 mg per kg bw/d (upper dose) throughout gestation and lactation. We show that F1 generation adult males, but not females, developmentally exposed to bisphenol A exhibit dose-dependent reductions in outer bone size resulting in compromised bone stiffness and strength. These structural alterations and weaker bone phenotypes in the F1 generation did not persist in the F2 generation. Instead, F2 generation males exhibited greater bone strength. The underlying mechanisms driving the EDC-induced physiological changes remain to be determined. We discuss potential molecular changes that could contribute to the EDC-induced skeletal effects, with an emphasis on epigenetic dysregulation. Furthermore, we assess the necessity of intact sex steroid receptors to mediate these effects. Expanding future assessments of EDC-induced effects to the skeleton may provide much needed insight into one of the many health effects of these chemicals and aid in regulatory decision making regarding exposure of vulnerable populations to these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Xin
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren M Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY14642, USA
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl J Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|