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Scarinci N, Perez PL, Cantiello HF, Cantero MDR. Polycystin-2 (TRPP2) regulates primary cilium length in LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells. Front Physiol 2022; 13:995473. [PMID: 36267587 PMCID: PMC9577394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.995473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (PC2, TRPP2) is a Ca2+ permeable nonselective cation channel whose dysfunction generates autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). PC2 is present in different cell locations, including the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells. However, little is known as to whether PC2 contributes to the primary cilium structure. Here, we explored the effect(s) of external Ca2+, PC2 channel blockers, and PKD2 gene silencing on the length of primary cilia in wild-type LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells. Confluent cell monolayers were fixed and immuno-labeled with an anti-acetylated α-tubulin antibody to identify primary cilia and measure their length. Although primary cilia length measurements did not follow a Normal distribution, the data were normalized by Box-Cox transformation rendering statistical differences under all experimental conditions. Cells exposed to high external Ca2+ (6.2 mM) decreased a 13.5% (p < 0.001) primary cilia length as compared to controls (1.2 mM Ca2+). In contrast, the PC2 inhibitors amiloride (200 μM) and LiCl (10 mM), both increased primary ciliary length by 33.2% (p < 0.001), and 17.4% (p < 0.001), respectively. PKD2 gene silencing by siRNA elicited a statistically significant, 10.3% (p < 0.001) increase in primary cilia length compared to their respective scrambled RNA transfected cells. The data indicate that conditions that regulate PC2 function or gene expression modify the length of primary cilia in renal epithelial cells. Blocking of PC2 mitigates the effects of elevated external Ca2+ concentration on primary cilia length. Proper regulation of PC2 function in the primary cilium may be essential in the onset of mechanisms that trigger cyst formation in ADPKD.
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Barmaver SN, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Wagner OI. Methods to Quantify and Relate Axonal Transport Defects to Changes in C. elegans Behavior. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:481-497. [PMID: 35412294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal growth, differentiation, homeostasis, viability, and injury response heavily rely on functional axonal transport (AT). Erroneous and disturbed AT may lead to accumulation of "disease proteins" such as tau, α-synuclein, or amyloid precursor protein causing various neurological disorders. Changes in AT often lead to observable behavioral consequences in C. elegans such as impeded movements, defects in touch response, chemosensation, and even egg laying. Long C. elegans neurons with clear distinguishable axons and dendrites provide an excellent platform to analyze AT. The possibility to relate changes in AT to neuronal defects that in turn lead to quantifiable changes in worm behavior allows for the advancement of neuropathological disease models. Even more, subsequent suppressor screens may aid in identifying genes responsible for observed behavioral changes providing a target for drug development to eventually delay or cure neurological diseases. Thus, in this chapter, we summarize critical methods to identify and quantify defects in axonal transport as well as exemplified behavioral assays that may relate to these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nooruzuha Barmaver
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Oliver Ingvar Wagner
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Muniesh MS, Barmaver SN, Huang HY, Bayansan O, Wagner OI. PTP-3 phosphatase promotes intramolecular folding of SYD-2 to inactivate kinesin-3 UNC-104 in neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2932-2947. [PMID: 33147118 PMCID: PMC7927192 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNC-104 is the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of kinesin-3 KIF1A known for its fast shuffling of synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicles in axons. SYD-2 is the homolog of liprin-α in C. elegans known to activate UNC-104; however, signals that trigger SYD-2 binding to the motor remain unknown. Because SYD-2 is a substrate of PTP-3/LAR PTPR, we speculate a role of this phosphatase in SYD–2-mediated motor activation. Indeed, coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed increased interaction between UNC-104 and SYD-2 in ptp-3 knockout worms. Intramolecular FRET analysis in living nematodes demonstrates that SYD-2 largely exists in an open conformation state in ptp-3 mutants. These assays also revealed that nonphosphorylatable SYD-2 (Y741F) exists predominately in folded conformations, while phosphomimicking SYD-2 (Y741E) primarily exists in open conformations. Increased UNC-104 motor clustering was observed along axons likely as a result of elevated SYD-2 scaffolding function in ptp-3 mutants. Also, both motor velocities as well as cargo transport speeds were visibly increased in neurons of ptp-3 mutants. Lastly, epistatic analysis revealed that PTP-3 is upstream of SYD-2 to regulate its intramolecular folding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Nooruzuha Barmaver
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Odvogmed Bayansan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Oliver Ingvar Wagner
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Chuang HC, Tan TH. MAP4K3/GLK in autoimmune disease, cancer and aging. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:82. [PMID: 31640697 PMCID: PMC6806545 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP4K3 (also named GLK) is a serine/threonine kinase, which belongs to the mammalian Ste20-like kinase family. At 22 years of age, GLK was initially cloned and identified as an upstream activator of the MAPK JNK under an environmental stress and proinflammatory cytokines. The data derived from GLK-overexpressing or shRNA-knockdown cell lines suggest that GLK may be involved in cell proliferation through mTOR signaling. GLK phosphorylates the transcription factor TFEB and retains TFEB in the cytoplasm, leading to inhibition of cell autophagy. After generating and characterizing GLK-deficient mice, the important in vivo roles of GLK in T-cell activation were revealed. In T cells, GLK directly interacts with and activates PKCθ through phosphorylating PKCθ at Ser-538 residue, leading to activation of IKK/NF-κB. Thus, GLK-deficient mice display impaired T-cell-mediated immune responses and decreased inflammatory phenotypes in autoimmune disease models. Consistently, the percentage of GLK-overexpressing T cells is increased in the peripheral blood from autoimmune disease patients; the GLK-overexpressing T cell population is correlated with disease severity of patients. The pathogenic mechanism of autoimmune disease by GLK overexpression was unraveled by characterizing T-cell-specific GLK transgenic mice and using biochemical analyses. GLK overexpression selectively promotes IL-17A transcription by inducing the AhR-RORγt complex in T cells. In addition, GLK overexpression in cancer tissues is correlated with cancer recurrence of human lung cancer and liver cancer; the predictive power of GLK overexpression for cancer recurrence is higher than that of pathologic stage. GLK directly phosphorylates and activates IQGAP1, resulting in induction of Cdc42-mediated cell migration and cancer metastasis. Furthermore, treatment of GLK inhibitor reduces disease severity of mouse autoimmune disease models and decreases IL-17A production of human autoimmune T cells. Due to the inhibitory function of HPK1/MAP4K1 in T-cell activation and the promoting effects of GLK on tumorigenesis, HPK1 and GLK dual inhibitors could be useful therapeutic drugs for cancer immunotherapy. In addition, GLK deficiency results in extension of lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans and mice. Taken together, targeting MAP4K3 (GLK) may be useful for treating/preventing autoimmune disease, cancer metastasis/recurrence, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Maurya AK, Rogers T, Sengupta P. A CCRK and a MAK Kinase Modulate Cilia Branching and Length via Regulation of Axonemal Microtubule Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1286-1300.e4. [PMID: 30955935 PMCID: PMC6482063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse morphologies of primary cilia are tightly regulated as a function of cell type and cellular state. CCRK- and MAK-related kinases have been implicated in ciliary length control in multiple species, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that in C. elegans, DYF-18/CCRK and DYF-5/MAK act in a cascade to generate the highly arborized cilia morphologies of the AWA olfactory neurons. Loss of kinase function results in dramatically elongated AWA cilia that lack branches. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) motor protein localization, but not velocities, in AWA cilia is altered upon loss of dyf-18. We instead find that axonemal microtubules are decorated by the EBP-2 end-binding protein along their lengths and that the tubulin load is increased and tubulin turnover is reduced in AWA cilia of dyf-18 mutants. Moreover, we show that predicted microtubule-destabilizing mutations in two tubulin subunits, as well as mutations in IFT proteins predicted to disrupt tubulin transport, restore cilia branching and suppress AWA cilia elongation in dyf-18 mutants. Loss of dyf-18 is also sufficient to elongate the truncated rod-like unbranched cilia of the ASH nociceptive neurons in animals carrying a microtubule-destabilizing mutation in a tubulin subunit. We suggest that CCRK and MAK activity tunes cilia length and shape in part via modulation of axonemal microtubule stability, suggesting that similar mechanisms may underlie their roles in ciliary length control in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Travis Rogers
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Chen C, Peng Y, Yen Y, Bhan P, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Klopfenstein DR, Wagner OI. Insights on UNC‐104‐dynein/dynactin interactions and their implications on axonal transport in
Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:185-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Fei Peng
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Cheng Yen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Prerana Bhan
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | | | - Oliver I. Wagner
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like organelle assembled on most types of quiescent and differentiated mammalian cells. This immotile structure is essential for interpreting extracellular signals that regulate growth, development and homeostasis. As such, ciliary defects produce a spectrum of human diseases, termed ciliopathies, and deregulation of this important organelle also plays key roles during tumor formation and progression. Recent studies have begun to clarify the key mechanisms that regulate ciliary assembly and disassembly in both normal and tumor cells, highlighting new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review these exciting new findings, discussing the molecular factors involved in cilium formation and removal, the intrinsic and extrinsic control of cilium assembly and disassembly, and the relevance of these processes to mammalian cell growth and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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