1
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Launonen KM, Varis V, Aaltonen N, Niskanen EA, Varjosalo M, Paakinaho V, Palvimo JJ. Central role of SUMOylation in the regulation of chromatin interactions and transcriptional outputs of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae653. [PMID: 39106160 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is pivotal in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and represents a critical therapeutic target. AR-mediated gene regulation involves intricate interactions with nuclear proteins, with many mediating and undergoing post-translational modifications that present alternative therapeutic avenues. Through chromatin proteomics in PCa cells, we identified SUMO ligases together with nuclear receptor coregulators and pioneer transcription factors within the AR's protein network. Intriguingly, this network displayed a significant association with SUMO2/3. To elucidate the influence of SUMOylation on AR chromatin interactions and subsequent gene regulation, we inhibited SUMOylation using ML-792 (SUMOi). While androgens generally facilitated the co-occupancy of SUMO2/3 and AR on chromatin, SUMOi induced divergent effects dependent on the type of AR-binding site (ARB). SUMOi augmented AR's pioneer-like binding on inaccessible chromatin regions abundant in androgen response elements (AREs) and diminished its interaction with accessible chromatin regions sparse in AREs yet rich in pioneer transcription factor motifs. The SUMOi-impacted ARBs divergently influenced AR-regulated genes; those associated with AR-mediated activation played roles in negative regulation of cell proliferation, while those with AR-mediated repression were involved in pattern formation. In conclusion, our findings underscore the pervasive influence of SUMOylation in shaping AR's role in PCa cells, potentially unveiling new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa-Mari Launonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vera Varis
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Aaltonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Einari A Niskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HiLIFE-Proteomics Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Montoya-Novoa I, Gardeazábal-Torbado JL, Alegre-Martí A, Fuentes-Prior P, Estébanez-Perpiñá E. Androgen receptor post-translational modifications and their implications for pathology. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20231082. [PMID: 38958586 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A major mechanism to modulate the biological activities of the androgen receptor (AR) involves a growing number of post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this review we summarise the current knowledge on the structural and functional impact of PTMs that affect this major transcription factor. Next, we discuss the cross-talk between these different PTMs and the presence of clusters of modified residues in the AR protein. Finally, we discuss the implications of these covalent modifications for the aetiology of diseases such as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease) and prostate cancer, and the perspectives for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Montoya-Novoa
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Gardeazábal-Torbado
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Alegre-Martí
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Venkatesh SS, Wittemans LBL, Palmer DS, Baya NA, Ferreira T, Hill B, Lassen FH, Parker MJ, Reibe S, Elhakeem A, Banasik K, Bruun MT, Erikstrup C, Jensen BA, Juul A, Mikkelsen C, Nielsen HS, Ostrowski SR, Pedersen OB, Rohde PD, Sorensen E, Ullum H, Westergaard D, Haraldsson A, Holm H, Jonsdottir I, Olafsson I, Steingrimsdottir T, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Figueredo J, Karjalainen MK, Pasanen A, Jacobs BM, Hubers N, Lippincott M, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ, Nyegaard M, Stefansson K, Magi R, Laivuori H, van Heel DA, Boomsma DI, Balasubramanian R, Seminara SB, Chan YM, Laisk T, Lindgren CM. Genome-wide analyses identify 21 infertility loci and over 400 reproductive hormone loci across the allele frequency spectrum. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.19.24304530. [PMID: 38562841 PMCID: PMC10984039 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.24304530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) may help inform treatments for infertility, whose causes remain unknown in many cases. Here we present GWAS meta-analyses across six cohorts for male and female infertility in up to 41,200 cases and 687,005 controls. We identified 21 genetic risk loci for infertility (P≤5E-08), of which 12 have not been reported for any reproductive condition. We found positive genetic correlations between endometriosis and all-cause female infertility (rg=0.585, P=8.98E-14), and between polycystic ovary syndrome and anovulatory infertility (rg=0.403, P=2.16E-03). The evolutionary persistence of female infertility-risk alleles in EBAG9 may be explained by recent directional selection. We additionally identified up to 269 genetic loci associated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone, oestradiol, and testosterone through sex-specific GWAS meta-analyses (N=6,095-246,862). While hormone-associated variants near FSHB and ARL14EP colocalised with signals for anovulatory infertility, we found no rg between female infertility and reproductive hormones (P>0.05). Exome sequencing analyses in the UK Biobank (N=197,340) revealed that women carrying testosterone-lowering rare variants in GPC2 were at higher risk of infertility (OR=2.63, P=1.25E-03). Taken together, our results suggest that while individual genes associated with hormone regulation may be relevant for fertility, there is limited genetic evidence for correlation between reproductive hormones and infertility at the population level. We provide the first comprehensive view of the genetic architecture of infertility across multiple diagnostic criteria in men and women, and characterise its relationship to other health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvida S Venkatesh
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Laura B L Wittemans
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan S Palmer
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas A Baya
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Barney Hill
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Heymann Lassen
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Melody J Parker
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Reibe
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Elhakeem
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie T Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bitten A Jensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette S Nielsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Kge, Denmark
| | - Palle D Rohde
- Genomic Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Sorensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David Westergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asgeir Haraldsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Children's Hospital Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thora Steingrimsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Jessica Figueredo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Minna K Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Arctic Biobank, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu Pasanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Benjamin M Jacobs
- Centre for Preventive Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki Hubers
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret Lippincott
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Genomic Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Reedik Magi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
- Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yee-Ming Chan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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4
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Palacios A, Acharya P, Peidl A, Beck M, Blanco E, Mishra A, Bawa-Khalfe T, Pakhrin S. SumoPred-PLM: human SUMOylation and SUMO2/3 sites Prediction using Pre-trained Protein Language Model. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae011. [PMID: 38327870 PMCID: PMC10849187 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is an essential post-translational modification system with the ability to regulate nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. Three major paralogues SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 form a covalent bond between the small ubiquitin-like modifier with lysine residues at consensus sites in protein substrates. Biochemical studies continue to identify unique biological functions for protein targets conjugated to SUMO1 versus the highly homologous SUMO2 and SUMO3 paralogues. Yet, the field has failed to harness contemporary AI approaches including pre-trained protein language models to fully expand and/or recognize the SUMOylated proteome. Herein, we present a novel, deep learning-based approach called SumoPred-PLM for human SUMOylation prediction with sensitivity, specificity, Matthew's correlation coefficient, and accuracy of 74.64%, 73.36%, 0.48% and 74.00%, respectively, on the CPLM 4.0 independent test dataset. In addition, this novel platform uses contextualized embeddings obtained from a pre-trained protein language model, ProtT5-XL-UniRef50 to identify SUMO2/3-specific conjugation sites. The results demonstrate that SumoPred-PLM is a powerful and unique computational tool to predict SUMOylation sites in proteins and accelerate discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vargas Palacios
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, 1 Main St., Houston, TX 77002, USA
| | - Pujan Acharya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, 1 Main St., Houston, TX 77002, USA
| | - Anthony Stephen Peidl
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Moriah Rene Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount St., Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, 1040 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Avdesh Mishra
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Tasneem Bawa-Khalfe
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Subash Chandra Pakhrin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, 1 Main St., Houston, TX 77002, USA
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5
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Baltodano-Calle MJ, Onton-Díaz M, Gonzales GF. Androgens, brain and androgen deprivation therapy in paraphilic disorders: A narrative review. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14561. [PMID: 35995581 DOI: 10.1111/and.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual delinquency is a global problem where those with paraphilic disorders, such as paedophiles, are more likely to commit and reoffend. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been suggested as a solution. The objective of this narrative review is to present current information on its risks, benefits and limitations as a treatment for paraphilias. The importance of testosterone in sexual function, the effect of its deficiency by age or by pharmacological treatment (anti-androgens, GnRH agonists and GnRH antagonists) and the effect of testosterone replacement therapy will be reviewed. The relationship between androgens, brain, sexual behaviour and pathophysiology of paraphilic disorders will also be explored. ADT reduces sexual urges, but has adverse effects and, because its reversible nature, it does not ensure less recidivism. Likewise, the research quality of ADT drugs is limited and not enough to support their use. Child sex offenders, and not paraphilic subjects who have not committed assaults, show signs of elevated prenatal exposure to androgens and a higher methylation state of the androgen receptor gene. Sexual behaviour is regulated by subcortical (hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord) and cortical structures of the brain, in addition to brain circuits (dopaminergic, serotonergic). Those with paraphilic disorders show abnormalities at these levels that could relate to the risk of sexual offences. In conclusion, androgens represent a significant part of the pathophysiology of paraphilias and therefore, ADT seems promising. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to make definite conclusions about the efficacy of long-term ADT in paraphilic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melisa Onton-Díaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University., Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo F Gonzales
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Reproducción, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo (LID), Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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6
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Leblanc E, Ban F, Cavga AD, Lawn S, Huang CCF, Mohan S, Chang MEK, Flory MR, Ghaidi F, Lingadahalli S, Chen G, Yu IPL, Morin H, Lallous N, Gleave ME, Mohammed H, Young RN, Rennie PS, Lack NA, Cherkasov A. Development of 2-(5,6,7-Trifluoro-1 H-Indol-3-yl)-quinoline-5-carboxamide as a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Inhibitor of Human Androgen Receptor Targeting Its Binding Function-3 for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14968-14982. [PMID: 34661404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy almost invariably develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Targeting the androgen receptor (AR) Binding Function-3 (BF3) site offers a promising option to treat CRPC. However, BF3 inhibitors have been limited by poor potency or inadequate metabolic stability. Through extensive medicinal chemistry, molecular modeling, and biochemistry, we identified 2-(5,6,7-trifluoro-1H-Indol-3-yl)-quinoline-5-carboxamide (VPC-13789), a potent AR BF3 antagonist with markedly improved pharmacokinetic properties. We demonstrate that VPC-13789 suppresses AR-mediated transcription, chromatin binding, and recruitment of coregulatory proteins. This novel AR antagonist selectively reduces the growth of both androgen-dependent and enzalutamide-resistant PCa cell lines. Having demonstrated in vitro efficacy, we developed an orally bioavailable prodrug that reduced PSA production and tumor volume in animal models of CRPC with no observed toxicity. VPC-13789 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antiandrogen with a distinct mode of action that has a potential as novel CRPC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leblanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ayse Derya Cavga
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sam Lawn
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Chia-Chi Flora Huang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew E K Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Mark R Flory
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Fariba Ghaidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shreyas Lingadahalli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ivan Pak Lok Yu
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hélène Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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7
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Minter R, Gardiner KJ. Trisomy of Human Chromosome 21 Orthologs Mapping to Mouse Chromosome 10 Cause Age and Sex-Specific Learning Differences: Relevance to Down Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1697. [PMID: 34828303 PMCID: PMC8618694 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The Dp10(1)Yey (Dp10) is a mouse model of DS that is trisomic for orthologs of 25% of the Hsa21 protein-coding genes, the entirety of the Hsa21 syntenic region on mouse chromosome 10. Trisomic genes include several involved in brain development and function, two that modify and regulate the activities of sex hormones, and two that produce sex-specific phenotypes as null mutants. These last four are the only Hsa21 genes with known sexually dimorphic properties. Relatively little is known about the potential contributions to the DS phenotype of segmental trisomy of Mmu10 orthologs. Here, we have tested separate cohorts of female and male Dp10 mice, at 3 and 9 months of age, in an open field elevated zero maze, rotarod, and balance beam, plus the learning and memory tasks, spontaneous alternation, puzzle box, double-H maze, context fear conditioning, and acoustic startle/prepulse inhibition, that depend upon the function of the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We show that there are age and sex-specific differences in strengths and weaknesses, suggesting that genes within the telomere proximal region of Hsa21 influence the DS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Minter
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Katheleen J. Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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8
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Dodat F, Mader S, Lévesque D. Minireview: What is Known about SUMOylation Among NR4A Family Members? J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167212. [PMID: 34437889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NR4A receptors, including NUR77 (NR4A1), NURR1 (NR4A2) and NOR-1 (NR4A3), form a family of nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors to regulate many physiological and pathological processes such as cell cycle and apoptosis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, carcinogenesis, vascular and neuronal functions. In the absence of known endogenous ligand modulating their physiological functions, the NR4A family remains a class of orphan receptors. However, several post-translational modifications (PTMs), including SUMOylation, have been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of these receptors. Addition of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) proteins is a dynamic and reversible enzymatic process that regulates multiple essential functions of proteins, including nuclear receptors. This review aims at summarizing what is known about the impact of SUMOylation on NR4A family member transcriptional activities and physiological functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Cells/cytology
- Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Multigene Family
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/genetics
- Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism
- Sumoylation
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéma Dodat
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC) and Département de biochimie et de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC) and Département de biochimie et de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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9
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Ahmed MM, Block A, Busquet N, Gardiner KJ. Context Fear Conditioning in Down Syndrome Mouse Models: Effects of Trisomic Gene Content, Age, Sex and Genetic Background. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101528. [PMID: 34680922 PMCID: PMC8535510 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). Currently, there are no effective pharmacotherapies. The success of clinical trials to improve cognition depends in part on the design of preclinical evaluations in mouse models. To broaden understanding of the common limitations of experiments in learning and memory, we report performance in context fear conditioning (CFC) in three mouse models of DS, the Dp(16)1Yey, Dp(17)1Yey and Dp(10)1Yey (abbreviated Dp16, Dp17 and Dp10), separately trisomic for the human Hsa21 orthologs mapping to mouse chromosomes 16, 17 and 10, respectively. We examined female and male mice of the three lines on the standard C57BL/6J background at 3 months of age and Dp17 and Dp10 at 18 months of age. We also examined female and male mice of Dp17 and Dp10 at 3 months of age as F1 hybrids obtained from a cross with the DBA/2J background. Results indicate that genotype, sex, age and genetic background affect CFC performance. These data support the need to use both female and male mice, trisomy of sets of all Hsa21 orthologs, and additional ages and genetic backgrounds to improve the reliability of preclinical evaluations of drugs for ID in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Aaron Block
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Nicolas Busquet
- Department of Neurology, Animal Behavior and In Vivo Neurophysiology Core, NeuroTechnology Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Katheleen J. Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Paakinaho V, Lempiäinen JK, Sigismondo G, Niskanen EA, Malinen M, Jääskeläinen T, Varjosalo M, Krijgsveld J, Palvimo J. SUMOylation regulates the protein network and chromatin accessibility at glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1951-1971. [PMID: 33524141 PMCID: PMC7913686 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an essential transcription factor (TF), controlling metabolism, development and immune responses. SUMOylation regulates chromatin occupancy and target gene expression of GR in a locus-selective manner, but the mechanism of regulation has remained elusive. Here, we identify the protein network around chromatin-bound GR by using selective isolation of chromatin-associated proteins and show that the network is affected by receptor SUMOylation, with several nuclear receptor coregulators and chromatin modifiers preferring interaction with SUMOylation-deficient GR and proteins implicated in transcriptional repression preferring interaction with SUMOylation-competent GR. This difference is reflected in our chromatin binding, chromatin accessibility and gene expression data, showing that the SUMOylation-deficient GR is more potent in binding and opening chromatin at glucocorticoid-regulated enhancers and inducing expression of target loci. Blockage of SUMOylation by a SUMO-activating enzyme inhibitor (ML-792) phenocopied to a large extent the consequences of GR SUMOylation deficiency on chromatin binding and target gene expression. Our results thus show that SUMOylation modulates the specificity of GR by regulating its chromatin protein network and accessibility at GR-bound enhancers. We speculate that many other SUMOylated TFs utilize a similar regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Einari A Niskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Samaržija I. Post-Translational Modifications That Drive Prostate Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:247. [PMID: 33572160 PMCID: PMC7915076 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While a protein primary structure is determined by genetic code, its specific functional form is mostly achieved in a dynamic interplay that includes actions of many enzymes involved in post-translational modifications. This versatile repertoire is widely used by cells to direct their response to external stimuli, regulate transcription and protein localization and to keep proteostasis. Herein, post-translational modifications with evident potency to drive prostate cancer are explored. A comprehensive list of proteome-wide and single protein post-translational modifications and their involvement in phenotypic outcomes is presented. Specifically, the data on phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, and lipidation in prostate cancer and the enzymes involved are collected. This type of knowledge is especially valuable in cases when cancer cells do not differ in the expression or mutational status of a protein, but its differential activity is regulated on the level of post-translational modifications. Since their driving roles in prostate cancer, post-translational modifications are widely studied in attempts to advance prostate cancer treatment. Current strategies that exploit the potential of post-translational modifications in prostate cancer therapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Boulanger M, Chakraborty M, Tempé D, Piechaczyk M, Bossis G. SUMO and Transcriptional Regulation: The Lessons of Large-Scale Proteomic, Modifomic and Genomic Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040828. [PMID: 33562565 PMCID: PMC7915335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One major role of the eukaryotic peptidic post-translational modifier SUMO in the cell is transcriptional control. This occurs via modification of virtually all classes of transcriptional actors, which include transcription factors, transcriptional coregulators, diverse chromatin components, as well as Pol I-, Pol II- and Pol III transcriptional machineries and their regulators. For many years, the role of SUMOylation has essentially been studied on individual proteins, or small groups of proteins, principally dealing with Pol II-mediated transcription. This provided only a fragmentary view of how SUMOylation controls transcription. The recent advent of large-scale proteomic, modifomic and genomic studies has however considerably refined our perception of the part played by SUMO in gene expression control. We review here these developments and the new concepts they are at the origin of, together with the limitations of our knowledge. How they illuminate the SUMO-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that have been characterized thus far and how they impact our view of SUMO-dependent chromatin organization are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Boulanger
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mehuli Chakraborty
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Denis Tempé
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.B.)
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13
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Bahnassy S, Thangavel H, Quttina M, Khan AF, Dhanyalayam D, Ritho J, Karami S, Ren J, Bawa-Khalfe T. Constitutively active androgen receptor supports the metastatic phenotype of endocrine-resistant hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:154. [PMID: 32948192 PMCID: PMC7501670 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer (BCa) is the most frequently diagnosed subtype. Acquired and intrinsic resistance to conventional endocrine therapy (ET) commonly occurs and prompts incurable metastatic disease. Hence, ET-resistant (ET-R) HR+ BCa presents a therapeutic challenge. Previous studies show elevated androgen receptor (AR) that supports resistance to ET tamoxifen and correlates with HR+ BCa metastasis. Yet surprisingly, studies with AR-blocker enzalutamide (Enz) in ET-R HR+ BCa present conflicting results. We now report that a constitutively active, unique from canonical Enz-targeted, AR accumulates in endocrine resistant HR+ BCa cells. METHODS AR protein profiles in acquired and intrinsic ET-R HR + -BCa were defined with cell-free modification tests, in-house in-vivo SUMOylation assays, and PLA imaging. Genomic activity of native AR and modified-AR mimetic was tested with reporter assays and limited transcriptome analysis. Spheroid growth and migration studies were used to evaluate inhibitory actions of Enz and combinatorial therapy. RESULTS Sustained higher molecular weight SUMO-modified AR (SUMO-AR) persists in acquired and intrinsic ET-R BCa cell lines. Concurrently, SUMO isoforms and global SUMO-modified proteome also accumulates in the same cell lines. We identified AR as a novel substrate for the SUMO-E3 ligase HSPB1/Hsp27. Independent of ligand, SUMO-AR is resilient to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, enriched in the nucleus, readily chromatin-bound, and transcriptionally active. Constitutive SUMO-AR initiates a gene-expression profile that favors epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Enz combined with a SUMO inhibitor attenuates migration and metastatic phenotype of ET-R HR+ BCa. CONCLUSION Targeting both unmodified and SUMO-modified AR prevents the metastatic progression of HR+ BCa with ET-R. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Bahnassy
- Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC Bldg, Rm 3010, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
| | - Hariprasad Thangavel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Maram Quttina
- Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC Bldg, Rm 3010, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
| | - Ashfia Fatima Khan
- Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC Bldg, Rm 3010, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
| | - Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC Bldg, Rm 3010, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
| | - Joan Ritho
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Samaneh Karami
- Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC Bldg, Rm 3010, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
| | - Jing Ren
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212 USA
| | - Tasneem Bawa-Khalfe
- Center for Nuclear Receptors & Cell Signaling, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, SERC Bldg, Rm 3010, Houston, TX 77204-5056 USA
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14
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Ballar Kirmizibayrak P, Erbaykent-Tepedelen B, Gozen O, Erzurumlu Y. Divergent Modulation of Proteostasis in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:117-151. [PMID: 32274755 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis regulates key cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, transcription, and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which proteostasis is regulated are crucial and the deterioration of cellular proteostasis has been significantly associated with tumorigenesis since it specifically targets key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Androgens mediate one of the most central signaling pathways in all stages of PCa via the androgen receptor (AR). In addition to their regulation by hormones, PCa cells are also known to be highly secretory and are particularly prone to ER stress as proper ER function is essential. Alterations in various complex signaling pathways and cellular processes including cell cycle control, transcription, DNA repair, apoptosis, cell adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis are critical factors influencing PCa development through key molecular changes mainly by posttranslational modifications in PCa-related proteins, including AR, NKX3.1, PTEN, p53, cyclin D1, and p27. Several ubiquitin ligases like MDM2, Siah2, RNF6, CHIP, and substrate-binding adaptor SPOP; deubiquitinases such as USP7, USP10, USP26, and USP12 are just some of the modifiers involved in the regulation of these key proteins via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Some ubiquitin-like modifiers, especially SUMOs, have been also closely associated with PCa. On the other hand, the proteotoxicity resulting from misfolded proteins and failure of ER adaptive capacity induce unfolded protein response (UPR) that is an indispensable signaling mechanism for PCa development. Lastly, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) also plays a crucial role in prostate tumorigenesis. In this section, the relationship between prostate cancer and proteostasis will be discussed in terms of UPS, UPR, SUMOylation, ERAD, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oguz Gozen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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15
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Wen S, Niu Y, Huang H. Posttranslational regulation of androgen dependent and independent androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:203-218. [PMID: 33024699 PMCID: PMC7525085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays key roles in the development of PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard therapy for advanced PCa. In addition to its ligand androgen, accumulating evidence indicates that posttranscriptional modification is another important mechanism to regulate AR activities during the progression of PCa, especially in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To date, a number of posttranscriptional modifications of AR have been identified, including phosphorylation (e.g. by CDK1), acetylation (e.g. by p300 and recognized by BRD4), methylation (e.g. by EZH2), ubiquitination (e.g. by SPOP), and SUMOylation (e.g. by PIAS1). These modifications are essential for the maintenance of protein stability, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR. This review summarizes posttranslational modifications that influence androgen-dependent and -independent activities of AR, PCa progression and therapy resistance. We further emphasize that in addition to androgen, posttranslational modification is another important way to regulate AR activity, suggesting that targeting AR posttranslational modifications, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of AR, represents a potential and promising alternate for effective treatment of CRPC. Potential areas to be investigated in the future in the field of AR posttranslational modifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
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Gudey SK, Sundar R, Heldin CH, Bergh A, Landström M. Pro-invasive properties of Snail1 are regulated by sumoylation in response to TGFβ stimulation in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97703-97726. [PMID: 29228645 PMCID: PMC5716685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a key regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryogenesis and in tumors. The effect of TGFβ, on ΕΜΤ, is conveyed by induction of the pro-invasive transcription factor Snail1. In this study, we report that TGFβ stimulates Snail1 sumoylation in aggressive prostate, breast and lung cancer cells. Sumoylation of Snail1 lysine residue 234 confers its transcriptional activity, inducing the expression of classical EMT genes, as well as TGFβ receptor I (TβRI) and the transcriptional repressor Hes1. Mutation of Snail1 lysine residue 234 to arginine (K234R) abolished sumoylation of Snail1, as well as its migratory and invasive properties in human prostate cancer cells. An increased immunohistochemical expression of Snail1, Sumo1, TβRI, Hes1, and c-Jun was observed in aggressive prostate cancer tissues, consistent with their functional roles in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reshma Sundar
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marene Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Niskanen EA, Palvimo JJ. Chromatin SUMOylation in heat stress: To protect, pause and organise?: SUMO stress response on chromatin. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28440894 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications, e.g. SUMO modifications (SUMOylation), provide a mechanism for swiftly changing a protein's activity. Various stress conditions trigger a SUMO stress response (SSR) - a stress-induced rapid change in the conjugation of SUMO to multiple proteins, which predominantly targets nuclear proteins. The SSR has been postulated to protect stressed cells by preserving the functionality of crucial proteins. However, it is unclear how it exerts its protective functions. Interestingly, heat stress (HS) increases SUMOylation of proteins at active promoters and enhancers. In promoters, HS-induced SUMOylation correlates with gene transcription and stress-induced RNA polymerase II (Pol2) pausing. Conversely, a disappearance of SUMOylation in HS occurs at chromatin anchor points that maintain chromatin-looping structures and the spatial organisation of chromatin. In reviewing the literature, we hypothesise that the SSR regulates Pol2 pausing by modulating the interactions of pausing-regulating proteins, whereas deSUMOylation alters the function of chromatin anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einari A Niskanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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19
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Weitzel JM. Impaired Repressor Function in SUMOylation-Defective Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms. Eur Thyroid J 2016; 5:152-163. [PMID: 27843805 PMCID: PMC5091228 DOI: 10.1159/000447232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many nuclear receptors are modified by posttranslational modifications. OBJECTIVES The transcriptional activity of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) is modified by the influence of its ligand (thyroid hormones T3 and T4), but is also affected by posttranslational modifications. This study focuses on the SUMOylation of TR isoforms and the consequences on transcriptional activity and promoter occupancy. METHODS SUMOylation of TR wild-type as well as isoform-specific point mutations have been studied in vitro. The promoter occupancy of TR (wild-type and double- or triple-mutated versions) and transcriptional cofactors have been investigated in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Re-ChIP analysis. RESULTS TR is modified by SUMO proteins at defined residues: the isoform TRα is mainly modified at lysines 281 and 387, whereas lysines 50 and 443 are major SUMOylation sites of isoform TRβ. Lysine residues K281 (TRα) and K50 (TRβ) are isoform-specific SUMOylation sites influencing differing TR domains, whereas K387 (TRα) and K443 (TRβ) are orthologous residues. TRs are targets of all three SUMO variants (SUMO-1, -2, and -3). The transcriptional activity of SUMOylation-defective mutants of TR alters gene transcription from positively and negatively regulated T3 target genes. CONCLUSIONS The most pronounced effect is an impaired repressor function of SUMOylation-deficient TR in the absence of T3. The transcriptional properties of SUMOylation-defective TRs can be at least in part ascribed to altered interaction with transcriptional cofactors such as SRC-1 and NCoR. Thus, these data indicate that posttranslational modification of TR by SUMOylation contribute to the fine tuning of its transcriptional response maintaining effects on cellular and physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim M. Weitzel
- *Joachim M. Weitzel, Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm, Animal Biology (FBN), FBN Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, DE-18196 Dummerstorf (Germany), E-Mail
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20
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Puhr M, Hoefer J, Eigentler A, Dietrich D, van Leenders G, Uhl B, Hoogland M, Handle F, Schlick B, Neuwirt H, Sailer V, Kristiansen G, Klocker H, Culig Z. PIAS1 is a determinant of poor survival and acts as a positive feedback regulator of AR signaling through enhanced AR stabilization in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:2322-32. [PMID: 26257066 PMCID: PMC4865476 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Novel drugs like Abiraterone or Enzalutamide, which target androgen receptor (AR) signaling to improve androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), have been developed during the past years. However, the application of these drugs is limited because of occurrence of inherent or acquired therapy resistances during the treatment. Thus, identification of new molecular targets is urgently required to improve current therapeutic prostate cancer (PCa) treatment strategies. PIAS1 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1)) is known to be an important cell cycle regulator and PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation is essential for DNA repair. In this context, elevated PIAS1 expression has already been associated with cancer initiation. Thus, in the present study, we addressed the question of whether PIAS1 targeting can be used as a basis for an improved PCa therapy in combination with anti-androgens. We show that PIAS1 significantly correlates with AR expression in PCa tissue and in cell lines and demonstrate that high PIAS1 levels predict shorter relapse-free survival. Our patient data are complemented by mechanistic and functional in vitro experiments that identify PIAS1 as an androgen-responsive gene and a crucial factor for AR signaling via prevention of AR degradation. Furthermore, PIAS1 knockdown is sufficient to decrease cell proliferation as well as cell viability. Strikingly, Abiraterone or Enzalutamide treatment in combination with PIAS1 depletion is even more effective than single-drug treatment in multiple PCa cell models, rendering PIAS1 as a promising target protein for a combined treatment approach to improve future PCa therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Puhr
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Hoefer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Eigentler
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Dietrich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - G van Leenders
- Institute of Pathology Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Uhl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Hoogland
- Institute of Pathology Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Handle
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Schlick
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Neuwirt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - G Kristiansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Klocker
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Z Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Matsushita S, Suzuki K, Ogino Y, Hino S, Sato T, Suyama M, Matsumoto T, Omori A, Inoue S, Yamada G. Androgen Regulates Mafb Expression Through its 3'UTR During Mouse Urethral Masculinization. Endocrinology 2016; 157:844-57. [PMID: 26636186 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
External genitalia are prominent organs showing hormone-dependent sexual differentiation. Androgen is an essential regulator of masculinization of the genital tubercle, which is the anlage of external genitalia. We have previously shown that v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) is an androgen-inducible regulator of embryonic urethral masculinization in mice. However, it remains unclear how androgen regulates Mafb expression. The current study suggests that the Mafb 3' untranslated region (UTR) is an essential region for its regulation by androgen. We identified 2 functional androgen response elements (AREs) in Mafb 3'UTR. Androgen receptor is bound to such AREs in 3'UTR during urethral masculinization. In addition to 3'UTR, Mafb 5'UTR also showed androgen responsiveness. Moreover, we also demonstrated that β-catenin, one of genital tubercle masculinization factors, may be an additional regulator of Mafb expression during urethral masculinization. This study provides insights to elucidate mechanisms of gene regulation through AREs present in Mafb 3'UTR for a better understanding of the processes of urethral masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Matsushita
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ogino
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akiko Omori
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics (S.M., K.S., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Medical Cell Biology (S.H.), Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Division of Bioinformatics (T.S., M.S.), Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (T.M.), University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (A.O.), 35129 Padua, Italy; and Department of Anti-Aging Medicine (S.I.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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22
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Oeser ML, Amen T, Nadel CM, Bradley AI, Reed BJ, Jones RD, Gopalan J, Kaganovich D, Gardner RG. Dynamic Sumoylation of a Conserved Transcription Corepressor Prevents Persistent Inclusion Formation during Hyperosmotic Stress. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005809. [PMID: 26800527 PMCID: PMC4723248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are often exposed to physical or chemical stresses that can damage the structures of essential biomolecules. Stress-induced cellular damage can become deleterious if not managed appropriately. Rapid and adaptive responses to stresses are therefore crucial for cell survival. In eukaryotic cells, different stresses trigger post-translational modification of proteins with the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO. However, the specific regulatory roles of sumoylation in each stress response are not well understood. Here, we examined the sumoylation events that occur in budding yeast after exposure to hyperosmotic stress. We discovered by proteomic and biochemical analyses that hyperosmotic stress incurs the rapid and transient sumoylation of Cyc8 and Tup1, which together form a conserved transcription corepressor complex that regulates hundreds of genes. Gene expression and cell biological analyses revealed that sumoylation of each protein directs distinct outcomes. In particular, we discovered that Cyc8 sumoylation prevents the persistence of hyperosmotic stress-induced Cyc8-Tup1 inclusions, which involves a glutamine-rich prion domain in Cyc8. We propose that sumoylation protects against persistent inclusion formation during hyperosmotic stress, allowing optimal transcriptional function of the Cyc8-Tup1 complex. Cells have evolved complex stress responses to cope with environmental challenges that could otherwise inflict severe damage on the molecules essential for life. Stress responses must ameliorate the immediate damage caused by stress exposure and also adjust metabolic capacity, gene expression output, and other cellular functions to protect against further damage that could be incurred by prolonged exposure to stress. Posttranslational protein modifications are a major means by which cells respond to changing environmental conditions. These modifications can alter the function, localization, and molecular interactions of their target proteins. In addition, evidence is emerging that some posttranslational modifications may also change the physical characteristics of target proteins. In this study, we present evidence that during hyperosmotic stress, a condition known to induce protein misfolding, cells rapidly but transiently use the small ubiquitin-modifier SUMO to protect against persistent inclusion formation of a conserved transcriptional repressor complex. We propose that this rapid protective action via posttranslational modification enables optimal gene regulation during the cellular response to hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Oeser
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Triana Amen
- Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Cory M. Nadel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amanda I. Bradley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramon D. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janani Gopalan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard G. Gardner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Lieberman AP, Iniguez-Lluhi JA. Undoing SUMO aids polyQ AR. Oncotarget 2015; 6:32283-4. [PMID: 26431497 PMCID: PMC4741679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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24
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Niskanen EA, Malinen M, Sutinen P, Toropainen S, Paakinaho V, Vihervaara A, Joutsen J, Kaikkonen MU, Sistonen L, Palvimo JJ. Global SUMOylation on active chromatin is an acute heat stress response restricting transcription. Genome Biol 2015; 16:153. [PMID: 26259101 PMCID: PMC4531811 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells have developed many ways to cope with external stress. One distinctive feature in acute proteotoxic stresses, such as heat shock (HS), is rapid post-translational modification of proteins by SUMOs (small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins; SUMOylation). While many of the SUMO targets are chromatin proteins, there is scarce information on chromatin binding of SUMOylated proteins in HS and the role of chromatin SUMOylation in the regulation of transcription. RESULTS We mapped HS-induced genome-wide changes in chromatin occupancy of SUMO-2/3-modified proteins in K562 and VCaP cells using ChIP-seq. Chromatin SUMOylation was further correlated with HS-induced global changes in transcription using GRO-seq and RNA polymerase II (Pol2) ChIP-seq along with ENCODE data for K562 cells. HS induced a rapid and massive rearrangement of chromatin SUMOylation pattern: SUMOylation was gained at active promoters and enhancers associated with multiple transcription factors, including heat shock factor 1. Concomitant loss of SUMOylation occurred at inactive intergenic chromatin regions that were associated with CTCF-cohesin complex and SETDB1 methyltransferase complex. In addition, HS triggered a dynamic chromatin binding of SUMO ligase PIAS1, especially onto promoters. The HS-induced SUMOylation on chromatin was most notable at promoters of transcribed genes where it positively correlated with active transcription and Pol2 promoter-proximal pausing. Furthermore, silencing of SUMOylation machinery either by depletion of UBC9 or PIAS1 enhanced expression of HS-induced genes. CONCLUSIONS HS-triggered SUMOylation targets promoters and enhancers of actively transcribed genes where it restricts the transcriptional activity of the HS-induced genes. PIAS1-mediated promoter SUMOylation is likely to regulate Pol2-associated factors in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einari A Niskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Päivi Sutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Sari Toropainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Present Address: Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 41, 41 Library Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Anniina Vihervaara
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. .,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jenny Joutsen
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. .,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. .,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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25
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Lindqvist J, Imanishi SY, Torvaldson E, Malinen M, Remes M, Örn F, Palvimo JJ, Eriksson JE. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 acts as a critical determinant of AKT-dependent proliferation and regulates differential gene expression by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1971-84. [PMID: 25851605 PMCID: PMC4472009 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK5 acts as a signaling hub in prostate cancer cells by controlling androgen responses through AR stabilization and specific gene targeting, maintaining and accelerating cell proliferation through activation of the oncogenic AKT kinase, and releasing cell cycle breaks in a variety of prostate cancer cell lines. Contrary to cell cycle–associated cyclin-dependent kinases, CDK5 is best known for its regulation of signaling processes in differentiated cells and its destructive activation in Alzheimer's disease. Recently, CDK5 has been implicated in a number of different cancers, but how it is able to stimulate cancer-related signaling pathways remains enigmatic. Our goal was to study the cancer-promoting mechanisms of CDK5 in prostate cancer. We observed that CDK5 is necessary for proliferation of several prostate cancer cell lines. Correspondingly, there was considerable growth promotion when CDK5 was overexpressed. When examining the reasons for the altered proliferation effects, we observed that CDK5 phosphorylates S308 on the androgen receptor (AR), resulting in its stabilization and differential expression of AR target genes including several growth-priming transcription factors. However, the amplified cell growth was found to be separated from AR signaling, further corroborated by CDK5-depdent proliferation of AR null cells. Instead, we found that the key growth-promoting effect was due to specific CDK5-mediated AKT activation. Down-regulation of CDK5 repressed AKT phosphorylation by altering its intracellular localization, immediately followed by prominent cell cycle inhibition. Taken together, these results suggest that CDK5 acts as a crucial signaling hub in prostate cancer cells by controlling androgen responses through AR, maintaining and accelerating cell proliferation through AKT activation, and releasing cell cycle breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lindqvist
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Elin Torvaldson
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Medical Biochemistry, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Remes
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Fanny Örn
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine/Medical Biochemistry, University of Eastern Finland, and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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26
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Roles of ubiquitination and SUMOylation on prostate cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4560-80. [PMID: 25734985 PMCID: PMC4394435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of human prostate cancer are highly associated with aberrant dysregulations of tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Despite that deletions and mutations of tumor suppressors and aberrant elevations of oncogenes at the genetic level are reported to cause cancers, emerging evidence has revealed that cancer progression is largely regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and epigenetic alterations. PTMs play critical roles in gene regulation, cellular functions, tissue development, diseases, malignant progression and drug resistance. Recent discoveries demonstrate that ubiquitination and SUMOylation are complicated but highly-regulated PTMs, and make essential contributions to diseases and cancers by regulation of key factors and signaling pathways. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation pathways can be differentially modulated under various stimuli or stresses in order to produce the sustained oncogenic potentials. In this review, we discuss some new insights about molecular mechanisms on ubiquitination and SUMOylation, their associations with diseases, oncogenic impact on prostate cancer (PCa) and clinical implications for PCa treatment.
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27
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Farooqi AA, Sarkar FH. Overview on the complexity of androgen receptor-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25705125 PMCID: PMC4336517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the field of prostate cancer (PCa) biology has developed exponentially and paralleled with that has been the growing interest in translation of laboratory findings into clinical practice. Based on overwhelming evidence of high impact research findings which support the underlying cause of insufficient drug efficacy in patients progressing on standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is due to persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis. Therefore, newer agents must be discovered especially because newer ADT such as abiraterone and enzalutamide are becoming ineffective due to rapid development of resistance to these agents. High-throughput technologies are generating massive and highly dimensional genetic variation data that has helped in developing a better understanding of the dynamic repertoire of AR and AR variants. Full length AR protein and its variants modulate a sophisticated regulatory system to orchestrate cellular responses. We partition this multicomponent review into subsections addressing the underlying mechanisms of resistance to recent therapeutics, positive and negative regulators of AR signaling cascade, and how SUMOylation modulates AR induced transcriptional activity. Experimentally verified findings obtained from cell culture and preclinical studies focusing on the potential of natural agents in inhibiting mRNA/protein levels of AR, nuclear accumulation and enhanced nuclear export of AR are also discussed. We also provide spotlight on molecular basis of enzalutamide resistance with an overview of the strategies opted to overcome such resistance. AR variants are comprehensively described and different mechanisms that regulate AR variant expression are also discussed. Reconceptualization of phenotype- and genotype-driven studies have convincingly revealed that drug induced resistance is a major stumbling block in standardization of therapy. Therefore, we summarize succinctly the knowledge of drug resistance especially to ADT and potential avenues to overcome such resistance for improving the treatment outcome of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- />Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- />Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 HWCRC, 4100 JohnR Street, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Chua JP, Reddy SL, Yu Z, Giorgetti E, Montie HL, Mukherjee S, Higgins J, McEachin RC, Robins DM, Merry DE, Iñiguez-Lluhí JA, Lieberman AP. Disrupting SUMOylation enhances transcriptional function and ameliorates polyglutamine androgen receptor-mediated disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:831-45. [PMID: 25607844 DOI: 10.1172/jci73214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within the androgen receptor (AR) causes neuromuscular degeneration in individuals with spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). PolyQ AR has diminished transcriptional function and exhibits ligand-dependent proteotoxicity, features that have both been implicated in SBMA; however, the extent to which altered AR transcriptional function contributes to pathogenesis remains controversial. Here, we sought to dissociate effects of diminished AR function from polyQ-mediated proteotoxicity by enhancing the transcriptional activity of polyQ AR. To accomplish this, we bypassed the inhibitory effect of AR SUMOylation (where SUMO indicates small ubiquitin-like modifier) by mutating conserved lysines in the polyQ AR that are sites of SUMOylation. We determined that replacement of these residues by arginine enhances polyQ AR activity as a hormone-dependent transcriptional regulator. In a murine model, disruption of polyQ AR SUMOylation rescued exercise endurance and type I muscle fiber atrophy; it also prolonged survival. These changes occurred without overt alterations in polyQ AR expression or aggregation, revealing the favorable trophic support exerted by the ligand-activated receptor. Our findings demonstrate beneficial effects of enhancing the transcriptional function of the ligand-activated polyQ AR and indicate that the SUMOylation pathway may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in SBMA.
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Toropainen S, Malinen M, Kaikkonen S, Rytinki M, Jääskeläinen T, Sahu B, Jänne OA, Palvimo JJ. SUMO ligase PIAS1 functions as a target gene selective androgen receptor coregulator on prostate cancer cell chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:848-61. [PMID: 25552417 PMCID: PMC4333416 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and growth of prostate carcinoma. PIAS1 is an AR- and SUMO-interacting protein and a putative transcriptional coregulator overexpressed in prostate cancer. To study the importance of PIAS1 for the androgen-regulated transcriptome of VCaP prostate cancer cells, we silenced its expression by RNAi. Transcriptome analyses revealed that a subset of the AR-regulated genes is significantly influenced, either activated or repressed, by PIAS1 depletion. Interestingly, PIAS1 depletion also exposed a new set of genes to androgen regulation, suggesting that PIAS1 can mask distinct genomic loci from AR access. In keeping with gene expression data, silencing of PIAS1 attenuated VCaP cell proliferation. ChIP-seq analyses showed that PIAS1 interacts with AR at chromatin sites harboring also SUMO2/3 and surrounded by H3K4me2; androgen exposure increased the number of PIAS1-occupying sites, resulting in nearly complete overlap with AR chromatin binding events. PIAS1 interacted also with the pioneer factor FOXA1. Of note, PIAS1 depletion affected AR chromatin occupancy at binding sites enriched for HOXD13 and GATA motifs. Taken together, PIAS1 is a genuine chromatin-bound AR coregulator that functions in a target gene selective fashion to regulate prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Toropainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Kaikkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miia Rytinki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Gonzales GF, Chaupis D. Higher androgen bioactivity is associated with excessive erythrocytosis and chronic mountain sickness in Andean Highlanders: a review. Andrologia 2014; 47:729-43. [PMID: 25277225 DOI: 10.1111/and.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations living at high altitudes (HA), particularly in the Peruvian Central Andes, are characterised by presenting subjects with erythrocytosis and others with excessive erythrocytosis (EE)(Hb>21 g dl(-1) ). EE is associated with chronic mountain sickness (CMS), or lack of adaptation to HA. Testosterone is an erythropoietic hormone and it may play a role on EE at HA. The objective of the present review was to summarise findings on role of serum T levels on adaptation at HA and genes acting on this process. Men at HA without EE have higher androstenedione levels and low ratio androstenedione/testosterone than men with EE, suggesting low activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), and this could be a mechanism of adaptation to HA. Higher conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to testosterone in men with EE suggests nigher 17beta-HSD activity. Men with CMS at Peruvian Central Andes have two genes SENP1, and ANP32D with higher transcriptional response to hypoxia relative to those without. SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1) is an erythropoiesis regulator, which is essential for the stability and activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) under hypoxia. SENP1 reverses the hormone-augmented SUMOylation of androgen receptor (AR) increasing the transcription activity of AR.In conclusion, increased androgen activity is related with CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Gonzales
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, High Altitude Research Institute and Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - D Chaupis
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, High Altitude Research Institute and Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Sutinen P, Rahkama V, Rytinki M, Palvimo JJ. Nuclear mobility and activity of FOXA1 with androgen receptor are regulated by SUMOylation. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1719-28. [PMID: 25127374 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) protein A1 has been dubbed a pioneer transcription factor because it binds target sites in DNA, thereby displacing nucleosomes to loosen chromatin and facilitating steroid receptor DNA binding nearby. FOXA1 is an important regulator of prostate development, collaborating with androgen receptor (AR). Post-translational modifications regulating FOXA1 are thus far poorly understood. SUMOylation, post-translational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in transcriptional regulation. In this work, we show by SUMOylation assays in COS-1 cells that the FOXA1 is modified at least in two of its three lysines embedded in SUMOylation consensus, K6 and K389, in proximity to its transactivation domains and K267 proximal to its DNA-binding domain. We also provide evidence for SUMO-2/3 modification of endogenous FOXA1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assays with mCherry-fused FOXA1 and EGFP-fused AR in HEK293 cells, the presence of FOXA1 retards the nuclear mobility of agonist-bound AR. Interestingly, mutation of the FOXA1 SUMOylation sites slows down the mobility of the pioneer factor, further retarding the nuclear mobility of the AR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene expression assays suggest that the mutation enhances FOXA1's chromatin occupancy as well as its activity on AR-regulated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) locus in LNCaP cells. Moreover, the mutation altered the ability of FOXA1 to influence proliferation of LNCaP cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the SUMOylation can regulate the transcriptional activity of FOXA1 with the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine (P.S.,V.R., M.R., J.J.P.), University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio; and Department of Pathology (J.J.P.), Kuopio University of Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
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Gibson DA, Simitsidellis I, Collins F, Saunders PTK. Evidence of androgen action in endometrial and ovarian cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T203-18. [PMID: 24623742 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) and ovarian cancer are common gynaecological malignancies. The impact of androgen action in these cancers is poorly understood; however, there is emerging evidence to suggest that targeting androgen signalling may be of therapeutic benefit. Epidemiological evidence suggests that there is an increased risk of EC associated with exposure to elevated levels of androgens, and genetic variants in genes related to both androgen biosynthesis and action are associated with an increased risk of both EC and ovarian cancer. Androgen receptors (ARs) may be a potential therapeutic target in EC due to reported anti-proliferative activities of androgens. By contrast, androgens may promote growth of some ovarian cancers and anti-androgen therapy has been proposed. Introduction of new therapies targeting ARs expressed in EC or ovarian cancer will require a much greater understanding of the impacts of cell context-specific AR-dependent signalling and how ARs can crosstalk with other steroid receptors during progression of disease. This review considers the evidence that androgens may be important in the aetiology of EC and ovarian cancer with discussion of evidence for androgen action in normal and malignant endometrial and ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Gibson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ioannis Simitsidellis
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Frances Collins
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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33
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Sutinen P, Malinen M, Heikkinen S, Palvimo JJ. SUMOylation modulates the transcriptional activity of androgen receptor in a target gene and pathway selective manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8310-9. [PMID: 24981513 PMCID: PMC4117771 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important regulatory role in prostate cancer. AR's transcriptional activity is regulated by androgenic ligands, but also by post-translational modifications, such as SUMOylation. To study the role of AR SUMOylation in genuine chromatin environment, we compared androgen-regulated gene expression and AR chromatin occupancy in PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines stably expressing wild-type (wt) or doubly SUMOylation site-mutated AR (AR-K386R,K520R). Our genome-wide gene expression analyses reveal that the SUMOylation modulates the AR function in a target gene and pathway selective manner. The transcripts that are differentially regulated by androgen and SUMOylation are linked to cellular movement, cell death, cellular proliferation, cellular development and cell cycle. Fittingly, SUMOylation mutant AR cells proliferate faster and are more sensitive to apoptosis. Moreover, ChIP-seq analyses show that the SUMOylation can modulate the chromatin occupancy of AR on many loci in a fashion that parallels their differential androgen-regulated expression. De novo motif analyses reveal that FOXA1, C/EBP and AP-1 motifs are differentially enriched at the wtAR- and the AR-K386R,K520R-preferred genomic binding positions. Taken together, our data indicate that SUMOylation does not simply repress the AR activity, but it regulates AR's interaction with the chromatin and the receptor's target gene selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Sutinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Malinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Electrophilic lipid mediator 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin j2 modifies glucocorticoid signaling via receptor SUMOylation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3202-13. [PMID: 24980431 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00748-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol, the central stress hormone in humans, activates the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Anti-inflammatory effects are the most important pharmaceutical effects mediated by the GR. Inasmuch as electrophilic cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) has potent anti-inflammatory properties and activates the SUMOylation pathway, we have investigated the effect of 15d-PGJ2 on glucocorticoid signaling and receptor SUMOylation. To this end, we studied isogenic HEK293 cells expressing either wild-type GR or SUMOylation-defective GR. Interestingly, 15d-PGJ2 triggered SUMO-2 and -3 (SUMO-2/3) modification in the primary SUMOylation sites of the GR. Gene expression profiling and pathway analyses indicate that 15d-PGJ2 inhibits GR signaling in a genome-wide fashion that is significantly dependent on the GR SUMOylation sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the repressive effect of 15d-PGJ2 on GR target gene expression occurs in parallel with the inhibition of receptor binding to the target gene chromatin. Furthermore, depletion of UBC9, the sole SUMO E2 conjugase, from HEK293 cells confirmed the involvement of active SUMOylation in the regulatory process. Taken together, our data indicate that GR SUMOylation modulates the glucocorticoid signaling during acute cell stress. Our data also suggest that GR SUMOylation modulates cross talk of the glucocorticoid signaling with other transcription factors that are responsive to cell stress.
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Paakinaho V, Kaikkonen S, Makkonen H, Benes V, Palvimo JJ. SUMOylation regulates the chromatin occupancy and anti-proliferative gene programs of glucocorticoid receptor. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1575-92. [PMID: 24194604 PMCID: PMC3919585 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is regulated by post-translational modifications, including SUMOylation. We have analyzed how SUMOylation influences the activity of endogenous GR target genes and the receptor chromatin binding by using isogenic HEK293 cells expressing wild-type GR (wtGR) or SUMOylation-defective GR (GR3KR). Gene expression profiling revealed that both dexamethasone up- and downregulated genes are affected by the GR SUMOylation and that the affected genes are significantly associated with pathways of cellular proliferation and survival. The GR3KR-expressing cells proliferated more rapidly, and their anti-proliferative response to dexamethasone was less pronounced than in the wtGR-expressing cells. ChIP-seq analyses indicated that the SUMOylation modulates the chromatin occupancy of GR on several loci associated with cellular growth in a fashion that parallels with their differential dexamethasone-regulated expression between the two cell lines. Moreover, chromatin SUMO-2/3 marks, which were associated with active GR-binding sites, showed markedly higher overlap with the wtGR cistrome than with the GR3KR cistrome. In sum, our results indicate that the SUMOylation does not simply repress the GR activity, but regulates the activity of the receptor in a target locus selective fashion, playing an important role in controlling the GR activity on genes influencing cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Core Facilities and Services, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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van der Steen T, Tindall DJ, Huang H. Posttranslational modification of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14833-59. [PMID: 23863692 PMCID: PMC3742275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is important in the development of the prostate by regulating transcription, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. AR undergoes posttranslational modifications that alter its transcription activity, translocation to the nucleus and stability. The posttranslational modifications that regulate these events are of utmost importance to understand the functional role of AR and its activity. The majority of these modifications occur in the activation function-1 (AF1) region of the AR, which contains the transcriptional activation unit 1 (TAU1) and 5 (TAU5). Identification of the modifications that occur to these regions may increase our understanding of AR activation in prostate cancer and the role of AR in the progression from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Most of the posttranslational modifications identified to date have been determined using the full-length AR in androgen dependent cells. Further investigations into the role of posttranslational modifications in androgen-independent activation of full-length AR and constitutively active splicing variants are warranted, findings from which may provide new therapeutic options for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis van der Steen
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Donald J. Tindall
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-507-284-0020; Fax: +1-507-293-3071
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RSUME enhances glucocorticoid receptor SUMOylation and transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2116-27. [PMID: 23508108 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01470-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity is modulated by posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation. The GR has three SUMOylation sites: lysine 297 (K297) and K313 in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and K721 within the ligand-binding domain. SUMOylation of the NTD sites mediates the negative effect of the synergy control motifs of GR on promoters with closely spaced GR binding sites. There is scarce evidence on the role of SUMO conjugation to K721 and its impact on GR transcriptional activity. We have previously shown that RSUME (RWD-containing SUMOylation enhancer) increases protein SUMOylation. We now demonstrate that RSUME interacts with the GR and increases its SUMOylation. RSUME regulates GR transcriptional activity and the expression of its endogenous target genes, FKBP51 and S100P. RSUME uncovers a positive role for the third SUMOylation site, K721, on GR-mediated transcription, demonstrating that GR SUMOylation acts positively in the presence of a SUMOylation enhancer. Both mutation of K721 and small interfering RNA-mediated RSUME knockdown diminish GRIP1 coactivator activity. RSUME, whose expression is induced under stress conditions, is a key factor in heat shock-induced GR SUMOylation. These results show that inhibitory and stimulatory SUMO sites are present in the GR and at higher SUMOylation levels the stimulatory one becomes dominant.
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Belikov S, Öberg C, Jääskeläinen T, Rahkama V, Palvimo JJ, Wrange Ö. FoxA1 corrupts the antiandrogenic effect of bicalutamide but only weakly attenuates the effect of MDV3100 (Enzalutamide™). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:95-107. [PMID: 23063623 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer growth depends on androgens. Synthetic antiandrogens are used in the cancer treatment. However, antiandrogens, such as bicalutamide (BIC), have a mixed agonist/antagonist activity. Here we compare the antiandrogenic capacity of BIC to a new antiandrogen, MDV3100 (MDV) or Enzalutamide™. By reconstitution of a hormone-regulated enhancer in Xenopus oocytes we show that both antagonists trigger the androgen receptor (AR) translocation to the nucleus, albeit with a reduced efficiency for MDV. Once in the nucleus, both AR-antagonist complexes can bind sequence specifically to DNA in vivo. The forkhead box transcription factor A (FoxA1) is a negative prognostic indicator for prostate cancer disease. FoxA1 expression presets the enhancer chromatin and makes the DNA more accessible for AR binding. In this context the BIC-AR antiandrogenic effect is seriously compromised as demonstrated by a significant chromatin remodeling and induction of a robust MMTV transcription whereas the MDV-AR complex displays a more persistent antagonistic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Belikov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kaikkonen S, Paakinaho V, Sutinen P, Levonen AL, Palvimo JJ. Prostaglandin 15d-PGJ(2) inhibits androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012. [PMID: 23192983 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen signaling, in particular overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR), is critical for the growth and progression of prostate cancer. Because the AR is amenable to targeting by small-molecule inhibitors, it remains the major druggable target for the advanced disease. Inflammation has also been implicated in the cancerous growth in the prostate. Here we show that 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), an endogenously produced antiinflammatory prostaglandin, targets the AR and acts as a potent AR inhibitor, rapidly repressing AR target genes, such as FKBP51 and TMPRSS2 in prostate cancer cells. However, exposure of prostate cancer cells to 15d-PGJ(2) does not simply evoke a general inhibition of nuclear receptor activity or transcription because under the same conditions, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is activated by 15d-PGJ(2). Moreover, 15d-PGJ(2) rapidly triggers modifications of AR by small ubiquitin-related modifier-2/3 (SUMO-2/3), which may modulate the repressing effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on AR-dependent transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that the inhibitory effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on FKBP51 and TMPRSS2 expression occurs in parallel with the inhibition of the AR binding to the regulatory regions of these genes. However, the DNA-binding activity is not the only AR function targeted by 15d-PGJ(2) because the prostaglandin also blunted the androgen-dependent interaction between the AR amino and carboxy termini. In conclusion, our results identify 15d-PGJ(2) as a potent and direct inhibitor of androgen signaling, suggesting novel possibilities in restricting the AR activity in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Kaikkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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