1
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Behera A, Sachan D, Barik GK, Reddy ABM. Role of MARCH E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10201-x. [PMID: 39037545 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) E3 ubiquitin ligases, a family of RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, have garnered increased attention for their indispensable roles in immune regulation, inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics, and lipid metabolism. The MARCH E3 ligase family consists of eleven distinct members, and the dysregulation of many of these members has been documented in several human malignancies. Over the past two decades, extensive research has revealed that MARCH E3 ligases play pivotal roles in cancer progression by ubiquitinating key oncogenes and tumor suppressors and orchestrating various signaling pathways. Some MARCH E3s act as oncogenes, while others act as tumor suppressors, and the majority of MARCH E3s play both oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles in a context-dependent manner. Notably, there is special emphasis on the sole mitochondrial MARCH E3 ligase MARCH5, which regulates mitochondrial homeostasis within cancer cells. In this review, we delve into the diverse functions of MARCH E3 ligases across different cancer types, shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating their effects, their regulatory effects on cancer and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhayananda Behera
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Deepanshi Sachan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Barik
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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Yin J, Xu J, Chen C, Ma X, Zhu H, Xie L, Wang B, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Hu A, Zheng Z, Yu C, Fu J, Zheng L. HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1 represses cholesterol efflux during CD4 + T cell activation in Sjögren's syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1191692. [PMID: 37435494 PMCID: PMC10330700 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1191692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction, leading to loss of salivary function. Histological analysis of salivary glands from SS patients reveals a high infiltration of immune cells, particularly activated CD4+ T cells. Thus, interventions targeting abnormal activation of CD4+ T cells may provide promising therapeutic strategies for SS. Here, we demonstrate that Hect, uba, and wwe domain containing 1 (HUWE1), a member of the eukaryotic Hect E3 ubiquitin ligase family, plays a critical role in CD4+ T-cell activation and SS pathophysiology. Methods: In the context of HUWE1 inhibition, we investigated the impact of the HUWE1 inhibitor BI8626 and sh-Huwe1 on CD4+ T cells in mice, focusing on the assessment of activation levels, proliferation capacity, and cholesterol abundance. Furthermore, we examined the therapeutic potential of BI8626 in NOD/ShiLtj mice and evaluated its efficacy as a treatment strategy. Results: Inhibition of HUWE1 reduces ABCA1 ubiquitination and promotes cholesterol efflux, decreasing intracellular cholesterol and reducing the expression of phosphorylated ZAP-70, CD25, and other activation markers, culminating in the suppressed proliferation of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HUWE1 significantly reduces CD4+ T-cell infiltration in the submandibular glands and improves salivary flow rate in NOD/ShiLtj mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HUWE1 may regulate CD4+ T-cell activation and SS development by modulating ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux and presents a promising target for SS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yin
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyu Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyi Zhu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisong Xie
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxiong Shao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anni Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanglong Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangqi Yu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Fu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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3
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Jiang J, Wang Y. Quantitative Assessment of Arsenite-Induced Perturbation of Ubiquitinated Proteome. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1589-1597. [PMID: 35994080 PMCID: PMC9869663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination in food and groundwater constitutes a public health concern for more than 200 million people worldwide. Individuals chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking and ingestion exhibit a higher risk of developing cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of arsenic toxicity are not fully understood. Arsenite is known to bind to and deactivate RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligases; thus, we reason that a systematic interrogation about how arsenite exposure modulates global protein ubiquitination may reveal novel molecular targets for arsenic toxicity. By employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, in combination with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and immunoprecipitation of di-glycine-conjugated lysine-containing tryptic peptides, we assessed the alterations in protein ubiquitination in GM00637 human skin fibroblast cells upon arsenite exposure at the entire proteome level. We observed that arsenite exposure led to altered ubiquitination of many proteins, where the alterations in a large majority of ubiquitination events are negatively correlated with changes in expression of the corresponding proteins, suggesting their modulation by the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. Moreover, we observed that arsenite exposure confers diminished ubiquitination of a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, HMGCR, at Lys248. We also revealed that TRC8 is the major E3 ubiquitin ligase for HMGCR ubiquitination in HEK293T cells, and the arsenite-induced diminution of HMGCR ubiquitination is abrogated upon genetic depletion of TRC8. In summary, we systematically characterized arsenite-induced perturbations in a ubiquitinated proteome in human cells and found that the arsenite-elicited attenuation of HMGCR ubiquitination in HEK293T cells involves TRC8.
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Oberle R, Kührer K, Österreicher T, Weber F, Steinbauer S, Udonta F, Wroblewski M, Ben-Batalla I, Hassl I, Körbelin J, Unseld M, Jauhiainen M, Plochberger B, Röhrl C, Hengstschläger M, Loges S, Stangl H. The HDL particle composition determines its antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101317. [PMID: 35577388 PMCID: PMC9112193 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous efforts to improve therapeutic options, pancreatic cancer remains a fatal disease and is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the next decade. Previous research identified lipid metabolic pathways to be highly enriched in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Thereby, cholesterol uptake and synthesis promotes growth advantage to and chemotherapy resistance for PDAC tumor cells. Here, we demonstrate that high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated efficient cholesterol removal from cancer cells results in PDAC cell growth reduction and induction of apoptosis in vitro. This effect is driven by an HDL particle composition-dependent interaction with SR-B1 and ABCA1 on cancer cells. AAV-mediated overexpression of APOA1 and rHDL injections decreased PDAC tumor development in vivo. Interestingly, plasma samples from pancreatic-cancer patients displayed a significantly reduced APOA1-to-SAA1 ratio and a reduced cholesterol efflux capacity compared with healthy donors. We conclude that efficient, HDL-mediated cholesterol depletion represents an interesting strategy to interfere with the aggressive growth characteristics of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Oberle
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Kührer
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamina Österreicher
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Weber
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Steinbauer
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
| | - Florian Udonta
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Wroblewski
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hassl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Unseld
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Palliative Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research and Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biobank Unit, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birgit Plochberger
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Wels, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wu P, Gao H, Liu J, Kosma DK, Lü S, Zhao H. Insight into the roles of the ER-associated degradation E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD1 in plant cuticular lipid biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:358-365. [PMID: 34404006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular lipids consisting of cutin and wax coat aerial plant surfaces providing protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Although much progress has been made on comprehending the regulation of plant cuticular lipid biosynthesis, their functional relevance in plant protection merits further investigation of potential regulators of their synthesis. HRD1 and DOA10 mediate two major Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD) pathways in yeast and also regulate common pathways during lipid metabolism. However, their roles in plant lipid metabolism are not well studied. CER9, an Arabidopsis homolog of DOA10, is known to play important roles in cuticular lipid biosynthesis. This prompted us to determine if HRD1 also plays a role in regulation cuticular lipid biosynthesis. Here we report that an Arabidopsis hrd1a hrd1b double mutant is impacted in the accumulation of both cutin and cuticular waxes including a large increase in total stem cutin with a concomitant decrease in stem wax content. We further investigated genetic relationship between HRD1A/1B- and CER9-mediated ERAD pathways with regard to cuticular lipid synthesis. Surprisingly, simultaneous mutation of HRD1 and CER9 revealed additive effects on stem wax synthesis, but not stem cutin synthesis. Collectively, our study advances our understanding of the ERAD regulatory roles in cuticular lipid synthesis identifying HRD1 as an important player in the regulated deposition of Arabidopsis stem cuticular lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huani Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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6
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Liu Y, Xu S, Huang Y, Liu S, Xu Z, Wei M, Liu J. MARCH6 promotes Papillary Thyroid Cancer development by destabilizing DHX9. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3401-3412. [PMID: 34512155 PMCID: PMC8416720 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.60628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger (MARCH) proteins belong to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family, which regulates protein stability by increasing ubiquitination. Recent evidence has shown that some MARCH proteins play important roles in cancer development. However, the role of MARCH6 in tumorigenesis, including thyroid tumorigenesis, remains unknown. In this study, we determined that MARCH6 was upregulated in the majority of primary papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that MARCH6 suppressed apoptosis and promoted cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, growth, migration and tumorigenesis in thyroid cancer cells. Mechanistically, MARCH6 interacted with and downregulated DHX9. Knockdown of DHX9 enhanced the proliferative and migratory abilities of thyroid cancer cells. The inhibitory effect of MARCH6 knockdown on thyroid cancer cell growth and migration was also reversed by DHX9 silencing. In addition, MARCH6 activated the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in a manner dependent on the downregulation of DHX9. Overall, MARCH6 functions as a potential oncogene in thyroid cancer by destabilizing DHX9 and activating AKT/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Wei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
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7
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Ershov P, Kaluzhskiy L, Mezentsev Y, Yablokov E, Gnedenko O, Ivanov A. Enzymes in the Cholesterol Synthesis Pathway: Interactomics in the Cancer Context. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080895. [PMID: 34440098 PMCID: PMC8389681 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A global protein interactome ensures the maintenance of regulatory, signaling and structural processes in cells, but at the same time, aberrations in the repertoire of protein-protein interactions usually cause a disease onset. Many metabolic enzymes catalyze multistage transformation of cholesterol precursors in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Cancer-associated deregulation of these enzymes through various molecular mechanisms results in pathological cholesterol accumulation (its precursors) which can be disease risk factors. This work is aimed at systematization and bioinformatic analysis of the available interactomics data on seventeen enzymes in the cholesterol pathway, encoded by HMGCR, MVK, PMVK, MVD, FDPS, FDFT1, SQLE, LSS, DHCR24, CYP51A1, TM7SF2, MSMO1, NSDHL, HSD17B7, EBP, SC5D, DHCR7 genes. The spectrum of 165 unique and 21 common protein partners that physically interact with target enzymes was selected from several interatomic resources. Among them there were 47 modifying proteins from different protein kinases/phosphatases and ubiquitin-protein ligases/deubiquitinases families. A literature search, enrichment and gene co-expression analysis showed that about a quarter of the identified protein partners was associated with cancer hallmarks and over-represented in cancer pathways. Our results allow to update the current fundamental view on protein-protein interactions and regulatory aspects of the cholesterol synthesis enzymes and annotate of their sub-interactomes in term of possible involvement in cancers that will contribute to prioritization of protein targets for future drug development.
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Sun J, Dong Z, Chang Z, Liu H, Jiang Q, Zhang D, Lu S, Jia X, Wu D, Ge A, Zhao P, Wang J, Lu Y. MARCH6 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development through up-regulation of ATF2. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:827. [PMID: 34273954 PMCID: PMC8285810 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Recent studies have shown that the polytopic enzyme membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 6 (MARCH6) participates in tumorigenesis, but its function in HCC development needs to be investigated. This study aimed to explore the role of MARCH6 in HCC. Methods Expression of MARCH6 in human HCC samples was checked by immunohistochemical staining assay. Clinical relevance of MARCH6 and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) was analyzed from TCGA database. CCK-8, EdU staining, colony formation and transwell were performed to assess cell proliferation, growth and migration. Xenografted tumorigenesis was used to examine in vivo role MARCH6. Immunoblotting was applied to detect protein abundance. Results We found that MARCH6 expression was elevated in human HCC samples. Over-expression of MARCH6 was associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. Up-expression of MARCH6 promoted cell growth and migration of HCC cells. In contrast, the HCC cell growth and migration were suppressed by MARCH6 knockdown. Furthermore, the DNA synthesis was enhanced by MARCH6. The expression of ATF2 was potentiated by MARCH6 over-expression, while it was suppressed by MARCH6 silencing. TCGA database showed positive correlation between the expression of MARCH6 and ATF2. Importantly, ATF2 expression contributed to the oncogenic function of HCC cells. Conclusion Our findings suggest that MARCH6-mediated ATF2 up-regulation contributes to HCC development. MARCH6 may be a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08540-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhengyao Chang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Beijing Syngentech Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Aaron Ge
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yinying Lu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
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9
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Kang JA, Jeon YJ. How Is the Fidelity of Proteins Ensured in Terms of Both Quality and Quantity at the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Mechanistic Insights into E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042078. [PMID: 33669844 PMCID: PMC7923238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected organelle that plays fundamental roles in the biosynthesis, folding, stabilization, maturation, and trafficking of secretory and transmembrane proteins. It is the largest organelle and critically modulates nearly all aspects of life. Therefore, in the endoplasmic reticulum, an enormous investment of resources, including chaperones and protein folding facilitators, is dedicated to adequate protein maturation and delivery to final destinations. Unfortunately, the folding and assembly of proteins can be quite error-prone, which leads to the generation of misfolded proteins. Notably, protein homeostasis, referred to as proteostasis, is constantly exposed to danger by flows of misfolded proteins and subsequent protein aggregates. To maintain proteostasis, the ER triages and eliminates terminally misfolded proteins by delivering substrates to the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) or to the lysosome, which is termed ER-associated degradation (ERAD) or ER-phagy, respectively. ERAD not only eliminates misfolded or unassembled proteins via protein quality control but also fine-tunes correctly folded proteins via protein quantity control. Intriguingly, the diversity and distinctive nature of E3 ubiquitin ligases determine efficiency, complexity, and specificity of ubiquitination during ERAD. ER-phagy utilizes the core autophagy machinery and eliminates ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins. Here, we conceptually outline not only ubiquitination machinery but also catalytic mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Further, we discuss the mechanistic insights into E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in the two guardian pathways in the ER, ERAD and ER-phagy. Finally, we provide the molecular mechanisms by which ERAD and ER-phagy conduct not only protein quality control but also protein quantity control to ensure proteostasis and subsequent organismal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji An Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zhou ZX, Ren Z, Yan BJ, Qu SL, Tang ZH, Wei DH, Liu LS, Fu MG, Jiang ZS. The Role of Ubiquitin E3 Ligase in Atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:152-168. [PMID: 32141415 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200306124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in both developed and developing countries. Many pathophysiological factors, including abnormal cholesterol metabolism, vascular inflammatory response, endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerosis are not fully understood. Ubiquitination is a multistep post-translational protein modification that participates in many important cellular processes. Emerging evidence suggests that ubiquitination plays important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in many ways, including regulation of vascular inflammation, endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cell function, lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic plaque stability. This review summarizes important contributions of various E3 ligases to the development of atherosclerosis. Targeting ubiquitin E3 ligases may provide a novel strategy for the prevention of the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Bin-Jie Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Dang-Heng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
| | - Min-Gui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, China
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11
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Krishnan N, Chen X, Donnelly-Roberts D, Mohler EG, Holtzman DM, Gopalakrishnan SM. Small Molecule Phenotypic Screen Identifies Novel Regulators of LDLR Expression. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3262-3274. [PMID: 33270420 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. The current treatment options for AD are limited to ameliorating cognitive decline temporarily and not reversing or preventing the progression of dementia. Hence, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed to combat this devastating disease. The low-density lipoprotein receptor has been shown to modulate the neuronal metabolism of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor for AD. LDLR overexpression in mice has been shown to increase amyloid-β clearance and reduce amyloid deposition. We conducted a phenotypic screen to identify novel signaling pathways and targets that regulate LDLR expression in glial cells using an annotated compound library of approximately 29 000 compounds. The screen identified novel targets such as polo like kinase 1 (PLK1), activin receptor like kinase 5 (ALK5), and serotonin transporter (SERT). We used genetic, chemical biology and pathway analysis to confirm the target hypothesis. This work highlights that phenotypic screening is a promising strategy to identify novel mechanisms and targets for therapeutic intervention of complex neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | | | - Eric G. Mohler
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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12
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Ablack JN, Ortiz J, Bajaj J, Trinh K, Lagarrigue F, Cantor JM, Reya T, Ginsberg MH. MARCH Proteins Mediate Responses to Antitumor Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2883-2892. [PMID: 33077644 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD98, which is required for the rapid proliferation of both normal and cancer cells, and MET, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, are potential targets for therapeutic antitumor Abs. In this study, we report that the antiproliferative activity of a prototype anti-CD98 Ab, UM7F8, is due to Ab-induced membrane-associated ring CH (MARCH) E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination and downregulation of cell surface CD98. MARCH1-mediated ubiquitination of CD98 is required for UM7F8's capacity to reduce CD98 surface expression and its capacity to inhibit the proliferation of murine T cells. Similarly, CD98 ubiquitination is required for UM7F8's capacity to block the colony-forming ability of murine leukemia-initiating cells. To test the potential generality of the paradigm that MARCH E3 ligases can mediate the antiproliferative response to antitumor Abs, we examined the potential effects of MARCH proteins on responses to emibetuzumab, an anti-MET Ab currently in clinical trials for various cancers. We report that MET surface expression is reduced by MARCH1, 4, or 8-mediated ubiquitination and that emibetuzumab-induced MET ubiquitination contributes to its capacity to downregulate MET and inhibit human tumor cell proliferation. Thus, MARCH E3 ligases can act as cofactors for antitumor Abs that target cell surface proteins, suggesting that the MARCH protein repertoire of cells is a determinant of their response to such Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jailal N Ablack
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Jesus Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Jeevisha Bajaj
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kathleen Trinh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Frederic Lagarrigue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Joseph M Cantor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Tannishtha Reya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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13
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Oommen D, Kizhakkedath P, Jawabri AA, Varghese DS, Ali BR. Proteostasis Regulation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum: An Emerging Theme in the Molecular Pathology and Therapeutic Management of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Front Genet 2020; 11:570355. [PMID: 33173538 PMCID: PMC7538668 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.570355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal genetic disease characterized by high serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) content leading to premature coronary artery disease. The main genetic and molecular causes of FH are mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) resulting in the non-clearance of LDL from the blood by hepatocytes and consequently the formation of plaques. LDLR is synthesized and glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then transported to the plasma membrane via Golgi. It is estimated that more than 50% of reported FH-causing mutations in LDLR result in misfolded proteins that are transport-defective and hence retained in ER. ER accumulation of misfolded proteins causes ER-stress and activates unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR aids protein folding, blocks further protein synthesis, and eliminates misfolded proteins via ER-associated degradation (ERAD) to alleviate ER stress. Various studies demonstrated that ER-retained LDLR mutants are subjected to ERAD. Interestingly, chemical chaperones and genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ERAD have been reported to rescue the transport defective mutant LDLR alleles from ERAD and restore their ER-Golgi transport resulting in the expression of functional plasma membrane LDLR. This suggests the possibility of pharmacological modulation of proteostasis in the ER as a therapeutic strategy for FH. In this review, we picture a detailed analysis of UPR and the ERAD processes activated by ER-retained LDLR mutants associated with FH. In addition, we discuss and critically evaluate the potential role of chemical chaperones and ERAD modulators in the therapeutic management of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu Oommen
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Praseetha Kizhakkedath
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aseel A Jawabri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Divya Saro Varghese
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Adi D, Abuzhalihan J, Wang YH, Baituola G, Wu Y, Xie X, Fu ZY, Yang YN, Ma X, Li XM, Chen BD, Liu F, Ma YT. IDOL gene variant is associated with hyperlipidemia in Han population in Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14280. [PMID: 32868861 PMCID: PMC7459279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is one of the main risk factors that contributed to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, our objective was to explore whether some genetic variants of human IDOL gene were associated with hyperlipidemia among Han population in Xinjiang, China. We designed a case–control study. A total of 1,172 subjects (588 diagnosed hyperlipidemia cases and 584 healthy controls) of Chinese Han were recruited. We genotyped three SNPs (rs9370867, rs909562, and rs2072783) of IDOL gene in all subjects by using the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) method. Our study demonstrated that the distribution of the genotypes, the dominant model (AA vs GG + GA), and the overdominant model (AA + GG vs GA) of the rs9370867 SNP had significant differences between the case group and controls (all P < 0.001). For rs909562 and rs2072783, the distribution of the genotypes, the recessive model (AA + GA vs GG) showed significant differences between the case subjects and controls (P = 0.002, P = 0.007 and P = 0.045, P = 0.02, respectively). After multivariate adjustment for several confounders, the rs9370867 SNP is still an independent risk factor for hyperlipidemia [odds ratio (OR) = 1.380, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.201–1.586, P < 0.001]. The rs9370867 of human IDOL gene was associated with hyperlipidemia in Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilare Adi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Abuzhalihan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hong Wang
- Health Checkup Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Gulinaer Baituola
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China. .,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830054, People's Republic of China.
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15
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The cholesterol synthesis enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase is post-translationally regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH6. Biochem J 2020; 477:541-555. [PMID: 31904814 PMCID: PMC6993871 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol synthesis is a tightly controlled pathway, with over 20 enzymes involved. Each of these enzymes can be distinctly regulated, helping to fine-tune the production of cholesterol and its functional intermediates. Several enzymes are degraded in response to increased sterol levels, whilst others remain stable. We hypothesised that an enzyme at a key branch point in the pathway, lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LDM) may be post-translationally regulated. Here, we show that the preceding enzyme, lanosterol synthase is stable, whilst LDM is rapidly degraded. Surprisingly, this degradation is not triggered by sterols. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 6 (MARCH6), known to control earlier rate-limiting steps in cholesterol synthesis, also control levels of LDM and the terminal cholesterol synthesis enzyme, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Our work highlights MARCH6 as the first example of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets multiple steps in a biochemical pathway and indicates new facets in the control of cholesterol synthesis.
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16
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Coates HW, Chua NK, Brown AJ. Consulting prostate cancer cohort data uncovers transcriptional control: Regulation of the MARCH6 gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1656-1668. [PMID: 31422115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol accumulation is a hallmark of prostate cancer (PCa) enabled by the upregulation of its synthesis, which presents a potential therapeutic target. This pathway is suppressed by the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger 6 (MARCH6); however, little is known of MARCH6 regulation, particularly at the transcriptional level. Here, we consulted large transcriptomic PCa datasets to investigate transcription factors and DNA sequence elements that regulate the MARCH6 gene. Amongst 498 primary PCa tissues of The Cancer Genome Atlas, we identified a striking positive correlation between MARCH6 and androgen receptor (AR) gene expression (r = 0.81, p < 1 × 10-117) that held in other primary tumour datasets. Two putative androgen response elements were identified in the MARCH6 gene using motif prediction and mining of publicly accessible chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing data. However, MARCH6 expression was not androgen-responsive in luciferase reporter and qRT-PCR assays. Instead, we established that the MARCH6-AR correlation in primary PCa is due to common regulation by the transcription factor Sp1. We located a region 100 bp downstream of the MARCH6 transcriptional start site that contains three Sp1 binding sites and strongly upregulates promoter activity. The functionality of this region, and Sp1-mediated upregulation of MARCH6, was confirmed using pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Sp1. Moreover, modulation of Sp1 activity affected the stability of squalene monooxygenase, a cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme and MARCH6 substrate. We thus establish Sp1 as the first known regulator of the MARCH6 gene and demonstrate that interrogation of transcriptomic datasets can assist in the de novo inference of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ngee Kiat Chua
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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17
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De Leonibus C, Cinque L, Settembre C. Emerging lysosomal pathways for quality control at the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2319-2329. [PMID: 31388984 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) might eventually lead to aggregation and cellular distress, and is a primary pathogenic mechanism in multiple human disorders. Mammals have developed evolutionary-conserved quality control mechanisms at the level of the ER. The best characterized is the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, through which misfolded proteins translocate from the ER to the cytosol and are subsequently proteasomally degraded. However, increasing evidence indicates that additional quality control mechanisms apply for misfolded ER clients that are not eligible for ERAD. This review focuses on the alternative, ERAD-independent, mechanisms of clearance of misfolded polypeptides from the ER. These processes, collectively referred to as ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation, involve ER-phagy, microautophagy or vesicular transport. The identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms is particularly important for developing new therapeutic approaches for human diseases associated with protein aggregate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Cinque
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Medical and Translational Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
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18
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Pronk MCA, Majolée J, Loregger A, van Bezu JSM, Zelcer N, Hordijk PL, Kovačević I. FBXW7 regulates endothelial barrier function by suppression of the cholesterol synthesis pathway and prenylation of RhoB. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:607-621. [PMID: 30601691 PMCID: PMC6589702 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases control both the actin cytoskeleton and adherens junction stability and are recognized as essential regulators of endothelial barrier function. They act as molecular switches and are primarily regulated by the exchange of GDP and GTP. However, posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, prenylation, and ubiquitination can additionally alter their localization, stability, and activity. F-box proteins are involved in the recognition of substrate proteins predestined for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Given the importance of ubiquitination, we studied the effect of the loss of 62 members of the F-box protein family on endothelial barrier function in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Endothelial barrier function was quantified by electrical cell impedance sensing and macromolecule passage assay. Our RNA interference–based screen identified FBXW7 as a key regulator of endothelial barrier function. Mechanistically, loss of FBXW7 induced the accumulation of the RhoB GTPase in endothelial cells, resulting in their increased contractility and permeability. FBXW7 knockdown induced activation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and changed the prenylation of RhoB. This effect was reversed by farnesyl transferase inhibitors and by the addition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. In summary, this study identifies FBXW7 as a novel regulator of endothelial barrier function in vitro. Loss of FBXW7 indirectly modulates RhoB activity via alteration of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and, consequently, of the prenylation status and activity of RhoB, resulting in increased contractility and disruption of the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C A Pronk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Jisca Majolée
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Anke Loregger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan S M van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
| | - Igor Kovačević
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and
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19
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Sharpe LJ, Howe V, Scott NA, Luu W, Phan L, Berk JM, Hochstrasser M, Brown AJ. Cholesterol increases protein levels of the E3 ligase MARCH6 and thereby stimulates protein degradation. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2436-2448. [PMID: 30545937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 6 (MARCH6) is a polytopic enzyme bound to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. It controls levels of several known protein substrates, including a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, squalene monooxygenase. However, beyond its own autodegradation, little is known about how MARCH6 itself is regulated. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing, MARCH6 overexpression, and immunoblotting, we found here that cholesterol stabilizes MARCH6 protein endogenously and in HEK293 cells that stably express MARCH6. Conversely, MARCH6-deficient HEK293 and HeLa cells lost their ability to degrade squalene monooxygenase in a cholesterol-dependent manner. The ability of cholesterol to boost MARCH6 did not seem to involve a putative sterol-sensing domain in this E3 ligase, but was abolished when either membrane extraction by valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) or proteasomal degradation was inhibited. Furthermore, cholesterol-mediated stabilization was absent in two MARCH6 mutants that are unable to degrade themselves, indicating that cholesterol stabilizes MARCH6 protein by preventing its autodegradation. Experiments with chemical chaperones suggested that this likely occurs through a conformational change in MARCH6 upon cholesterol addition. Moreover, cholesterol reduced the levels of at least three known MARCH6 substrates, indicating that cholesterol-mediated MARCH6 stabilization increases its activity. Our findings highlight an important new role for cholesterol in controlling levels of proteins, extending the known repertoire of cholesterol homeostasis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Sharpe
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia and
| | - Vicky Howe
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia and
| | - Nicola A Scott
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia and
| | - Winnie Luu
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia and
| | - Lisa Phan
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia and
| | - Jason M Berk
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Andrew J Brown
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia and
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20
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Nguyen KT, Lee CS, Mun SH, Truong NT, Park SK, Hwang CS. N-terminal acetylation and the N-end rule pathway control degradation of the lipid droplet protein PLIN2. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:379-388. [PMID: 30425097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is a major lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein that regulates intracellular lipid homeostasis and LD formation. Under lipid-deprived conditions, the LD-unbound (free) form of PLIN2 is eliminated in the cytosol by an as yet unknown ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway that is associated with the N-terminal or near N-terminal residues of the protein. Here, using HeLa, HEK293T, and HepG2 human cell lines, cycloheximide chase, in vivo ubiquitylation, split-Ub yeast two-hybrid, and chemical cross-linking-based reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that TEB4 (MARCH6), an E3 Ub ligase and recognition component of the Ac/N-end rule pathway, directly targets the N-terminal acetyl moiety of Nα-terminally acetylated PLIN2 for its polyubiquitylation and degradation by the 26S proteasome. We also show that the TEB4-mediated Ac/N-end rule pathway reduces intracellular LD accumulation by degrading PLIN2. Collectively, these findings identify PLIN2 as a substrate of the Ac/N-end rule pathway and indicate a previously unappreciated role of the Ac/N-end rule pathway in LD metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kha The Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Mun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Nhung Thimy Truong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Samant RS, Livingston CM, Sontag EM, Frydman J. Distinct proteostasis circuits cooperate in nuclear and cytoplasmic protein quality control. Nature 2018; 563:407-411. [PMID: 30429547 PMCID: PMC6707801 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is linked to a wide array of human disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and type II diabetes1,2. Protective cellular protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms have evolved to selectively recognize misfolded proteins and limit their toxic effects3-9, thus contributing to the maintenance of the proteome (proteostasis). Here we examine how molecular chaperones and the ubiquitin-proteasome system cooperate to recognize and promote the clearance of soluble misfolded proteins. Using a panel of PQC substrates with distinct characteristics and localizations, we define distinct chaperone and ubiquitination circuitries that execute quality control in the cytoplasm and nucleus. In the cytoplasm, proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins requires tagging with mixed lysine 48 (K48)- and lysine 11 (K11)-linked ubiquitin chains. A distinct combination of E3 ubiquitin ligases and specific chaperones is required to achieve each type of linkage-specific ubiquitination. In the nucleus, however, proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins requires only K48-linked ubiquitin chains, and is thus independent of K11-specific ligases and chaperones. The distinct ubiquitin codes for nuclear and cytoplasmic PQC appear to be linked to the function of the ubiquilin protein Dsk2, which is specifically required to clear nuclear misfolded proteins. Our work defines the principles of cytoplasmic and nuclear PQC as distinct, involving combinatorial recognition by defined sets of cooperating chaperones and E3 ligases. A better understanding of how these organelle-specific PQC requirements implement proteome integrity has implications for our understanding of diseases linked to impaired protein clearance and proteostasis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Samant
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Christine M Livingston
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Emily M Sontag
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Nguyen KT, Mun SH, Lee CS, Hwang CS. Control of protein degradation by N-terminal acetylation and the N-end rule pathway. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-8. [PMID: 30054456 PMCID: PMC6063864 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nα-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation) occurs very frequently and is found in most proteins in eukaryotes. Despite the pervasiveness and universality of Nt-acetylation, its general functions in terms of physiological outcomes remain largely elusive. However, several recent studies have revealed that Nt-acetylation has a significant impact on protein stability, activity, folding patterns, cellular localization, etc. In addition, Nt-acetylation marks specific proteins for degradation by a branch of the N-end rule pathway, a subset of the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system. The N-end rule associates a protein's in vivo half-life with its N-terminal residue or modifications on its N-terminus. This review provides a current understanding of intracellular proteolysis control by Nt-acetylation and the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kha The Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Mun
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Leitch EK, Elumalai N, Fridén-Saxin M, Dahl G, Wan P, Clarkson P, Valeur E, Pairaudeau G, Boyd H, Tavassoli A. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation with a cyclic peptide that disrupts the homodimerization of IDOL E3 ubiquitin ligase. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5957-5966. [PMID: 30079210 PMCID: PMC6050537 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake of circulating cholesterol occurs via the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). The E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL is a mediator of LDLR degradation, with IDOL homodimerization thought to be required for its activity. To probe the possibility of modulating LDLR levels with an inhibitor of IDOL homodimerization, we screened a SICLOPPS library of 3.2 million cyclic peptides for compounds that disrupt this protein-protein interaction. We identified cyclo-CFFLYT as the lead inhibitor, and improved its activity through the incorporation of non-natural amino acids. The activity of the optimized cyclic peptide was assessed in hepatic cells, with a dose-dependent increase in LDLR levels observed in the presence of our IDOL homodimerization inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh K Leitch
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1RE , UK .
| | | | - Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Medicinal Chemistry , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal , 43150 , Sweden
| | - Göran Dahl
- Structure and Biophysics , Discovery Sciences , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal , 43150 , Sweden
| | - Paul Wan
- Structure and Biophysics , Discovery Sciences , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal , 43150 , Sweden
| | - Paul Clarkson
- AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Rd , Cambridge , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Eric Valeur
- Medicinal Chemistry , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal , 43150 , Sweden
| | - Garry Pairaudeau
- AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Rd , Cambridge , CB4 0FZ , UK
| | - Helen Boyd
- Drug Safety and Metabolism , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1 , Mölndal , 43150 , Sweden
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1RE , UK .
- Institute for Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK
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24
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Stefanovic-Barrett S, Dickson AS, Burr SP, Williamson JC, Lobb IT, van den Boomen DJ, Lehner PJ, Nathan JA. MARCH6 and TRC8 facilitate the quality control of cytosolic and tail-anchored proteins. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45603. [PMID: 29519897 PMCID: PMC5934766 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded or damaged proteins are typically targeted for destruction by proteasome-mediated degradation, but the mammalian ubiquitin machinery involved is incompletely understood. Here, using forward genetic screens in human cells, we find that the proteasome-mediated degradation of the soluble misfolded reporter, mCherry-CL1, involves two ER-resident E3 ligases, MARCH6 and TRC8. mCherry-CL1 degradation is routed via the ER membrane and dependent on the hydrophobicity of the substrate, with complete stabilisation only observed in double knockout MARCH6/TRC8 cells. To identify a more physiological correlate, we used quantitative mass spectrometry and found that TRC8 and MARCH6 depletion altered the turnover of the tail-anchored protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). These E3 ligases associate with the intramembrane cleaving signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and facilitate the degradation of HO-1 following intramembrane proteolysis. Our results highlight how ER-resident ligases may target the same substrates, but work independently of each other, to optimise the protein quality control of selected soluble and tail-anchored proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Stefanovic-Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna S Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Burr
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian T Lobb
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dick Jh van den Boomen
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Loregger A, Raaben M, Tan J, Scheij S, Moeton M, van den Berg M, Gelberg-Etel H, Stickel E, Roitelman J, Brummelkamp T, Zelcer N. Haploid Mammalian Genetic Screen Identifies UBXD8 as a Key Determinant of HMGCR Degradation and Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2064-2074. [PMID: 28882874 PMCID: PMC5671778 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— The cellular demand for cholesterol requires control of its biosynthesis by the mevalonate pathway. Regulation of HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase), a rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway and the target of statins, is a key control point herein. Accordingly, HMGCR is subject to negative and positive regulation. In particular, the ability of oxysterols and intermediates of the mevalonate pathway to stimulate its proteasomal degradation is an exquisite example of metabolically controlled feedback regulation. To define the genetic determinants that govern this process, we conducted an unbiased haploid mammalian genetic screen. Approach and Results— We generated human haploid cells with mNeon fused to endogenous HMGCR using CRISPR/Cas9 and used these cells to interrogate regulation of HMGCR abundance in live cells. This resulted in identification of known and new regulators of HMGCR, and among the latter, UBXD8 (ubiquitin regulatory X domain-containing protein 8), a gene that has not been previously implicated in this process. We demonstrate that UBXD8 is an essential determinant of metabolically stimulated degradation of HMGCR and of cholesterol biosynthesis in multiple cell types. Accordingly, UBXD8 ablation leads to aberrant cholesterol synthesis due to loss of feedback control. Mechanistically, we show that UBXD8 is necessary for sterol-stimulated dislocation of ubiquitylated HMGCR from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane en route to proteasomal degradation, a function dependent on its UBX domain. Conclusions— We establish UBXD8 as a previously unrecognized determinant that couples flux across the mevalonate pathway to control of cholesterol synthesis and demonstrate the feasibility of applying mammalian haploid genetics to study metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Loregger
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Matthijs Raaben
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Josephine Tan
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Saskia Scheij
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Martina Moeton
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Marlene van den Berg
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Hila Gelberg-Etel
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Elmer Stickel
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Joseph Roitelman
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Thijn Brummelkamp
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.)
| | - Noam Zelcer
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.L., J.T., S.S., M.M., M.v.d.B., N.Z.); Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam (M.R., E.S., T.B.); CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (T.B.); Cancer GenomiCs.nl, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (T.B.); Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.); and Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (H.G.-E., J.R.).
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26
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Scott Kiss R, Sniderman A. Shunts, channels and lipoprotein endosomal traffic: a new model of cholesterol homeostasis in the hepatocyte. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:95-107. [PMID: 28808191 PMCID: PMC5445212 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver directs cholesterol metabolism in the organism. All the major fluxes of cholesterol within the body involve the liver: dietary cholesterol is directed to the liver; cholesterol from peripheral cells goes to the liver; the liver is a major site of cholesterol synthesis for the organism; cholesterol is secreted from the liver within the bile, within apoB lipoproteins and translocated to nascent HDL. The conventional model of cholesterol homeostasis posits that cholesterol from any source enters a common, rapidly exchangeable pool within the cell, which is in equilibrium with a regulatory pool. Increased influx of cholesterol leads rapidly to decreased synthesis of cholesterol. This model was developed based on in vitro studies in the fibroblast and validated only for LDL particles. The challenges the liver must meet in vivo to achieve cholesterol homeostasis are far more complex. Our model posits that the cholesterol derived from three different lipoproteins endosomes has three different fates: LDL-derived cholesterol is largely recycled within VLDL with most of the cholesterol shunted through the hepatocyte without entering the exchangeable pool of cholesterol; high density lipoprotein-derived CE is transcytosed into bile; and chylomicron remnant-derived cholesterol primarily enters the regulatory pool within the hepatocyte. These endosomal channels represent distinct physiological pathways and hepatic homeostasis represents the net result of the outcomes of these distinct channels. Our model takes into account the distinct physiological challenges the hepatocyte must meet, underlie the pathophysiology of many of the apoB dyslipoproteinemias and account for the sustained effectiveness of therapeutic agents such as statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Allan Sniderman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Identification of the ER-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF145 as a novel LXR-regulated gene. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172721. [PMID: 28231341 PMCID: PMC5322959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol metabolism is subject to tight regulation to maintain adequate levels of this central lipid molecule. Herein, the sterol-responsive Liver X Receptors (LXRs) play an important role owing to their ability to reduce cellular cholesterol load. In this context, identifying the full set of LXR-regulated genes will contribute to our understanding of their role in cholesterol metabolism. Using global transcriptional analysis we report here the identification of RNF145 as an LXR-regulated target gene. We demonstrate that RNF145 is regulated by LXRs in both human and mouse primary cells and cell lines, and in vivo in mice. Regulation of RNF145 by LXR depends on a functional LXR-element in its proximal promotor. Consistent with LXR-dependent regulation of Rnf145 we show that regulation is lost in macrophages and fibroblasts from Lxrαβ(-/-) mice, and also in vivo in livers of Lxrα(-/-) mice treated with the LXR synthetic ligand T0901317. RNF145 is closely related to RNF139/TRC8, an E3 ligase implicated in control of SREBP processing. However, silencing of RNF145 in HepG2 or HeLa cells does not impair SREBP1/2 processing and sterol-responsive gene expression in these cells. Similar to TRC8, we demonstrate that RNF145 is localized to the ER and that it possesses intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. In summary, we report the identification of RNF145 as an ER-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase that is transcriptionally controlled by LXR.
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28
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The unfolded protein response is a negative regulator of scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:557-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Brown
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.J.B.); and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (J.H.)
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- From the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.J.B.); and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (J.H.).
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