1
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Albakova Z. HSP90 multi-functionality in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1436973. [PMID: 39148727 PMCID: PMC11324539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The 90-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP90s) are molecular chaperones essential for folding, unfolding, degradation and activity of a wide range of client proteins. HSP90s and their cognate co-chaperones are subject to various post-translational modifications, functional consequences of which are not fully understood in cancer. Intracellular and extracellular HSP90 family members (HSP90α, HSP90β, GRP94 and TRAP1) promote cancer by sustaining various hallmarks of cancer, including cell death resistance, replicative immortality, tumor immunity, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Given the importance of HSP90 in tumor progression, various inhibitors and HSP90-based vaccines were developed for the treatment of cancer. Further understanding of HSP90 functions in cancer may provide new opportunities and novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarema Albakova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Chokan Limited Liability Partnership, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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2
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Babu N, Freeman BC. Establishing Order Through Disorder by the Hsp90 Molecular Chaperone. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168460. [PMID: 38301804 PMCID: PMC11211062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) molecular chaperone is a key driver of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) under physiologically normal and stress conditions. In eukaryotes, Hsp90 is essential and is one of the most abundant proteins in a cell where the chaperone shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus to fold, stabilize, and regulate client proteins and protein complexes. Numerous high-throughput screens have mapped the Hsp90 interactome, building a vast network comprising ∼25% of the proteome in budding yeast. How Hsp90 is able to associate with this diverse and large cadre of targets is critical to comprehending how the proteostatic process works. Here, we review recent progress on our understanding of the molecular underpinnings driving Hsp90-client interactions from both the perspective of the targets and Hsp90. In addition to considering the available Hsp90-client structures, we also assessed recently identified Hsp90-client peptide complexes to build a model that justifies how Hsp90 might recognize a wide spectrum of target proteins. In brief, Hsp90 either directly recognizes a site within an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of a client protein to transiently regulate that client or it associates with an unstructured polypeptide section created by the concerted efforts of multiple chaperones and cochaperones to stably associate with a client. Overall, Hsp90 exploits a common recognition property (i.e., IDR) within diverse clients to support chaperone-actionthereby enabling its central role in proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Babu
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brian C Freeman
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Amissah HA, Combs SE, Shevtsov M. Tumor Dormancy and Reactivation: The Role of Heat Shock Proteins. Cells 2024; 13:1087. [PMID: 38994941 PMCID: PMC11240553 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are a heterogeneous group of cell masses originating in various organs or tissues. The cellular composition of the tumor cell mass interacts in an intricate manner, influenced by humoral, genetic, molecular, and tumor microenvironment cues that dictate tumor growth or suppression. As a result, tumors undergo a period of a dormant state before their clinically discernible stage, which surpasses the clinical dormancy threshold. Moreover, as a genetically imprinted strategy, early-seeder cells, a distinct population of tumor cells, break off to dock nearby or extravasate into blood vessels to secondary tissues, where they form disseminated solitary dormant tumor cells with reversible capacity. Among the various mechanisms underlying the dormant tumor mass and dormant tumor cell formation, heat shock proteins (HSPs) might play one of the most important roles in how the dormancy program plays out. It is known that numerous aberrant cellular processes, such as malignant transformation, cancer cell stemness, tumor invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and signaling pathway maintenance, are influenced by the HSPs. An accumulating body of knowledge suggests that HSPs may be involved in the angiogenic switch, immune editing, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling cascades, crucial genetically imprinted strategies important to the tumor dormancy initiation and dormancy maintenance program. In this review, we highlight the biological events that orchestrate the dormancy state and the body of work that has been conducted on the dynamics of HSPs in a tumor mass, as well as tumor cell dormancy and reactivation. Additionally, we propose a conceptual framework that could possibly underlie dormant tumor reactivation in metastatic relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneef Ahmed Amissah
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biology and Medical Biology, FEFU Campus, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Diagnostics Laboratory Department, Trauma and Specialist Hospital, CE-122-2486, Central Region, Winneba P.O. Box 326, Ghana
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Liang R, Tan H, Jin H, Wang J, Tang Z, Lu X. The tumour-promoting role of protein homeostasis: Implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2023; 573:216354. [PMID: 37625777 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, an important aspect of cellular fitness that encompasses the balance of production, folding and degradation of proteins, has been linked to several diseases of the human body. Multiple interconnected pathways coordinate to maintain protein homeostasis within the cell. Recently, the role of the protein homeostasis network in tumorigenesis and tumour progression has gradually come to light. Here, we summarize the involvement of the most prominent components of the protein quality control mechanisms (HSR, UPS, autophagy, UPR and ERAD) in tumour development and cancer immunity. In addition, evidence for protein quality control mechanisms and targeted drugs is outlined, and attempts to combine these drugs with cancer immunotherapy are discussed. Altogether, combination therapy represents a promising direction for future investigations, and this exciting insight will be further illuminated by the development of drugs that can reach a balance between the benefits and hazards associated with protein homeostasis interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lab of Liver Disease, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Zijian Tang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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5
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Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications in Telomerase Biogenesis and Recruitment to Telomeres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055027. [PMID: 36902458 PMCID: PMC10003056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is associated with the proliferative potential of cells. Telomerase is an enzyme that elongates telomeres throughout the entire lifespan of an organism in stem cells, germ cells, and cells of constantly renewed tissues. It is activated during cellular division, including regeneration and immune responses. The biogenesis of telomerase components and their assembly and functional localization to the telomere is a complex system regulated at multiple levels, where each step must be tuned to the cellular requirements. Any defect in the function or localization of the components of the telomerase biogenesis and functional system will affect the maintenance of telomere length, which is critical to the processes of regeneration, immune response, embryonic development, and cancer progression. An understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of telomerase biogenesis and activity is necessary for the development of approaches toward manipulating telomerase to influence these processes. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the major steps of telomerase regulation and the role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications in telomerase biogenesis and function in yeast and vertebrates.
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6
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Zhang J, Li H, Liu Y, Zhao K, Wei S, Sugarman ET, Liu L, Zhang G. Targeting HSP90 as a Novel Therapy for Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Relevance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182778. [PMID: 36139353 PMCID: PMC9497295 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP90), a highly conserved molecular chaperon, is indispensable for the maturation of newly synthesized poly-peptides and provides a shelter for the turnover of misfolded or denatured proteins. In cancers, the client proteins of HSP90 extend to the entire process of oncogenesis that are associated with all hallmarks of cancer. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the client proteins are guided for proteasomal degradation when their complexes with HSP90 are disrupted. Accordingly, HSP90 and its co-chaperones have emerged as viable targets for the development of cancer therapeutics. Consequently, a number of natural products and their analogs targeting HSP90 have been identified. They have shown a strong inhibitory effect on various cancer types through different mechanisms. The inhibitors act by directly binding to either HSP90 or its co-chaperones/client proteins. Several HSP90 inhibitors—such as geldanamycin and its derivatives, gamitrinib and shepherdin—are under clinical evaluation with promising results. Here, we review the subcellular localization of HSP90, its corresponding mechanism of action in the malignant phenotypes, and the recent progress on the development of HSP90 inhibitors. Hopefully, this comprehensive review will shed light on the translational potential of HSP90 inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Houde Li
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kejia Zhao
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Eric T. Sugarman
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence:
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de Oliveira BCD, Shiburah ME, Paiva SC, Vieira MR, Morea EGO, da Silva MS, Alves CDS, Segatto M, Gutierrez-Rodrigues F, Borges JC, Calado RT, Cano MIN. Possible Involvement of Hsp90 in the Regulation of Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity During the Leishmania amazonensis Developmental Cycle and Population Proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:713415. [PMID: 34778247 PMCID: PMC8581162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.713415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leishmania developmental cycle comprises three main life forms in two hosts, indicating that the parasite is continually challenged due to drastic environmental changes. The disruption of this cycle is critical for discovering new therapies to eradicate leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that affects millions worldwide. Telomeres, the physical ends of chromosomes, maintain genome stability and cell proliferation and are potential antiparasitic drug targets. Therefore, understanding how telomere length is regulated during parasite development is vital. Here, we show that telomeres form clusters spread in the nucleoplasm of the three parasite life forms. We also observed that amastigotes telomeres are shorter than metacyclic and procyclic promastigotes and that in parasites with continuous in vitro passages, telomere length increases over time. These observed differences in telomere length among parasite’s life stages were not due to lack/inhibition of telomerase since enzyme activity was detected in all parasite life stages, although the catalysis was temperature-dependent. These data led us to test if, similar to other eukaryotes, parasite telomere length maintenance could be regulated by Hsp83, the ortholog of Hsp90 in trypanosomatids, and Leishmania (LHsp90). Parasites were then treated with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17AAG. The results showed that 17AAG disturbed parasite growth, induced accumulation into G2/M phases, and telomere shortening in a time-dependent manner. It has also inhibited procyclic promastigote’s telomerase activity. Besides, LHsp90 interacts with the telomerase TERT component as shown by immunoprecipitation, strongly suggesting a new role for LHsp90 as a parasite telomerase component involved in controlling telomere length maintenance and parasite life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C D de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark E Shiburah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stepany C Paiva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina R Vieira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna Gicela O Morea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Santis Alves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio C Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Calado
- Hemocentro da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel N Cano
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Gruber HJ, Semeraro MD, Renner W, Herrmann M. Telomeres and Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1335. [PMID: 34680452 PMCID: PMC8533433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are at the non-coding ends of linear chromosomes. Through a complex 3-dimensional structure, they protect the coding DNA and ensure appropriate separation of chromosomes. Aging is characterized by a progressive shortening of telomeres, which compromises their structure and function. Because of their protective function for genomic DNA, telomeres appear to play an important role in the development and progression of many age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), malignancies, dementia, and osteoporosis. Despite substantial evidence that links telomere length with these conditions, the nature of these observations remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, future studies should address the question of causality. Furthermore, analytical methods should be further improved with the aim to provide informative and comparable results. This review summarize the actual knowledge of telomere biology and the possible implications of telomere dysfunction for the development and progression of age-related diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of analytical techniques for the measurement of telomere length and telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilfried Renner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (H.-J.G.); (M.D.S.); (M.H.)
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9
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Lallier M, Marchandet L, Moukengue B, Charrier C, Baud’huin M, Verrecchia F, Ory B, Lamoureux F. Molecular Chaperones in Osteosarcoma: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Issues. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040754. [PMID: 33808130 PMCID: PMC8067202 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common form of primary bone tumor affecting mainly children and young adults. Despite therapeutic progress, the 5-year survival rate is 70%, but it drops drastically to 30% for poor responders to therapies or for patients with metastases. Identifying new therapeutic targets is thus essential. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are the main effectors of Heat Shock Response (HSR), the expression of which is induced by stressors. HSPs are a large family of proteins involved in the folding and maturation of other proteins in order to maintain proteostasis. HSP overexpression is observed in many cancers, including breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, and ovarian, as well as OS. In this article we reviewed the significant role played by HSPs in molecular mechanisms leading to OS development and progression. HSPs are directly involved in OS cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, migration, and drug resistance. We focused on HSP27, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 and summarized their potential clinical uses in OS as either biomarkers for diagnosis or therapeutic targets. Finally, based on different types of cancer, we consider the advantage of targeting heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the major transcriptional regulator of HSPs in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Lallier
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
| | - Louise Marchandet
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
| | - Brice Moukengue
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
| | - Celine Charrier
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
| | - Marc Baud’huin
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
- CHU Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
| | - Benjamin Ory
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
| | - François Lamoureux
- UMR1238, Phy-OS, Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; (M.L.); (L.M.); (B.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (F.V.); (B.O.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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A Driver Never Works Alone-Interplay Networks of Mutant p53, MYC, RAS, and Other Universal Oncogenic Drivers in Human Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061532. [PMID: 32545208 PMCID: PMC7353041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge accumulating on the occurrence and mechanisms of the activation of oncogenes in human neoplasia necessitates an increasingly detailed understanding of their systemic interactions. None of the known oncogenic drivers work in isolation from the other oncogenic pathways. The cooperation between these pathways is an indispensable element of a multistep carcinogenesis, which apart from inactivation of tumor suppressors, always includes the activation of two or more proto-oncogenes. In this review we focus on representative examples of the interaction of major oncogenic drivers with one another. The drivers are selected according to the following criteria: (1) the highest frequency of known activation in human neoplasia (by mutations or otherwise), (2) activation in a wide range of neoplasia types (universality) and (3) as a part of a distinguishable pathway, (4) being a known cause of phenotypic addiction of neoplastic cells and thus a promising therapeutic target. Each of these universal oncogenic factors—mutant p53, KRAS and CMYC proteins, telomerase ribonucleoprotein, proteasome machinery, HSP molecular chaperones, NF-κB and WNT pathways, AP-1 and YAP/TAZ transcription factors and non-coding RNAs—has a vast network of molecular interrelations and common partners. Understanding this network allows for the hunt for novel therapeutic targets and protocols to counteract drug resistance in a clinical neoplasia treatment.
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Berei J, Eckburg A, Miliavski E, Anderson AD, Miller RJ, Dein J, Giuffre AM, Tang D, Deb S, Racherla KS, Patel M, Vela MS, Puri N. Potential Telomere-Related Pharmacological Targets. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:458-484. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200109114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres function as protective caps at the terminal portion of chromosomes, containing
non-coding nucleotide sequence repeats. As part of their protective function, telomeres preserve genomic
integrity and minimize chromosomal exposure, thus limiting DNA damage responses. With
continued mitotic divisions in normal cells, telomeres progressively shorten until they reach a threshold
at a point where they activate senescence or cell death pathways. However, the presence of the enzyme
telomerase can provide functional immortality to the cells that have reached or progressed past
senescence. In senescent cells that amass several oncogenic mutations, cancer formation can occur due
to genomic instability and the induction of telomerase activity. Telomerase has been found to be expressed
in over 85% of human tumors and is labeled as a near-universal marker for cancer. Due to this
feature being present in a majority of tumors but absent in most somatic cells, telomerase and telomeres
have become promising targets for the development of new and effective anticancer therapeutics.
In this review, we evaluate novel anticancer targets in development which aim to alter telomerase
or telomere function. Additionally, we analyze the progress that has been made, including preclinical
studies and clinical trials, with therapeutics directed at telomere-related targets. Furthermore, we review
the potential telomere-related therapeutics that are used in combination therapy with more traditional
cancer treatments. Throughout the review, topics related to medicinal chemistry are discussed,
including drug bioavailability and delivery, chemical structure-activity relationships of select therapies,
and the development of a unique telomere assay to analyze compounds affecting telomere elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Berei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Adam Eckburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Edward Miliavski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Austin D. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Rachel J. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Joshua Dein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Allison M. Giuffre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Diana Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Shreya Deb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Kavya Sri Racherla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Monica Saravana Vela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
| | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, United States
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12
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Roake CM, Artandi SE. Regulation of human telomerase in homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:384-397. [PMID: 32242127 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex, the catalytic core of which includes the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the non-coding human telomerase RNA (hTR), which serves as a template for the addition of telomeric repeats to chromosome ends. Telomerase expression is restricted in humans to certain cell types, and telomerase levels are tightly controlled in normal conditions. Increased levels of telomerase are found in the vast majority of human cancers, and we have recently begun to understand the mechanisms by which cancer cells increase telomerase activity. Conversely, germline mutations in telomerase-relevant genes that decrease telomerase function cause a range of genetic disorders, including dyskeratosis congenita, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bone marrow failure. In this Review, we discuss the transcriptional regulation of human TERT, hTR processing, assembly of the telomerase complex, the cellular localization of telomerase and its recruitment to telomeres, and the regulation of telomerase activity. We also discuss the disease relevance of each of these steps of telomerase biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Roake
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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A methylated lysine is a switch point for conformational communication in the chaperone Hsp90. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1219. [PMID: 32139682 PMCID: PMC7057950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of a conserved lysine in C-terminal domain of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 was shown previously to affect its in vivo function. However, the underlying mechanism remained elusive. Through a combined experimental and computational approach, this study shows that this site is very sensitive to sidechain modifications and crucial for Hsp90 activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that this particular lysine serves as a switch point for the regulation of Hsp90 functions by influencing its conformational cycle, ATPase activity, co-chaperone regulation, and client activation of yeast and human Hsp90. Incorporation of the methylated lysine via genetic code expansion specifically shows that upon modification, the conformational cycle of Hsp90 is altered. Molecular dynamics simulations including the methylated lysine suggest specific conformational changes that are propagated through Hsp90. Thus, methylation of the C-terminal lysine allows a precise allosteric tuning of Hsp90 activity via long distances. Methylation of a lysine residue in Hsp90 is a recently discovered post-translational modification but the mechanistic effects of this modification have remained unknown so far. Here the authors combine biochemical and biophysical approaches, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and functional experiments with yeast and show that this lysine is a switch point, which specifically modulates conserved Hsp90 functions including co-chaperone regulation and client activation.
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14
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Gvozdenov Z, Bendix LD, Kolhe J, Freeman BC. The Hsp90 Molecular Chaperone Regulates the Transcription Factor Network Controlling Chromatin Accessibility. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4993-5003. [PMID: 31628945 PMCID: PMC6983977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genomic events including gene regulation and chromatin status are controlled by transcription factors. Here we report that the Hsp90 molecular chaperone broadly regulates the transcription factor protein family. Our studies identified a biphasic use of Hsp90 in which early inactivation (15 min) of the chaperone triggered a wide reduction of DNA binding events along the genome with concurrent changes to chromatin structure. Long-term loss (6 h) of Hsp90 resulted in a decline of a divergent yet overlaying pool of transcription factors that produced a distinct chromatin pattern. Although both phases involve protein folding, the early point correlated with Hsp90 acting in a late folding step that is critical for DNA binding function, whereas prolonged Hsp90 inactivation led to a significant decrease in the steady-state transcription factor protein levels. Intriguingly, despite the broad chaperone impact on a variety of transcription factors, the operational influence of Hsp90 was at the level of chromatin with only a mild effect on gene regulation. Thus, Hsp90 selectively governs the transcription factor process overseeing local chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Gvozdenov
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lindsey D Bendix
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janhavi Kolhe
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brian C Freeman
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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15
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Gvozdenov Z, Kolhe J, Freeman BC. The Nuclear and DNA-Associated Molecular Chaperone Network. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034009. [PMID: 30745291 PMCID: PMC6771373 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy and functional proteome in all cellular compartments is critical to cell and organismal homeostasis. Yet, our understanding of the proteostasis process within the nucleus is limited. Here, we discuss the identified roles of the major molecular chaperones Hsp90, Hsp70, and Hsp60 with client proteins working in diverse DNA-associated pathways. The unique challenges facing proteins in the nucleus are considered as well as the conserved features of the molecular chaperone system in facilitating DNA-linked processes. As nuclear protein inclusions are a common feature of protein-aggregation diseases (e.g., neurodegeneration), a better understanding of nuclear proteostasis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Gvozdenov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.,Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Janhavi Kolhe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Brian C Freeman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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16
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Heat Shock Proteins Are Essential Components in Transformation and Tumor Progression: Cancer Cell Intrinsic Pathways and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184507. [PMID: 31514477 PMCID: PMC6769451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP) synthesis is switched on in a remarkably wide range of tumor cells, in both experimental animal systems and in human cancer, in which these proteins accumulate in high levels. In each case, elevated HSP concentrations bode ill for the patient, and are associated with a poor outlook in terms of survival in most cancer types. The significance of elevated HSPs is underpinned by their essential roles in mediating tumor cell intrinsic traits such as unscheduled cell division, escape from programmed cell death and senescence, de novo angiogenesis, and increased invasion and metastasis. An increased HSP expression thus seems essential for tumorigenesis. Perhaps of equal significance is the pronounced interplay between cancer cells and the tumor milieu, with essential roles for intracellular HSPs in the properties of the stromal cells, and their roles in programming malignant cells and in the release of HSPs from cancer cells to influence the behavior of the adjacent tumor and infiltrating the normal cells. These findings of a triple role for elevated HSP expression in tumorigenesis strongly support the targeting of HSPs in cancer, especially given the role of such stress proteins in resistance to conventional therapies.
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17
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Lee YH, Chen YY, Yeh YL, Wang YJ, Chen RJ. Stilbene Compounds Inhibit Tumor Growth by the Induction of Cellular Senescence and the Inhibition of Telomerase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112716. [PMID: 31159515 PMCID: PMC6600253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of cell cycle arrest characterized by a distinct morphology, gene expression pattern, and secretory phenotype. It can be triggered by multiple mechanisms, including those involved in telomere shortening, the accumulation of DNA damage, epigenetic pathways, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and so on. In current cancer therapy, cellular senescence has emerged as a potent tumor suppression mechanism that restrains proliferation in cells at risk for malignant transformation. Therefore, compounds that stimulate the growth inhibition effects of senescence while limiting its detrimental effects are believed to have great clinical potential. In this review article, we first review the current knowledge of the pro- and antitumorigeneic functions of senescence and summarize the key roles of telomerase in the regulation of senescence in tumors. Second, we review the current literature regarding the anticancer effects of stilbene compounds that are mediated by the targeting of telomerase and cell senescence. Finally, we provide future perspectives on the clinical utilization of stilbene compounds, especially resveratrol and pterostilbene, as novel cancer therapeutic remedies. We conclude and propose that stilbene compounds may induce senescence and may potentially be used as the therapeutic or adjuvant agents for cancers with high telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
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18
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Alnafakh RAA, Adishesh M, Button L, Saretzki G, Hapangama DK. Telomerase and Telomeres in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31157162 PMCID: PMC6533802 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres at the termini of human chromosomes are shortened with each round of cell division due to the “end replication problem” as well as oxidative stress. During carcinogenesis, cells acquire or retain mechanisms to maintain telomeres to avoid initiation of cellular senescence or apoptosis and halting cell division by critically short telomeres. The unique reverse transcriptase enzyme complex, telomerase, catalyzes the maintenance of telomeres but most human somatic cells do not have sufficient telomerase activity to prevent telomere shortening. Tissues with high and prolonged replicative potential demonstrate adequate cellular telomerase activity to prevent telomere erosion, and high telomerase activity appears to be a critical feature of most (80–90%) epithelial cancers, including endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancers regress in response to progesterone which is frequently used to treat advanced endometrial cancer. Endometrial telomerase is inhibited by progestogens and deciphering telomere and telomerase biology in endometrial cancer is therefore important, as targeting telomerase (a downstream target of progestogens) in endometrial cancer may provide novel and more effective therapeutic avenues. This review aims to examine the available evidence for the role and importance of telomere and telomerase biology in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafah A A Alnafakh
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Adishesh
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Button
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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19
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Viviescas MA, Cano MIN, Segatto M. Chaperones and Their Role in Telomerase Ribonucleoprotein Biogenesis and Telomere Maintenance. CURR PROTEOMICS 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180713103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length maintenance is important for genome stability and cell division. In most
eukaryotes, telomeres are maintained by the telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, minimally
composed of the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and the telomerase RNA (TER) components.
In addition to TERT and TER, other protein subunits are part of the complex and are involved in
telomerase regulation, assembly, disassembly, and degradation. Among them are some molecular
chaperones such as Hsp90 and its co-chaperone p23 which are found associated with the telomerase
RNP complex in humans, yeast and probably in protozoa. Hsp90 and p23 are necessary for the telomerase
RNP assembly and enzyme activity. In budding yeast, the Hsp90 homolog (Hsp82) is also responsible
for the association and dissociation of telomerase from the telomeric DNA by its direct interaction
with a telomere end-binding protein (Cdc13), responsible for regulating telomerase access to telomeres.
In addition, AAA+ ATPases, such as Pontin and Reptin, which are also considered chaperone-
like proteins, associate with the human telomerase complex by the direct interaction of Pontin with
TERT and dyskerin. They are probably responsible for telomerase RNP assembly since their depletion
impairs the accumulation of the complex. Moreover, various RNA chaperones, are also pivotal in the
assembly and migration of the mature telomerase complex and complex intermediates. In this review,
we will focus on the importance of molecular chaperones for telomerase RNP biogenesis and how they
impact telomere length maintenance and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Viviescas
- Genetics Department, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Segatto
- Genetics Department, Biosciences Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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20
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Baek IJ, Moss DS, Lustig AJ. The mre11 A470 alleles influence the hereditability and the segregation of telosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183549. [PMID: 28886051 PMCID: PMC5590830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres, the nucleoprotein complexes at the termini of linear chromosomes, are essential for the processes of end replication, end protection, and chromatin segregation. The Mre11 complex is involved in multiple cellular roles in DNA repair and structure in the regulation and function of telomere size homeostasis. In this study, we characterize yeast telomere chromatin structure, phenotypic heritability, and chromatin segregation in both wild-type [MRE11] and A470 motif alleles. MRE11 strains confer a telomere size of 300 base pairs of G+T irregular simple sequence repeats. This DNA and a portion of subtelomeric DNA is embedded in a telosome: a MNase-resistant non-nucleosomal particle. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows a three to four-fold lower occupancy of Mre11A470T proteins than wild-type proteins in telosomes. Telosomes containing the Mre11A470T protein confer a greater resistance to MNase digestion than wild-type telosomes. The integration of a wild-type MRE11 allele into an ectopic locus in the genome of an mre11A470T mutant and the introduction of an mre11A470T allele at an ectopic site in a wild-type strain lead to unexpectedly differing results. In each case, the replicated sister chromatids inherit telosomes containing only the protein encoded by the genomic mre11 locus, even in the presence of protein encoded by the opposing ectopic allele. We hypothesize that the telosome segregates by a conservative mechanism. These data support a mechanism for the linkage between sister chromatid replication and maintenance of either identical mutant or identical wild-type telosomes after replication of sister chromatids. These data suggest the presence of an active mechanism for chromatin segregation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Joon Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Moss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Arthur J. Lustig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Maghsudlu M, Farashahi Yazd E. Heat-induced inflammation and its role in esophageal cancer. J Dig Dis 2017; 18:431-444. [PMID: 28749599 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer, the sixth most common cause of death from cancer worldwide, consists of different histological types and displays various patterns of incidence. Esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are the most prevalent types. As epidemiological studies report that ingesting hot substances is one major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma, evaluating the effect of this external stress on esophagus cells seems desirable. This specific kind of stress brings about cellular changes and stabilizes them by affecting different cellular features such as genetic stability, membrane integrity and the regulation of signaling pathways. It also causes tissue injury by affecting the extracellular matrix and cell viability. Thus, one of the main consequences of thermal injury is the activation of the immune system, which can result in chronic inflammation. The genetic alteration that has occurred during thermal injury and the consequent reduction in the function of repair systems is further strengthened by chronic inflammation, thereby increasing the probability that mutated cell lines may appear. The molecules that present in this circumstance, such as heat shock proteins, cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory factors, affect intercellular signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, signal transducer activator of transcription-3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in supporting the survival and emergence of mutant phenotypes and the consequent malignant progression in altered cell lines. This investigation of these effective factors and their probable role in the tumorigenic path may improve current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddese Maghsudlu
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ehsan Farashahi Yazd
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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22
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Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) chaperone machinery is a key regulator of proteostasis under both physiological and stress conditions in eukaryotic cells. As HSP90 has several hundred protein substrates (or 'clients'), it is involved in many cellular processes beyond protein folding, which include DNA repair, development, the immune response and neurodegenerative disease. A large number of co-chaperones interact with HSP90 and regulate the ATPase-associated conformational changes of the HSP90 dimer that occur during the processing of clients. Recent progress has allowed the interactions of clients with HSP90 and its co-chaperones to be defined. Owing to the importance of HSP90 in the regulation of many cellular proteins, it has become a promising drug target for the treatment of several diseases, which include cancer and diseases associated with protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Schopf
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian M Biebl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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23
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Kyriakou D, Stavrou E, Demosthenous P, Angelidou G, San Luis BJ, Boone C, Promponas VJ, Kirmizis A. Functional characterisation of long intergenic non-coding RNAs through genetic interaction profiling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Biol 2016; 14:106. [PMID: 27927215 PMCID: PMC5142380 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptome studies have revealed that many eukaryotic genomes are pervasively transcribed producing numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). However, only a few lncRNAs have been ascribed a cellular role thus far, with most regulating the expression of adjacent genes. Even less lncRNAs have been annotated as essential hence implying that the majority may be functionally redundant. Therefore, the function of lncRNAs could be illuminated through systematic analysis of their synthetic genetic interactions (GIs). RESULTS Here, we employ synthetic genetic array (SGA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify GIs between long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) and protein-coding genes. We first validate this approach by demonstrating that the telomerase RNA TLC1 displays a GI network that corresponds to its well-described function in telomere length maintenance. We subsequently performed SGA screens on a set of uncharacterised lincRNAs and uncover their connection to diverse cellular processes. One of these lincRNAs, SUT457, exhibits a GI profile associating it to telomere organisation and we consistently demonstrate that SUT457 is required for telomeric overhang homeostasis through an Exo1-dependent pathway. Furthermore, the GI profile of SUT457 is distinct from that of its neighbouring genes suggesting a function independent to its genomic location. Accordingly, we show that ectopic expression of this lincRNA suppresses telomeric overhang accumulation in sut457Δ cells assigning a trans-acting role for SUT457 in telomere biology. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our work proposes that systematic application of this genetic approach could determine the functional significance of individual lncRNAs in yeast and other complex organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kyriakou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus
| | - Emmanouil Stavrou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus
| | | | - Georgia Angelidou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus
| | - Bryan-Joseph San Luis
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Charles Boone
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Vasilis J Promponas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus
| | - Antonis Kirmizis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CY-1678, Cyprus.
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24
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Importance of cycle timing for the function of the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:1020-1028. [PMID: 27723736 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 couples ATP hydrolysis to large conformational changes essential for activation of client proteins. The structural transitions involve dimerization of the N-terminal domains and formation of 'closed states' involving the N-terminal and middle domains. Here, we used Hsp90 mutants that modulate ATPase activity and biological function as probes to address the importance of conformational cycling for Hsp90 activity. We found no correlation between the speed of ATP turnover and the in vivo activity of Hsp90: some mutants with almost normal ATPase activity were lethal, and some mutants with lower or undetectable ATPase activity were viable. Our analysis showed that it is crucial for Hsp90 to attain and spend time in certain conformational states: a certain dwell time in open states is required for optimal processing of client proteins, whereas a prolonged population of closed states has negative effects. Thus, the timing of conformational transitions is crucial for Hsp90 function and not cycle speed.
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25
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MacNeil DE, Bensoussan HJ, Autexier C. Telomerase Regulation from Beginning to the End. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090064. [PMID: 27649246 PMCID: PMC5042394 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast body of literature regarding human telomere maintenance is a true testament to the importance of understanding telomere regulation in both normal and diseased states. In this review, our goal was simple: tell the telomerase story from the biogenesis of its parts to its maturity as a complex and function at its site of action, emphasizing new developments and how they contribute to the foundational knowledge of telomerase and telomere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Elise MacNeil
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Room M-29, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Hélène Jeanne Bensoussan
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Room M-29, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Chantal Autexier
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Room M-29, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1110 Pins Avenue West, Room 101, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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26
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Verma S, Goyal S, Jamal S, Singh A, Grover A. Hsp90: Friends, clients and natural foes. Biochimie 2016; 127:227-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Calderwood SK, Gong J. Heat Shock Proteins Promote Cancer: It's a Protection Racket. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:311-323. [PMID: 26874923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are expressed at high levels in cancer and form a fostering environment that is essential for tumor development. Here, we review the recent data in this area, concentrating mainly on Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90. The overriding role of HSPs in cancer is to stabilize the active functions of overexpressed and mutated cancer genes. Thus, elevated HSPs are required for many of the traits that underlie the morbidity of cancer, including increased growth, survival, and formation of secondary cancers. In addition, HSPs participate in the evolution of cancer treatment resistance. HSPs are also released from cancer cells and influence malignant properties by receptor-mediated signaling. Current data strongly support efforts to target HSPs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. CLS610, 300 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jianlin Gong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Roe S, Gunaratnam M, Spiteri C, Sharma P, Alharthy RD, Neidle S, Moses JE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid acridine-HSP90 ligand conjugates as telomerase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8500-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of bifunctional acridine-HSP90 inhibitor ligands as telomerase inhibitors is herein described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Roe
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- UK
| | | | - C. Spiteri
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- UK
| | - P. Sharma
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- UK
| | - R. D. Alharthy
- Department of Chemistry
- King Abdulaziz University
- Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Neidle
- School of Pharmacy
- University College London
- UK
| | - J. E. Moses
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- UK
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29
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Abstract
Hsp90 is a conserved molecular chaperone and is responsible for the folding and activation of several hundred client proteins, involved in various cellular processes. The large number and the diversity of these client proteins demand a high adaptiveness of Hsp90 towards the need of the individual client. This adaptiveness is amongst others mediated by more than 20 so-called cochaperones that differ in their actions towards Hsp90. Some of these cochaperones are able to modulate the ATPase activity of Hsp90 and/or its client protein binding, folding and activation. p23 and Aha1 are two prominent examples with opposing effects on the ATPase activity of Hsp90. p23 is able to inhibit the ATP turnover while Aha1 is the strongest known activator of the ATPase activity of Hsp90. Even though both cochaperones are conserved from yeast to man and have been studied for years, some Hsp90-related as well as Hsp90-independent functions are still enigmatic and under current investigation. In this chapter, we first introduce the ATPase cycle of Hsp90 and then focus on the two cochaperones integrating them in the Hsp90 cycle.
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Katsogiannou M, Andrieu C, Baylot V, Baudot A, Dusetti NJ, Gayet O, Finetti P, Garrido C, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F, Brun C, Rocchi P. The functional landscape of Hsp27 reveals new cellular processes such as DNA repair and alternative splicing and proposes novel anticancer targets. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3585-601. [PMID: 25277244 PMCID: PMC4256507 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified the stress-induced chaperone, Hsp27, as highly overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer and developed an Hsp27 inhibitor (OGX-427) currently tested in phase I/II clinical trials as a chemosensitizing agent in different cancers. To better understand the Hsp27 poorly-defined cytoprotective functions in cancers and increase the OGX-427 pharmacological safety, we established the Hsp27-protein interaction network using a yeast two-hybrid approach and identified 226 interaction partners. As an example, we showed that targeting Hsp27 interaction with TCTP, a partner protein identified in our screen increases therapy sensitivity, opening a new promising field of research for therapeutic approaches that could decrease or abolish toxicity for normal cells. Results of an in-depth bioinformatics network analysis allying the Hsp27 interaction map into the human interactome underlined the multifunctional character of this protein. We identified interactions of Hsp27 with proteins involved in eight well known functions previously related to Hsp27 and uncovered 17 potential new ones, such as DNA repair and RNA splicing. Validation of Hsp27 involvement in both processes in human prostate cancer cells supports our system biology-predicted functions and provides new insights into Hsp27 roles in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsogiannou
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Claudia Andrieu
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Virginie Baylot
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Anaïs Baudot
- ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; **Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille, CNRS UMR7373, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Nelson J Dusetti
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Odile Gayet
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- ‡‡Inserm U866, Faculty of Medicine, 21000 Dijon, France; §§CGFL Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - François Bertucci
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Christine Brun
- ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ¶¶TAGC Inserm U1090, Marseille, F-13009, France; ‖‖CNRS, France
| | - Palma Rocchi
- From the ‡Inserm, UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France; §Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; ¶Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284, Marseille, France; ‖CNRS, UMR7258, CRCM, Marseille, F-13009, France;
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Arancio W, Pizzolanti G, Genovese SI, Baiamonte C, Giordano C. Competing Endogenous RNA and Interactome Bioinformatic Analyses on Human Telomerase. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:161-7. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Arancio
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Concetta Baiamonte
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Shaheed SU, Rustogi N, Scally A, Wilson J, Thygesen H, Loizidou MA, Hadjisavvas A, Hanby A, Speirs V, Loadman P, Linforth R, Kyriacou K, Sutton CW. Identification of stage-specific breast markers using quantitative proteomics. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5696-708. [PMID: 24106833 DOI: 10.1021/pr400662k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Matched healthy and diseased tissues from breast cancer patients were analyzed by quantitative proteomics. By comparing proteomic profiles of fibroadenoma (benign tumors, three patients), DCIS (noninvasive cancer, three patients), and invasive ductal carcinoma (four patients), we identified protein alterations that correlated with breast cancer progression. Three 8-plex iTRAQ experiments generated an average of 826 protein identifications, of which 402 were common. After excluding those originating from blood, 59 proteins were significantly changed in tumor compared with normal tissues, with the majority associated with invasive carcinomas. Bioinformatics analysis identified relationships between proteins in this subset including roles in redox regulation, lipid transport, protein folding, and proteasomal degradation, with a substantial number increased in expression due to Myc oncogene activation. Three target proteins, cofilin-1 and p23 (increased in invasive carcinoma) and membrane copper amine oxidase 3 (decreased in invasive carcinoma), were subjected to further validation. All three were observed in phenotype-specific breast cancer cell lines, normal (nontransformed) breast cell lines, and primary breast epithelial cells by Western blotting, but only cofilin-1 and p23 were detected by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry analysis. All three proteins were detected by both analytical approaches in matched tissue biopsies emulating the response observed with proteomics analysis. Tissue microarray analysis (361 patients) indicated cofilin-1 staining positively correlating with tumor grade and p23 staining with ER positive status; both therefore merit further investigation as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadr-ul Shaheed
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford , Tumbling Hill Street, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
Hsp90 is a major molecular chaperone that is expressed abundantly and plays a pivotal role in assisting correct folding and functionality of its client proteins in cells. The Hsp90 client proteins include a wide variety of signal transducing molecules such as protein kinases and steroid hormone receptors. Cancer is a complex disease, but most types of human cancer share common hallmarks, including self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory mechanism, evasion of programmed cell death, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. A surprisingly large number of Hsp90-client proteins play crucial roles in establishing cancer cell hallmarks. We start the review by describing the structure and function of Hsp90 since conformational changes during the ATPase cycle of Hsp90 are closely related to its function. Many co-chaperones, including Hop, p23, Cdc37, Aha1, and PP5, work together with Hsp90 by modulating the chaperone machinery. Post-translational modifications of Hsp90 and its cochaperones are vital for their function. Many tumor-related Hsp90-client proteins, including signaling kinases, steroid hormone receptors, p53, and telomerase, are described. Hsp90 and its co-chaperones are required for the function of these tumor-promoting client proteins; therefore, inhibition of Hsp90 by specific inhibitors such as geldanamycin and its derivatives attenuates the tumor progression. Hsp90 inhibitors can be potential and effective cancer chemotherapeutic drugs with a unique profile and have been examined in clinical trials. We describe possible mechanisms why Hsp90 inhibitors show selectivity to cancer cells even though Hsp90 is essential also for normal cells. Finally, we discuss the "Hsp90-addiction" of cancer cells, and suggest a role for Hsp90 in tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Miyata
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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34
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Miyata Y, Nakamoto H, Neckers L. The therapeutic target Hsp90 and cancer hallmarks. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:347-65. [PMID: 22920906 DOI: 10.2174/138161213804143725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a major molecular chaperone that is expressed abundantly and plays a pivotal role in assisting correct folding and functionality of its client proteins in cells. The Hsp90 client proteins include a wide variety of signal transducing molecules such as protein kinases and steroid hormone receptors. Cancer is a complex disease, but most types of human cancer share common hallmarks, including self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory mechanism, evasion of programmed cell death, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. A surprisingly large number of Hsp90-client proteins play crucial roles in establishing cancer cell hallmarks. We start the review by describing the structure and function of Hsp90 since conformational changes during the ATPase cycle of Hsp90 are closely related to its function. Many co-chaperones, including Hop, p23, Cdc37, Aha1, and PP5, work together with Hsp90 by modulating the chaperone machinery. Post-translational modifications of Hsp90 and its cochaperones are vital for their function. Many tumor-related Hsp90-client proteins, including signaling kinases, steroid hormone receptors, p53, and telomerase, are described. Hsp90 and its co-chaperones are required for the function of these tumor-promoting client proteins; therefore, inhibition of Hsp90 by specific inhibitors such as geldanamycin and its derivatives attenuates the tumor progression. Hsp90 inhibitors can be potential and effective cancer chemotherapeutic drugs with a unique profile and have been examined in clinical trials. We describe possible mechanisms why Hsp90 inhibitors show selectivity to cancer cells even though Hsp90 is essential also for normal cells. Finally, we discuss the "Hsp90-addiction" of cancer cells, and suggest a role for Hsp90 in tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Miyata
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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35
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Franke J, Eichner S, Zeilinger C, Kirschning A. Targeting heat-shock-protein 90 (Hsp90) by natural products: geldanamycin, a show case in cancer therapy. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1299-323. [PMID: 23934201 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Covering 2005 to 2013. In this review recent progress in the development of heat shock proteins (Hsp90) in oncogenesis is illuminated. Particular emphasis is put on inhibitors such as geldanamycin and analogues that serve as a natural product show case. Hsp90 has emerged as an important target in cancer therapy and/or against pathogenic cells which elicit abnormal Hsp patterns. Competition for ATP by geldanamycin and related compounds abrogate the chaperone function of Hsp90. In this context, this account pursues three topics in detail: a) Hsp90 and its biochemistry, b) Hsp90 and its role in oncogenesis and c) strategies to create compound libraries of structurally complex inhibitors like geldanamycin on which SAR studies and the development of drugs that are currently in different stages of clinical testing rely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Franke
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffchemie (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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36
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Hu Y, Tang HB, Liu NN, Tong XJ, Dang W, Duan YM, Fu XH, Zhang Y, Peng J, Meng FL, Zhou JQ. Telomerase-null survivor screening identifies novel telomere recombination regulators. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003208. [PMID: 23390378 PMCID: PMC3547846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are protein–DNA structures found at the ends of linear chromosomes and are crucial for genome integrity. Telomeric DNA length is primarily maintained by the enzyme telomerase. Cells lacking telomerase will undergo senescence when telomeres become critically short. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a very small percentage of cells lacking telomerase can remain viable by lengthening telomeres via two distinct homologous recombination pathways. These “survivor” cells are classified as either Type I or Type II, with each class of survivor possessing distinct telomeric DNA structures and genetic requirements. To elucidate the regulatory pathways contributing to survivor generation, we knocked out the telomerase RNA gene TLC1 in 280 telomere-length-maintenance (TLM) gene mutants and examined telomere structures in post-senescent survivors. We uncovered new functional roles for 10 genes that affect the emerging ratio of Type I versus Type II survivors and 22 genes that are required for Type II survivor generation. We further verified that Pif1 helicase was required for Type I recombination and that the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex greatly affected the emerging frequency of Type I survivors. Finally, we found the Rad6-mediated ubiquitination pathway and the KEOPS complex were required for Type II recombination. Our data provide an independent line of evidence supporting the idea that these genes play important roles in telomere dynamics. Homologous recombination is a means for an organism or a cell to repair damaged DNA in its genome. Eukaryotic chromosomes have a linear configuration with two ends that are special DNA–protein structures called telomeres. Telomeres can be recognized by the cell as DNA double-strand breaks and subjected to repair by homologous recombination. In the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cells that lack the enzyme telomerase, which is the primary factor responsible for telomeric DNA elongation, are able to escape senescence and cell death when telomeres undergo repair via homologous recombination. In this study, we have performed genetic screens to identify genes that affect telomeric DNA recombination. By examining the telomere structures in 280 mutants, each of which lacks both a telomere-length-maintenance gene and telomerase RNA gene, we identified 32 genes that were not previously known to be involved in telomere recombination. These genes have functions in a variety of cellular processes, and our work provides new insights into the regulation of telomere recombination in the absence of telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Bo Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia-Jing Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Min Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Abstract
The mechanisms that maintain the stability of chromosome ends have broad impact on genome integrity in all eukaryotes. Budding yeast is a premier organism for telomere studies. Many fundamental concepts of telomere and telomerase function were first established in yeast and then extended to other organisms. We present a comprehensive review of yeast telomere biology that covers capping, replication, recombination, and transcription. We think of it as yeast telomeres—soup to nuts.
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38
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Bogumil D, Dagan T. Cumulative impact of chaperone-mediated folding on genome evolution. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9941-53. [PMID: 23167595 DOI: 10.1021/bi3013643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones support protein folding and unfolding along with assembly and translocation of protein complexes. Chaperones have been recognized as important mediators between an organismal genotype and phenotype as well as important maintainers of cellular fitness under environmental conditions that induce high mutational loads. Here we review recent studies revealing that the folding assistance supplied by chaperones is evident in genomic sequences implicating chaperone-mediated folding as an influential factor during protein evolution. Interaction of protein with chaperones ensures a proper folding and function, yet an adaptation to obligatory dependence on such assistance may be irreversible, representing an evolutionary trap. A correlation between the requirement for a chaperone and protein expression level indicates that the evolution of substrate-chaperone interaction is bounded by the required substrate abundance within the cell. Accumulating evidence suggests that the utility of chaperones is governed by a delicate balance between their help in mitigating the risks of protein misfolding and aggregate formation on one hand and the slower rate of protein maturation and the energetic cost of chaperone synthesis on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bogumil
- Institute for Genomic Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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39
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Zelin E, Zhang Y, Toogun OA, Zhong S, Freeman BC. The p23 molecular chaperone and GCN5 acetylase jointly modulate protein-DNA dynamics and open chromatin status. Mol Cell 2012; 48:459-70. [PMID: 23022381 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular processes function through multistep pathways that are reliant on the controlled association and disassociation of sequential protein complexes. While dynamic action is critical to propagate and terminate work, the mechanisms used to disassemble biological structures are not fully understood. Here we show that the p23 molecular chaperone initiates disassembly of protein-DNA complexes and that the GCN5 acetyltransferase prolongs the dissociated state through lysine acetylation. By modulating the DNA-bound state, we found that the conserved and essential joint activities of p23 and GCN5 impacted transcription factor activation potential and response time to an environmental cue. Notably, p23 and GCN5 were required to maintain open chromatin regions along the genome, indicating that dynamic protein behavior is a critical feature of various DNA-associated events. Our data support a model in which p23 and GCN5 regulate diverse multistep pathways by controlling the longevity of protein-DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zelin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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40
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Echtenkamp FJ, Freeman BC. Expanding the cellular molecular chaperone network through the ubiquitous cochaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:668-73. [PMID: 21889547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular environments are highly complex and contain a copious variety of proteins that must operate in unison to achieve homeostasis. To guide and preserve order, multifaceted molecular chaperone networks are present within each cell type. To handle the vast client diversity and regulatory demands, a wide assortment of chaperones are needed. In addition to the classic heat shock proteins, cochaperones with inherent chaperoning abilities (e.g., p23, Hsp40, Cdc37, etc.) are likely used to complete a system. In this review, we focus on the HSP90-associated cochaperones and provide evidence supporting a model in which select cochaperones are used to differentially modulate target proteins, contribute to combinatorial client regulation, and increase the overall reach of a cellular molecular chaperone network. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Echtenkamp
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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41
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Soroka J, Wandinger S, Mäusbacher N, Schreiber T, Richter K, Daub H, Buchner J. Conformational Switching of the Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 via Regulated Phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2012; 45:517-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Conway-Campbell BL, Pooley JR, Hager GL, Lightman SL. Molecular dynamics of ultradian glucocorticoid receptor action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:383-93. [PMID: 21872640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it has become evident that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) action in the nucleus is highly dynamic, characterized by a rapid exchange at the chromatin template. This stochastic mode of GR action couples perfectly with a deterministic pulsatile availability of endogenous ligand in vivo. The endogenous glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol in man and corticosterone in rodent) is secreted from the adrenal gland with an ultradian rhythm made up of pulses at approximately hourly intervals. These two components - the rapidly fluctuating ligand and the rapidly exchanging receptor - appear to have evolved to establish and maintain a system that is exquisitely responsive to the physiological demands of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent and innovative work that questions the idea of steady state, static hormone receptor responses, and replaces them with new concepts of stochastic mechanisms and oscillatory activity essential for optimal function in molecular and cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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Gunaratnam M, de la Fuente M, Hampel SM, Todd AK, Reszka AP, Schätzlein A, Neidle S. Targeting pancreatic cancer with a G-quadruplex ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7151-7. [PMID: 22041170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of telomeres in most cancer cells is maintained by the action of the telomerase enzyme complex, which catalyzes the synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats in order to replace those lost during replication. Telomerase is especially up-regulated in metastatic cancer and is thus emerging as a major therapeutic target. One approach to telomerase inhibition involves the sequestration of the single-stranded 3' ends of telomeric DNA into higher-order quadruplex structures. We have recently shown that tetra-substituted naphthalene diimide compounds are potent quadruplex-stabilizing molecules with telomerase inhibitory activity in cells. We show here that one such compound, BMSG-SH-3, which has been optimized by computer modeling, has significant in vivo antitumor activity against a model for pancreatic cancer, a cancer that is especially resistant to current therapies. A large reduction in telomerase activity in treated tumors was observed and the naphthalene diimide compound was found to be selectively localized in the treated tumors. We find that the expression of the therapeutically important chaperone protein HSP90, a regulator of telomerase is also reduced in vivo by BMSG-SH-3 treatment. The compound is a potent stabilizer of two G-quadruplex sequences found in the promoter region of the HSP90 gene, as well as a G-quadruplex from human telomeric DNA. It is proposed that the simultaneous targeting of these quadruplexes may be an effective anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Gunaratnam
- CRUK Biomolecular Structure Unit, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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44
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Evolution and function of diverse Hsp90 homologs and cochaperone proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:607-13. [PMID: 22008467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone family are found in the cytosol, ER, mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells, as well as in bacteria. These diverse family members cooperate with other proteins, such as the molecular chaperone Hsp70, to mediate protein folding, activation and assembly into multiprotein complexes. All examined Hsp90 homologs exhibit similar ATPase rates and undergo similar conformational changes. One of the key differences is that cytosolic Hsp90 interacts with a large number of cochaperones that regulate the ATPase activity of Hsp90 or have other functions, such as targeting clients to Hsp90. Diverse Hsp90 homologs appear to chaperone different types of client proteins. This difference may reflect either the pool of clients requiring Hsp90 function or the requirement for cochaperones to target clients to Hsp90. This review discusses known functions, similarities and differences between Hsp90 family members and how cochaperones are known to affect these functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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Nicholls C, Li H, Wang JQ, Liu JP. Molecular regulation of telomerase activity in aging. Protein Cell 2011; 2:726-38. [PMID: 21976062 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of aging is mitigated by the maintenance and repair of chromosome ends (telomeres), resulting in extended lifespan. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions and regulation of the enzyme telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which functions as the primary mechanism of telomere maintenance and regulates cellular life expectancy. Underpinning increased cell proliferation, telomerase is also a key factor in facilitating cancer cell immortalization. The review focuses on aspects of hormonal regulations of telomerase, and the intracellular pathways that converge to regulate telomerase activity with an emphasis on molecular interactions at protein and gene levels. In addition, the basic structure and function of two key telomerase enzyme components-the catalytic subunit TERT and the template RNA (TERC) are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Nicholls
- Molecular Signalling Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Hsp90 in non-mammalian metazoan model systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:712-21. [PMID: 21983200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 has been discovered in the heat-shock response of the fruit fly more than 30years ago. Today, it is becoming clear that Hsp90 is in the middle of a regulatory system, participating in the modulation of many essential client proteins and signaling pathways. Exerting these activities, Hsp90 works together with about a dozen of cochaperones. Due to their organismal simplicity and the possibility to influence their genetics on a large scale, many studies have addressed the function of Hsp90 in several multicellular model systems. Defined pathways involving Hsp90 client proteins have been identified in the metazoan model systems of Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and the zebrafish Danio rerio. Here, we summarize the functions of Hsp90 during muscle maintenance, development of phenotypic traits and the involvement of Hsp90 in stress responses, all of which were largely uncovered using the model organisms covered in this review. These findings highlight the many specific and general actions of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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Li J, Soroka J, Buchner J. The Hsp90 chaperone machinery: conformational dynamics and regulation by co-chaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:624-35. [PMID: 21951723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a dimeric molecular chaperone required for the activation and stabilization of numerous client proteins many of which are involved in essential cellular processes like signal transduction pathways. This activation process is regulated by ATP-induced large conformational changes, co-chaperones and posttranslational modifications. For some co-chaperones, a detailed picture on their structures and functions exists, for others their contributions to the Hsp90 system is still unclear. Recent progress on the conformational dynamics of Hsp90 and how co-chaperones affect the Hsp90 chaperone cycle significantly increased our understanding of the gearings of this complex molecular machinery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Technische Universitat, Munchen, Germany
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48
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Makhnevych T, Houry WA. The role of Hsp90 in protein complex assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:674-82. [PMID: 21945180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a ubiquitous and essential molecular chaperone that plays central roles in many signaling and other cellular pathways. The in vivo and in vitro activity of Hsp90 depends on its association with a wide variety of cochaperones and cofactors, which form large multi-protein complexes involved in folding client proteins. Based on our proteomic work mapping the molecular chaperone interaction networks in yeast, especially that of Hsp90, as well as, on experiments and results presented in the published literature, one major role of Hsp90 appears to be the promotion and maintenance of proper assembly of protein complexes. To highlight this role of Hsp90, the effect of the chaperone on the assembly of the following seven complexes is discussed in this review: snoRNP, RNA polymerase II, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK), telomere complex, kinetochore, RNA induced silencing complexes (RISC), and 26S proteasome. For some complexes, it is observed that Hsp90 mediates complex assembly by stabilizing an unstable protein subunit and facilitating its incorporation into the complex; for other complexes, Hsp90 promotes change in the composition of that complex. In all cases, Hsp90 does not appear to be part of the final assembled complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Makhnevych
- Department of Biochemsitry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Echeverría PC, Forafonov F, Pandey DP, Mühlebach G, Picard D. Detection of changes in gene regulatory patterns, elicited by perturbations of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone complex, by visualizing multiple experiments with an animation. BioData Min 2011; 4:15. [PMID: 21672238 PMCID: PMC3123244 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0381-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To make sense out of gene expression profiles, such analyses must be pushed beyond the mere listing of affected genes. For example, if a group of genes persistently display similar changes in expression levels under particular experimental conditions, and the proteins encoded by these genes interact and function in the same cellular compartments, this could be taken as very strong indicators for co-regulated protein complexes. One of the key requirements is having appropriate tools to detect such regulatory patterns. Results We have analyzed the global adaptations in gene expression patterns in the budding yeast when the Hsp90 molecular chaperone complex is perturbed either pharmacologically or genetically. We integrated these results with publicly accessible expression, protein-protein interaction and intracellular localization data. But most importantly, all experimental conditions were simultaneously and dynamically visualized with an animation. This critically facilitated the detection of patterns of gene expression changes that suggested underlying regulatory networks that a standard analysis by pairwise comparison and clustering could not have revealed. Conclusions The results of the animation-assisted detection of changes in gene regulatory patterns make predictions about the potential roles of Hsp90 and its co-chaperone p23 in regulating whole sets of genes. The simultaneous dynamic visualization of microarray experiments, represented in networks built by integrating one's own experimental with publicly accessible data, represents a powerful discovery tool that allows the generation of new interpretations and hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Echeverría
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences 3, CH - 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
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Talley JM, DeZwaan DC, Maness LD, Freeman BC, Friedman KL. Stimulation of yeast telomerase activity by the ever shorter telomere 3 (Est3) subunit is dependent on direct interaction with the catalytic protein Est2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26431-9. [PMID: 21659533 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a multisubunit enzyme that maintains genome stability through its role in telomere replication. Although the Est3 protein is long recognized as an essential telomerase component, how it associates with and functions in the telomerase complex has remained enigmatic. Here we provide the first evidence of a direct interaction between Saccharomyces cerevisiae Est3p and the catalytic protein subunit (Est2p) by demonstrating that recombinant Est3p binds the purified telomerase essential N-terminal (TEN) domain of Est2p in vitro. Mutations in a small cluster of amino acids predicted to lie on the surface of Est3p disrupt this interaction with Est2p, reduce assembly of Est3p with telomerase in vivo, and cause telomere shortening and senescence. We also show that recombinant Est3p stimulates telomerase activity above basal levels in vitro in a manner dependent on the Est2p TEN domain interaction. Together, these results define a direct binding interaction between Est3p and Est2p and reconcile the effect of S. cerevisiae Est3p with previous experiments showing that Est3p homologs in related yeast species influence telomerase activity. Additionally, it contributes functional support to the idea that Est3p is structurally related to the mammalian shelterin protein, TPP1, which also influences telomerase activity through interaction with the Est2p homolog, TERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennell M Talley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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