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Ding M, Li H, Zheng L. Drosophila exercise, an emerging model bridging the fields of exercise and aging in human. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:966531. [PMID: 36158212 PMCID: PMC9507000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.966531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is one of the most effective treatments for the diseases of aging. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have used Drosophila melanogaster to study the broad benefits of regular exercise in aging individuals. With the widespread use of Drosophila exercise models and the upgrading of the Drosophila exercise apparatus, we should carefully examine the differential contribution of regular exercise in the aging process to facilitate more detailed quantitative measurements and assessment of the exercise phenotype. In this paper, we review some of the resources available for Drosophila exercise models. The focus is on the impact of regular exercise or exercise adaptation in the aging process in Drosophila and highlights the great potential and current challenges faced by this model in the field of anti-aging research.
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Dai X, Cao X, Wang K, Huang X, Ren Q. Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) negatively regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes through tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:26-35. [PMID: 33011434 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a member of the bZIP transcription factor family, is involved in multiple physiological and developmental processes, yet its role in the innate immunity remains unclear. In this study, two isoforms (named as MnATF2a and MnATF2b) of ATF2 gene were identified in Macrobrachium nipponense and were produced by exon skipping. The full length of MnATF2a is 2328 bp with an open reading frame of 2079 bp that encode 692 amino acids. MnATF2a has 237 bp nucleotides more than MnATF2b and the extra 237 bp is a complete exon. MnATF2a and MnATF2b proteins contain the same conserved and typical bZIP domain at the C-terminus. MnATF2a has 79 amino acids more than MnATF2b. MnATF2a and MnATF2b are widely distributed in a variety of immune tissues. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus infection, the expression levels of MnATF2a and MnATF2b were significant up-regulated in the gills and stomach at 12 h. RNA interference analysis showed that knockdown of the total MnATF2 gene significantly inhibits the transcription of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and promotes the expression of crustins (including Cru3, Cru4, and Cru7). Further study showed that knockdown of MnTNF evidently increase the expression of Cru3, Cru4, and Cru7. Our research indicates that ATF2 negatively regulate the expression of AMPs by regulating the transcription of TNF in M. nipponense. This study provides valuable information about the function of ATF2 family in the innate immunity in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Xueying Cao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China.
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, 210023, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong province, 250014, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, 222005, China.
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Algarve TD, Assmann CE, Cadoná FC, Machado AK, Manica-Cattani MF, Sato-Miyata Y, Asano T, Duarte MMMF, Ribeiro EE, Aigaki T, da Cruz IBM. Guarana improves behavior and inflammatory alterations triggered by methylmercury exposure: an in vivo fruit fly and in vitro neural cells study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15069-15083. [PMID: 30915696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental pollutant associated with neurological and developmental deficits in animals and humans. However, epidemiological data showed that people living in the Amazon region although exposed to MeHg do not present these effects probably due to the protective effect of certain foods. We hypothesized here if guarana, a highly caffeinated fruit and consumed on a daily basis by Amazon people, could have some protective effect against MeHg toxicity using two complementary approaches. To assess locomotor impairment and sleep disruption, we used fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) model, and to evaluate neuroinflammation, we used human SH-SY5Y neural cells by measuring inflammatory cytokines levels. Results showed that guarana had a protective effect on the locomotor activity of male fruit flies reducing the excessive sleepiness caused by MeHg and increasing daily activity. Also, guarana increased the viability of flies and attenuated neural cells mortality. In addition, guarana reduced all pro-inflammatory cytokines levels increased by MeHg, along with caspase-1, caspase -3, caspase-8, and 8-dOHG levels, whereas increased the anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine levels, which was decreased by MeHg. Our study provides new insights on the protective effects of guarana on the viability, locomotor activity, sleep, and activity patterns in vivo and the in vitro neuronal anti-inflammatory effect against MeHg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Doeler Algarve
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Room 3101, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Room 3101, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Francine Carla Cadoná
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tsunaki Asano
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Av., Building 19, Room 3101, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Geissmann Q, Garcia Rodriguez L, Beckwith EJ, French AS, Jamasb AR, Gilestro GF. Ethoscopes: An open platform for high-throughput ethomics. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2003026. [PMID: 29049280 PMCID: PMC5648103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the use of ethoscopes, which are machines for high-throughput analysis of behavior in Drosophila and other animals. Ethoscopes provide a software and hardware solution that is reproducible and easily scalable. They perform, in real-time, tracking and profiling of behavior by using a supervised machine learning algorithm, are able to deliver behaviorally triggered stimuli to flies in a feedback-loop mode, and are highly customizable and open source. Ethoscopes can be built easily by using 3D printing technology and rely on Raspberry Pi microcomputers and Arduino boards to provide affordable and flexible hardware. All software and construction specifications are available at http://lab.gilest.ro/ethoscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Geissmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Esteban J. Beckwith
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice S. French
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arian R. Jamasb
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio F. Gilestro
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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5
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Qian Y, Cao Y, Deng B, Yang G, Li J, Xu R, Zhang D, Huang J, Rao Y. Sleep homeostasis regulated by 5HT2b receptor in a small subset of neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body of drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:26519. [PMID: 28984573 PMCID: PMC5648528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis is limited. We have taken a systematic approach to study neural signaling by the transmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in drosophila. We have generated knockout and knockin lines for Trh, the 5-HT synthesizing enzyme and all five 5-HT receptors, making it possible for us to determine their expression patterns and to investigate their functional roles. Loss of the Trh, 5HT1a or 5HT2b gene decreased sleep time whereas loss of the Trh or 5HT2b gene diminished sleep rebound after sleep deprivation. 5HT2b expression in a small subset of, probably a single pair of, neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) is functionally essential: elimination of the 5HT2b gene from these neurons led to loss of sleep homeostasis. Genetic ablation of 5HT2b neurons in the dFB decreased sleep and impaired sleep homeostasis. Our results have shown that serotonergic signaling in specific neurons is required for the regulation of sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Qian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Ito K, Kawasaki H, Suzuki T, Takahara T, Ishida N. Effects of Kamikihito and Unkei-to on Sleep Behavior of Wild Type and Parkinson Model in Drosophila. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:132. [PMID: 28824465 PMCID: PMC5534454 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and it is associated with sleep behavior disorders. In Drosophila melanogaster disease model, human α-synuclein A30P overexpressing flies (A30P PD model) have been shown for levy body aggregation and movement disorders. We measured sleep rhythms in the A30P PD model flies using the Drosophila Activity Monitoring system and found that they develop sleep defects at 20 days after eclosion. Furthermore, the total amount of sleep is significantly reduced in middle-aged PD model flies and the reduction has been attributed to nighttime sleep. The number and length of sleep bouts also decreased in middle-aged A30P PD model flies. Feeding of the oriental traditional herbal medicines (Kampo), Kamikihito and Unkei-to significantly ameliorate the level of sleep defects in A30P PD model flies. The Kamikihito and Unkei-to recovered 60-min sleep bouts number in the A30P PD model flies to the level of young (5 days after eclosion) flies. Kamikihito recovered sleep both in wild-type and PD model flies. Unkei-to ameliorates not only sleep but also motor function in PD model flies. The data suggest that Kamikihito and Unkei-to might be useful for the sleep defects in human PD patients as well as healthy human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Ito
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kawasaki
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Takahara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norio Ishida
- Institute of Chronobiology, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ishida Group of Clock Gene, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST) 6 Central, Tsukuba, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Sleep is essential for health and cognition, but the molecular and neural mechanisms of sleep regulation are not well understood. We recently reported the identification of TARANIS (TARA) as a sleep-promoting factor that acts in a previously unknown arousal center in Drosophila. tara mutants exhibit a dose-dependent reduction in sleep amount of up to ∼60%. TARA and its mammalian homologs, the Trip-Br (Transcriptional Regulators Interacting with PHD zinc fingers and/or Bromodomains) family of proteins, are primarily known as transcriptional coregulators involved in cell cycle progression, and contain a conserved Cyclin-A (CycA) binding homology domain. We found that tara and CycA synergistically promote sleep, and CycA levels are reduced in tara mutants. Additional data demonstrated that Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) antagonizes tara and CycA to promote wakefulness. Moreover, we identified a subset of CycA expressing neurons in the pars lateralis, a brain region proposed to be analogous to the mammalian hypothalamus, as an arousal center. In this Extra View article, we report further characterization of tara mutants and provide an extended discussion of our findings and future directions within the framework of a working model, in which a network of cell cycle genes, tara, CycA, and Cdk1, interact in an arousal center to regulate sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinis J S Afonso
- a Department of Neuroscience ; the Farber Institute for Neurosciences; and Kimmel Cancer Center; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia , PA USA.,b Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); School of Health Sciences; University of Minho ; 4710-057 Braga , Portugal.,c ICVS/3B's; PT Government Associate Laboratory ; 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães ; Portugal
| | - Daniel R Machado
- a Department of Neuroscience ; the Farber Institute for Neurosciences; and Kimmel Cancer Center; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia , PA USA.,b Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); School of Health Sciences; University of Minho ; 4710-057 Braga , Portugal.,c ICVS/3B's; PT Government Associate Laboratory ; 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães ; Portugal
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- a Department of Neuroscience ; the Farber Institute for Neurosciences; and Kimmel Cancer Center; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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8
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Li Q, Wang Z, Lian J, Schiøtt M, Jin L, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Nygaard S, Peng Z, Zhou Y, Deng Y, Zhang W, Boomsma JJ, Zhang G. Caste-specific RNA editomes in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4943. [PMID: 25266559 PMCID: PMC4200514 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eusocial insects have evolved the capacity to generate adults with distinct morphological, reproductive and behavioural phenotypes from the same genome. Recent studies suggest that RNA editing might enhance the diversity of gene products at the post-transcriptional level, particularly to induce functional changes in the nervous system. Using head samples from the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior, we compare RNA editomes across eusocial castes, identifying ca. 11,000 RNA editing sites in gynes, large workers and small workers. Those editing sites map to 800 genes functionally enriched for neurotransmission, circadian rhythm, temperature response, RNA splicing and carboxylic acid biosynthesis. Most A. echinatior editing sites are species specific, but 8–23% are conserved across ant subfamilies and likely to have been important for the evolution of eusociality in ants. The level of editing varies for the same site between castes, suggesting that RNA editing might be a general mechanism that shapes caste behaviour in ants. Post-translational mRNA editing has the potential to enhance the diversity of gene products and alter the functional properties of proteins. Here, Li et al. provide evidence that RNA editing is involved in generating caste-specific contrasting phenotypes in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiye Li
- 1] School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China [2] China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zongji Wang
- 1] School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China [2] China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jinmin Lian
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Morten Schiøtt
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lijun Jin
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Sanne Nygaard
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yang Zhou
- 1] School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China [2] China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guojie Zhang
- 1] China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 11, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China [2] Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Chen W, Shi W, Li L, Zheng Z, Li T, Bai W, Zhao Z. Regulation of sleep by the short neuropeptide F (sNPF) in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:809-819. [PMID: 23796436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The short neuropeptide F (sNPF), a neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila melanogaster, is expressed in a large population of diverse neurons of brain. Most of these neurons are intrinsic interneurons of the mushroom bodies, which are the most prominent insect bilateral CNS structures that regulate memory and sleep. However, its role in sleep regulation still remains elusive. Here, we showed that sNPF-deficient female and male flies exhibit sleep enhancement with an increase of sleep bout duration. Loss of function of sNPF and sNPFR1 also elevated sleep. Moreover, the homeostatic regulation of flies after sleep deprivation was disrupted by aberrant sNPF signaling, since sleep deprivation increased transcription of sNPF and wakefulness at night in control flies but not in the sNPF mutant flies, suggesting that sNPF autoregulation plays an important role in sleep homeostasis. We further verified that sNPF signal elevated cAMP levels, and subsequently activated the downstream CREB transcription factor. The duration of sleep was found to be inversely related to cAMP signaling and CREB activity in the mushroom bodies. Thus, we concluded that sleep might be regulated by sNPF through modulating the cAMP-PKA-CREB signal pathway in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
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10
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Potdar S, Sheeba V. Lessons From Sleeping Flies: Insights fromDrosophila melanogasteron the Neuronal Circuitry and Importance of Sleep. J Neurogenet 2013; 27:23-42. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2013.791692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Mizrak D, Ruben M, Myers GN, Rhrissorrakrai K, Gunsalus KC, Blau J. Electrical activity can impose time of day on the circadian transcriptome of pacemaker neurons. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1871-80. [PMID: 22940468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian (∼24 hr) rhythms offer one of the best examples of how gene expression is tied to behavior. Circadian pacemaker neurons contain molecular clocks that control 24 hr rhythms in gene expression that in turn regulate electrical activity rhythms to control behavior. RESULTS Here we demonstrate the inverse relationship: there are broad transcriptional changes in Drosophila clock neurons (LN(v)s) in response to altered electrical activity, including a large set of circadian genes. Hyperexciting LN(v)s creates a morning-like expression profile for many circadian genes while hyperpolarization leads to an evening-like transcriptional state. The electrical effects robustly persist in per(0) mutant LN(v)s but not in cyc(0) mutant LN(v)s, suggesting that neuronal activity interacts with the transcriptional activators of the core circadian clock. Bioinformatic and immunocytochemical analyses suggest that CREB family transcription factors link LN(v) electrical state to circadian gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The electrical state of a clock neuron can impose time of day to its transcriptional program. We propose that this acts as an internal zeitgeber to add robustness and precision to circadian behavioral rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogukan Mizrak
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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12
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Abstract
In the past decade, Drosophila has emerged as an ideal model organism for studying the genetic components of sleep as well as its regulation and functions. In fruit flies, sleep can be conveniently estimated by measuring the locomotor activity of the flies using techniques and instruments adapted from the field of circadian behavior. However, proper analysis of sleep requires degrees of spatial and temporal resolution higher than is needed by circadian scientists, as well as different algorithms and software for data analysis. Here I describe how to perform sleep experiments in flies using techniques and software (pySolo and pySolo-Video) previously developed in my laboratory. I focus on computer-assisted video tracking to monitor fly activity. I explain how to plan a sleep analysis experiment that covers the basic aspects of sleep, how to prepare the necessary equipment and how to analyze the data. By using this protocol, a typical sleep analysis experiment can be completed in 5-7 d.
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13
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Seong KH, Maekawa T, Ishii S. Inheritance and memory of stress-induced epigenome change: roles played by the ATF-2 family of transcription factors. Genes Cells 2012; 17:249-63. [PMID: 22380515 PMCID: PMC3444692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Data on the inheritance-of-stress effect have been accumulating and some mechanistic insights, such as epigenetic regulation, have also been suggested. In particular, the modern view of Lamarckian inheritance appears to be affected by the finding that stress-induced epigenetic changes can be inherited. This review summarizes the current data on the inheritance of stress effect and possible mechanisms involved in this process. In particular, we focus on the stress-induced epigenetic changes mediated by the ATF-2 family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyeon Seong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Sleep remains one of the least understood phenomena in biology--even its role in synaptic plasticity remains debatable. Since sleep was recognized to be regulated genetically, intense research has launched on two fronts: the development of model organisms for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of sleep and attempts to identify genetic underpinnings of human sleep disorders. In this Review, we describe how unbiased, high-throughput screens in model organisms are uncovering sleep regulatory mechanisms and how pathways, such as the circadian clock network and specific neurotransmitter signals, have conserved effects on sleep from Drosophila to humans. At the same time, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered ∼14 loci increasing susceptibility to sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy and restless leg syndrome. To conclude, we discuss how these different strategies will be critical to unambiguously defining the function of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Seong KH, Li D, Shimizu H, Nakamura R, Ishii S. Inheritance of stress-induced, ATF-2-dependent epigenetic change. Cell 2011; 145:1049-61. [PMID: 21703449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atf1, the fission yeast homolog of activation transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), contributes to heterochromatin formation. However, the role of ATF-2 in chromatin assembly in higher organisms remains unknown. This study reveals that Drosophila ATF-2 (dATF-2) is required for heterochromatin assembly, whereas the stress-induced phosphorylation of dATF-2, via Mekk1-p38, disrupts heterochromatin. The dATF-2 protein colocalized with HP1, not only on heterochromatin but also at specific loci in euchromatin. Heat shock or osmotic stress induced phosphorylation of dATF-2 and resulted in its release from heterochromatin. This heterochromatic disruption was an epigenetic event that was transmitted to the next generation in a non-Mendelian fashion. When embryos were exposed to heat stress over multiple generations, the defective chromatin state was maintained over multiple successive generations, though it gradually returned to the normal state. The results suggest a mechanism by which the effects of stress are inherited epigenetically via the regulation of a tight chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyeon Seong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Raizen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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Transcriptional control of behavior: engrailed knock-out changes cockroach escape trajectories. J Neurosci 2009; 29:7181-90. [PMID: 19494140 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1374-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerci of the cockroach are covered with identified sensory hairs that detect air movements. The sensory neurons that innervate these hairs synapse with giant interneurons in the terminal ganglion that in turn synapse with interneurons and leg motor neurons in thoracic ganglia. This neural circuit mediates the animal's escape behavior. The transcription factor Engrailed (En) is expressed only in the medially born sensory neurons, which suggested that it could work as a positional determinant of sensory neuron identity. Previously, we used double-stranded RNA interference to abolish En expression and found that the axonal arborization and synaptic outputs of an identified En-positive sensory neuron changed so that it came to resemble a nearby En-negative cell, which was itself unaffected. We thus demonstrated directly that En controls synaptic choice, as well as axon projections. Is escape behavior affected as a result of this miswiring? We showed recently that adult cockroaches keep each escape unpredictable by running along one of a set of preferred escape trajectories (ETs) at fixed angles from the direction of the threatening stimulus. The probability of selecting a particular ET is influenced by wind direction. In this present study, we show that early instar juvenile cockroaches also use those same ETs. En knock-out significantly perturbs the animals' perception of posterior wind, altering the choice of ETs to one more appropriate for anterior wind. This is the first time that it has been shown that knock-out of a transcription factor controlling synaptic connectivity can alter the perception of a directional stimulus.
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Chung BY, Kilman VL, Keath JR, Pitman JL, Allada R. The GABA(A) receptor RDL acts in peptidergic PDF neurons to promote sleep in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2009; 19:386-90. [PMID: 19230663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by a circadian clock that times sleep and wake to specific times of day and a homeostat that drives sleep as a function of prior wakefulness. To analyze the role of the circadian clock, we have used the fruit fly Drosophila. Flies display the core behavioral features of sleep, including relative immobility, elevated arousal thresholds, and homeostatic regulation. We assessed sleep-wake modulation by a core set of circadian pacemaker neurons that express the neuropeptide PDF. We find that disruption of PDF function increases sleep during the late night in light:dark and the first subjective day of constant darkness. Flies deploy genetic and neurotransmitter pathways to regulate sleep that are similar to those of their mammalian counterparts, including GABA. We find that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the GABA(A) receptor gene, Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl), in PDF neurons reduces sleep, consistent with a role for GABA in inhibiting PDF neuron function. Patch-clamp electrophysiology reveals GABA-activated picrotoxin-sensitive chloride currents on PDF+ neurons. In addition, RDL is detectable most strongly on the large subset of PDF+ pacemaker neurons. These results suggest that GABAergic inhibition of arousal-promoting PDF neurons is an important mode of sleep-wake regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Chung
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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