1
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Oh S, Park S, Park Y, Kim YA, Park G, Cui X, Kim K, Joo S, Hur S, Kim G, Choi J. Culturing characteristics of Hanwoo myosatellite cells and C2C12 cells incubated at 37°C and 39°C for cultured meat. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:664-678. [PMID: 37332290 PMCID: PMC10271921 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
To improve culture efficiency of Hanwoo myosatellite cells, these cells were cultured at different temperatures. Hanwoo myosatellite cells were compared with C2C12 cells to observe proliferation and differentiation at culture temperatures of 37°C and 39°C and determine the possibility of using them as cultured meat. Immunofluorescence staining using Pax7 and Hoechst, both cells cultured at 37°C proliferated better than cultured at 39°C (p < 0.05). When differentiated cells were stained with myosin and Hoechst, there was no significant difference in myotube thickness and Fusion index (p > 0.05). In Western blotting analysis, Hanwoo myosatellite cells were no significant difference in the expression of myosin between cells differentiated at the two temperatures (p > 0.05). C2C12 cells were no significant difference in the expression of myosin between cells differentiated at the two temperatures (p > 0.05). In reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, Hanwoo myosatellite cells cultured at 39°C had significantly (p < 0.05) higher expression levels of MyHC, MYF6, and MB than those cultured at 37°C. C2C12 cells cultured at 39°C showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher expression levels of MYOG and MB than those cultured at 37°C. To increase culture efficiency of Hanwoo myosatellite cells, proliferating at 37°C and differentiating at 39°C are appropriate. Since results of temperature differences of Hanwoo myosatellite cells were similar to those of C2C12 cells, they could be used as a reference for producing cultured meat using Hanwoo satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyuk Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sanghun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yunhwan Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yun-a Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gyutae Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Xiangshun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwansuk Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seontea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Korea
| | - Sunjin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Gapdon Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Jungseok Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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2
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Xu B, Gao X, Li X, Jia Y, Li F, Zhang Z. Cell cycle arrest explains the observed bulk 3D genomic alterations in response to long-term heat shock in K562 cells. Genome Res 2022; 32:1285-1297. [PMID: 35835565 PMCID: PMC9341516 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276554.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock is a common environmental stress, although the response of the nucleus to it remains controversial in mammalian cells. Acute reaction and chronic adaptation to environmental stress may have distinct internal rewiring in the gene regulation networks. However, this difference remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that chromatin conformation and chromatin accessibility respond differently in short- and long-term heat shock in human K562 cells. We found that chromatin conformation in K562 cells was largely stable in response to short-term heat shock, whereas it showed clear and characteristic changes after long-term heat treatment with little alteration in chromatin accessibility during the whole process. We further show in silico and experimental evidence strongly suggesting that changes in chromatin conformation may largely stem from an accumulation of cells in the M stage of the cell cycle in response to heat shock. Our results represent a paradigm shift away from the controversial view of chromatin response to heat shock and emphasize the necessity of cell cycle analysis when interpreting bulk Hi-C data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;,School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China;,School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gao
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;,School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;,School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China;,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Core Facility of Developmental Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;,Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China;,School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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3
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Peselj C, Ebrahimi M, Broeskamp F, Prokisch S, Habernig L, Alvarez-Guerra I, Kohler V, Vögtle FN, Büttner S. Sterol Metabolism Differentially Contributes to Maintenance and Exit of Quiescence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:788472. [PMID: 35237594 PMCID: PMC8882848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.788472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient starvation initiates cell cycle exit and entry into quiescence, a reversible, non-proliferative state characterized by stress tolerance, longevity and large-scale remodeling of subcellular structures. Depending on the nature of the depleted nutrient, yeast cells are assumed to enter heterogeneous quiescent states with unique but mostly unexplored characteristics. Here, we show that storage and consumption of neutral lipids in lipid droplets (LDs) differentially impacts the regulation of quiescence driven by glucose or phosphate starvation. Upon prolonged glucose exhaustion, LDs were degraded in the vacuole via Atg1-dependent lipophagy. In contrast, yeast cells entering quiescence due to phosphate exhaustion massively over-accumulated LDs that clustered at the vacuolar surface but were not engulfed via lipophagy. Excessive LD biogenesis required contact formation between the endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole at nucleus-vacuole junctions and was accompanied by a shift of the cellular lipid profile from membrane towards storage lipids, driven by a transcriptional upregulation of enzymes generating neutral lipids, in particular sterol esters. Importantly, sterol ester biogenesis was critical for long-term survival of phosphate-exhausted cells and supported rapid quiescence exit upon nutrient replenishment, but was dispensable for survival and regrowth of glucose-exhausted cells. Instead, these cells relied on de novo synthesis of sterols and fatty acids for quiescence exit and regrowth. Phosphate-exhausted cells efficiently mobilized storage lipids to support several rounds of cell division even in presence of inhibitors of fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis. In sum, our results show that neutral lipid biosynthesis and mobilization to support quiescence maintenance and exit is tailored to the respective nutrient scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Peselj
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Ebrahimi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Prokisch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Alvarez-Guerra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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4
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Berg MD, Isaacson JR, Cozma E, Genereaux J, Lajoie P, Villén J, Brandl CJ. Regulating Expression of Mistranslating tRNAs by Readthrough RNA Polymerase II Transcription. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:3177-3189. [PMID: 34726901 PMCID: PMC8765249 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
variants that alter the genetic code increase
protein diversity and have many applications in synthetic biology.
Since the tRNA variants can cause a loss of proteostasis, regulating
their expression is necessary to achieve high levels of novel protein.
Mechanisms to positively regulate transcription with exogenous activator
proteins like those often used to regulate RNA polymerase II (RNAP
II)-transcribed genes are not applicable to tRNAs as their expression
by RNA polymerase III requires elements internal to the tRNA. Here,
we show that tRNA expression is repressed by overlapping transcription
from an adjacent RNAP II promoter. Regulating the expression of the
RNAP II promoter allows inverse regulation of the tRNA. Placing either
Gal4- or TetR–VP16-activated promoters downstream of a mistranslating
tRNASer variant that misincorporates serine at proline
codons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae allows
mistranslation at a level not otherwise possible because of the toxicity
of the unregulated tRNA. Using this inducible tRNA system, we explore
the proteotoxic effects of mistranslation on yeast cells. High levels
of mistranslation cause cells to arrest in the G1 phase. These cells
are impermeable to propidium iodide, yet growth is not restored upon
repressing tRNA expression. High levels of mistranslation increase
cell size and alter cell morphology. This regulatable tRNA expression
system can be applied to study how native tRNAs and tRNA variants
affect the proteome and other biological processes. Variations of
this inducible tRNA system should be applicable to other eukaryotic
cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joshua R. Isaacson
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ecaterina Cozma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Julie Genereaux
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Judit Villén
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher J. Brandl
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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5
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Yahya G, Pérez AP, Mendoza MB, Parisi E, Moreno DF, Artés MH, Gallego C, Aldea M. Stress granules display bistable dynamics modulated by Cdk. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211705. [PMID: 33480968 PMCID: PMC7836273 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are conserved biomolecular condensates that originate in response to many stress conditions. These membraneless organelles contain nontranslating mRNAs and a diverse subproteome, but our knowledge of their regulation and functional relevance is still incipient. Here, we describe a mutual-inhibition interplay between SGs and Cdc28, the budding yeast Cdk. Among Cdc28 interactors acting as negative modulators of Start, we have identified Whi8, an RNA-binding protein that localizes to SGs and recruits the mRNA of CLN3, the most upstream G1 cyclin, for efficient translation inhibition and Cdk inactivation under stress. However, Whi8 also contributes to recruiting Cdc28 to SGs, where it acts to promote their dissolution. As predicted by a mutual-inhibition framework, the SG constitutes a bistable system that is modulated by Cdk. Since mammalian cells display a homologous mechanism, we propose that the opposing functions of specific mRNA-binding proteins and Cdk’s subjugate SG dynamics to a conserved hysteretic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal Yahya
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alexis P Pérez
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica B Mendoza
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Parisi
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David F Moreno
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta H Artés
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Gallego
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Aldea
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Chunduri V, Kaur A, Kaur S, Kumar A, Sharma S, Sharma N, Singh P, Kapoor P, Kaur S, Kumari A, Roy J, Kaur J, Garg M. Gene Expression and Proteomics Studies Suggest an Involvement of Multiple Pathways Under Day and Day-Night Combined Heat Stresses During Grain Filling in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660446. [PMID: 34135923 PMCID: PMC8200777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent weather fluctuations imposing heat stress at the time of wheat grain filling cause frequent losses in grain yield and quality. Field-based studies for understanding the effect of terminal heat stress on wheat are complicated by the effect of multiple confounding variables. In the present study, the effect of day and day-night combined heat stresses during the grain-filling stage was studied using gene expression and proteomics approaches. The gene expression analysis was performed by using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The expression of genes related to the starch biosynthetic pathway, starch transporters, transcription factors, and stress-responsive and storage proteins, at four different grain developmental stages, indicated the involvement of multiple pathways. Under the controlled conditions, their expression was observed until 28 days after anthesis (DAA). However, under the day stress and day-night stress, the expression of genes was initiated earlier and was observed until 14 DAA and 7 DAA, respectively. The protein profiles generated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS/MS) showed a differential expression of the proteins belonging to multiple pathways that included the upregulation of proteins related to the translation, gliadins, and low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenins and the downregulation of proteins related to the glycolysis, photosynthesis, defense, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenins. Overall, the defense response to the day heat stress caused early gene expression and day-night heat stress caused suppression of gene expression by activating multiple pathways, which ultimately led to the reduction in grain-filling duration, grain weight, yield, and processing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Chunduri
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Shubhpreet Kaur
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical and Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Pargat Singh
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Satveer Kaur
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Joy Roy
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Agri-Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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7
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Yakubu UM, Catumbela CSG, Morales R, Morano KA. Understanding and exploiting interactions between cellular proteostasis pathways and infectious prion proteins for therapeutic benefit. Open Biol 2020; 10:200282. [PMID: 33234071 PMCID: PMC7729027 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals are caused by the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), a self-propagating protein infectious agent that aggregates into oligomeric, fibrillar structures and leads to cell death by incompletely understood mechanisms. Work in multiple biological model systems, from simple baker's yeast to transgenic mouse lines, as well as in vitro studies, has illuminated molecular and cellular modifiers of prion disease. In this review, we focus on intersections between PrP and the proteostasis network, including unfolded protein stress response pathways and roles played by the powerful regulators of protein folding known as protein chaperones. We close with analysis of promising therapeutic avenues for treatment enabled by these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unekwu M Yakubu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
| | - Celso S G Catumbela
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,Centro integrativo de biología y química aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin A Morano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
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8
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Triandafillou CG, Katanski CD, Dinner AR, Drummond DA. Transient intracellular acidification regulates the core transcriptional heat shock response. eLife 2020; 9:e54880. [PMID: 32762843 PMCID: PMC7449696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock induces a conserved transcriptional program regulated by heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) in eukaryotic cells. Activation of this heat shock response is triggered by heat-induced misfolding of newly synthesized polypeptides, and so has been thought to depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Here, using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report the discovery that Hsf1 can be robustly activated when protein synthesis is inhibited, so long as cells undergo cytosolic acidification. Heat shock has long been known to cause transient intracellular acidification which, for reasons which have remained unclear, is associated with increased stress resistance in eukaryotes. We demonstrate that acidification is required for heat shock response induction in translationally inhibited cells, and specifically affects Hsf1 activation. Physiological heat-triggered acidification also increases population fitness and promotes cell cycle reentry following heat shock. Our results uncover a previously unknown adaptive dimension of the well-studied eukaryotic heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D Katanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - D Allan Drummond
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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9
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Moreno DF, Aldea M. Proteostatic stress as a nodal hallmark of replicative aging. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112163. [PMID: 32640194 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the progressive decline of physiology at the cell, tissue and organism level, leading to an increased risk of mortality. Proteotoxic stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and genomic instability are considered major universal drivers of cell aging, and accumulating evidence establishes clear biunivocal relationships among these key hallmarks. In this regard, the finite lifespan of the budding yeast, together with the extensive armamentarium of available analytical tools, has made this single cell eukaryote a key model to study aging at molecular and cellular levels. Here we review the current data that link proteostasis to cell cycle progression in the budding yeast, focusing on senescence as an inherent phenotype displayed by aged cells. Recent advances in high-throughput systems to study yeast mother cells while they replicate are providing crucial information on aging-related processes and their temporal interdependencies at a systems level. In our view, the available data point to the existence of multiple feedback mechanisms among the major causal factors of aging, which would converge into the loss of proteostasis as a nodal driver of cell senescence and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Moreno
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Aldea
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Kao CH, Ryu SW, Kim MJ, Wen X, Wimalarathne O, Paull TT. Growth-Regulated Hsp70 Phosphorylation Regulates Stress Responses and Prion Maintenance. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00628-19. [PMID: 32205407 PMCID: PMC7261718 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00628-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis in eukaryotes under normal growth and stress conditions requires the functions of Hsp70 chaperones and associated cochaperones. Here, we investigate an evolutionarily conserved serine phosphorylation that occurs at the site of communication between the nucleotide-binding and substrate-binding domains of Hsp70. Ser151 phosphorylation in yeast Hsp70 (Ssa1) is promoted by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) during normal growth. Phosphomimetic substitutions at this site (S151D) dramatically downregulate heat shock responses, a result conserved with HSC70 S153 in human cells. Phosphomimetic forms of Ssa1 also fail to relocalize in response to starvation conditions, do not associate in vivo with Hsp40 cochaperones Ydj1 and Sis1, and do not catalyze refolding of denatured proteins in vitro in cooperation with Ydj1 and Hsp104. Despite these negative effects on HSC70/HSP70 function, the S151D phosphomimetic allele promotes survival of heavy metal exposure and suppresses the Sup35-dependent [PSI+ ] prion phenotype, consistent with proposed roles for Ssa1 and Hsp104 in generating self-nucleating seeds of misfolded proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that Cdk1 can downregulate Hsp70 function through phosphorylation of this site, with potential costs to overall chaperone efficiency but also advantages with respect to reduction of metal-induced and prion-dependent protein aggregate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsuan Kao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Seung W Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Min J Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Xuemei Wen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Oshadi Wimalarathne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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11
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Fang Y, Klosterman SJ, Tian C, Wang Y. Insights into VdCmr1-mediated protection against high temperature stress and UV irradiation in Verticillium dahliae. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2977-2996. [PMID: 31136051 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on more than 200 plant species worldwide. This fungus can survive for years in soil as melanized microsclerotia. We found that VdCmr1, a transcription factor, is required for the melanin production and increased survival following UV irradiation in V. dahliae but not for microsclerotia production or virulence. Here, we provided evidence how VdCmr1 protects against high temperature (HT) and UV irradiation in V. dahliae. The results indicate that VdCmr1 mediates entry to the diapause period in V. dahliae in response to HT and contributes to the expression of proteins to minimize protein misfolding and denaturation. VdCmr1 deletion results in the misregulation of DNA repair machinery, suggestive of reduced DNA repair capacity following UV irradiation and in correlation with the low survival rate of UV-treated VdCmr1 mutants. We discovered a putative VdCmr1-dependent gene cluster associated with secondary metabolism and stress responses. We also functionally characterized two VdCmr1-responsive genes participating in HT and UV response. These results shed further light on the roles of VdCmr1 in protection from HT or UV irradiation, and the additional insights into the mechanisms of this protection may be useful to exploit for more effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Chengming Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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12
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Moreno DF, Parisi E, Yahya G, Vaggi F, Csikász-Nagy A, Aldea M. Competition in the chaperone-client network subordinates cell-cycle entry to growth and stress. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800277. [PMID: 30988162 PMCID: PMC6467244 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise coordination of growth and proliferation has a universal prevalence in cell homeostasis. As a prominent property, cell size is modulated by the coordination between these processes in bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that multifunctional chaperone systems play a concerted and limiting role in cell-cycle entry, specifically driving nuclear accumulation of the G1 Cdk-cyclin complex. Based on these findings, we establish and test a molecular competition model that recapitulates cell-cycle-entry dependence on growth rate. As key predictions at a single-cell level, we show that availability of the Ydj1 chaperone and nuclear accumulation of the G1 cyclin Cln3 are inversely dependent on growth rate and readily respond to changes in protein synthesis and stress conditions that alter protein folding requirements. Thus, chaperone workload would subordinate Start to the biosynthetic machinery and dynamically adjust proliferation to the growth potential of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Moreno
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Parisi
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Galal Yahya
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Federico Vaggi
- Department of Informatics, Ecole Normale Supérieure, INRIA, Sierra Team, Paris, France
| | - Attila Csikász-Nagy
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Institute of Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King's College London, London, UK .,Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Martí Aldea
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Catalonia, Spain .,Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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13
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14
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Huang M, Yan L, Ma Z, Yin Y. The FgSsb-FgZuo-FgSsz complex regulates multiple stress responses and mycotoxin production via folding the soluble SNARE Vam7 and β2-tubulin in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:5040-5059. [PMID: 29076607 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70 proteins play important roles in protein folding in the budding yeast, but their functions in pathogenic fungi are largely unknown. Here, we found that Fusarium graminearum Hsp70 proteins FgSsb, FgSsz and their cochaperone FgZuo formed a complex. This complex was required for microtubule morphology, vacuole fusion and endocytosis. More importantly, the β2-tubulin FgTub2 and SNARE protein FgVam7 were identified as targeting proteins of this complex. We further found that the complex FgSsb-FgZuo-FgSsz controlled sensitivity of F. graminearum to the antimicrotubule drug carbendazim and cold stress via regulating the folding of FgTub2. Moreover, this complex assisted the folding of FgVam7, subsequently modulated vacuole fusion and responses to heavy metal, osmotic and oxidative stresses. In addition, the deletion of this complex led to dramatically decreased deoxynivalenol biosynthesis. This study uncovers a novel regulating mechanism of Hsp70 in multiple stress responses in a filamentous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Leiyan Yan
- Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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15
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Delarue M, Hartung J, Schreck C, Gniewek P, Hu L, Herminghaus S, Hallatschek O. Self-Driven Jamming in Growing Microbial Populations. NATURE PHYSICS 2016; 12:762-766. [PMID: 27642362 PMCID: PMC5022770 DOI: 10.1038/nphys3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In natural settings, microbes tend to grow in dense populations [1-4] where they need to push against their surroundings to accommodate space for new cells. The associated contact forces play a critical role in a variety of population-level processes, including biofilm formation [5-7], the colonization of porous media [8, 9], and the invasion of biological tissues [10-12]. Although mechanical forces have been characterized at the single cell level [13-16], it remains elusive how collective pushing forces result from the combination of single cell forces. Here, we reveal a collective mechanism of confinement, which we call self-driven jamming, that promotes the build-up of large mechanical pressures in microbial populations. Microfluidic experiments on budding yeast populations in space-limited environments show that self-driven jamming arises from the gradual formation and sudden collapse of force chains driven by microbial proliferation, extending the framework of driven granular matter [17-20]. The resulting contact pressures can become large enough to slow down cell growth, to delay the cell cycle in the G1 phase, and to strain or even destroy the microenvironment through crack propagation. Our results suggest that self-driven jamming and build-up of large mechanical pressures is a natural tendency of microbes growing in confined spaces, contributing to microbial pathogenesis and biofouling [21-26].
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Delarue
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Jörn Hartung
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carl Schreck
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Pawel Gniewek
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA; Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Lucy Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Oskar Hallatschek
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Bui DC, Lee Y, Lim JY, Fu M, Kim JC, Choi GJ, Son H, Lee YW. Heat shock protein 90 is required for sexual and asexual development, virulence, and heat shock response in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28154. [PMID: 27306495 PMCID: PMC4910114 DOI: 10.1038/srep28154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells repress global translation and selectively upregulate stress response proteins by altering multiple steps in gene expression. In this study, genome-wide transcriptome analysis of cellular adaptation to thermal stress was performed on the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. The results revealed that profound alterations in gene expression were required for heat shock responses in F. graminearum. Among these proteins, heat shock protein 90 (FgHsp90) was revealed to play a central role in heat shock stress responses in this fungus. FgHsp90 was highly expressed and exclusively localised to nuclei in response to heat stress. Moreover, our comprehensive functional characterisation of FgHsp90 provides clear genetic evidence supporting its crucial roles in the vegetative growth, reproduction, and virulence of F. graminearum. In particular, FgHsp90 performs multiple functions as a transcriptional regulator of conidiation. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying adaptation to heat shock and the roles of Hsp90 in fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Cuong Bui
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minmin Fu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Centre for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Centre for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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17
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Peña A, Sánchez NS, Álvarez H, Calahorra M, Ramírez J. Effects of high medium pH on growth, metabolism and transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fou005. [PMID: 25673753 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fou005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae stopped by maintaining the pH of the medium in a pH-stat at pH 8.0 or 9.0. Studying its main physiological capacities and comparing cells after incubation at pH 6.0 vs. 8.0 or 9.0, we found that (a) fermentation was moderately decreased by high pH and respiration was similar and sensitive to the addition of an uncoupler, (b) ATP and glucose-6-phosphate levels upon glucose addition increased to similar levels and (c) proton pumping and K(+) transport were also not affected; all this indicating that energy mechanisms were preserved. Growth inhibition at high pH was also not due to a significant lower amino acid transport by the cells or incorporation into proteins. The cell cycle stopped at pH 9.0, probably due to an arrest as a result of adjustments needed by the cells to contend with the changes under these conditions, and microarray experiments showed some relevant changes to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peña
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, D. F., 04510 México, D. F., México
| | - Norma Silvia Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, D. F., 04510 México, D. F., México
| | - Helber Álvarez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, D. F., 04510 México, D. F., México
| | - Martha Calahorra
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, D. F., 04510 México, D. F., México
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, D. F., 04510 México, D. F., México
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18
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Abstract
Chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy which is defined as the cellular state of having a chromosome count that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. Aneuploidy is associated with human diseases including mental retardation, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, aneuploidy is the major cause of spontaneous abortions and its occurrence increases with aging. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond and adapt to aneuploidy. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a good model to study the effects aneuploidy elicits on cellular homeostasis and physiology. This chapter focuses on the current understanding of how the yeast S. cerevisiae responds to the acquisition of extra chromosomes and highlights how studies in aneuploid yeasts provide insights onto the effects of aneuploidy in human cells.
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19
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Munna MS, Humayun S, Noor R. Influence of heat shock and osmotic stresses on the growth and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUBSC01. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:369. [PMID: 26298101 PMCID: PMC4546815 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With a preceding scrutiny of bacterial cellular responses against heat shock and oxidative stresses, current research further investigated such impact on yeast cell. Present study attempted to observe the influence of high temperature (44–46 °C) on the growth and budding pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUBSC01. Effect of elevated sugar concentrations as another stress stimulant was also observed. Cell growth was measured through the estimation of the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) and by the enumeration of colony forming units on the agar plates up to 450 min. Results Subsequent transformation in the yeast morphology and the cellular arrangement were noticed. A delayed and lengthy lag phase was observed when yeast strain was grown at 30, 37, and 40 °C, while at 32.5 °C, optimal growth pattern was noticed. Cells were found to lose culturability completely at 46 °C whereby cells without the cytoplasmic contents were also observed under the light microscope. Thus the critical growth temperature was recorded as 45 °C which was the highest temperature at which S. cerevisiae SUBSC01 could grow. However, a complete growth retardation was observed at 45 °C with the high concentrations of dextrose (0.36 g/l) and sucrose (0.18 g/l). Notably, yeast budding was found at 44 and 45 °C up to 270 min of incubation, which was further noticed to be suppressed at 46 °C. Conclusions Present study revealed that the optimal and the critical growth temperatures of S. cerevisiae SUBSC01 were 32.5 and 45 °C, respectively; and also projected on the inhibitory concentrations of sugars on yeast growth at that temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sakil Munna
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka, 1217, Bangladesh.
| | - Sanjida Humayun
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka, 1217, Bangladesh.
| | - Rashed Noor
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka, 1217, Bangladesh.
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20
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Kanshin E, Kubiniok P, Thattikota Y, D'Amours D, Thibault P. Phosphoproteome dynamics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under heat shock and cold stress. Mol Syst Biol 2015; 11:813. [PMID: 26040289 PMCID: PMC4501848 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20156170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells and organisms to survive and function through changes in temperature evolved from their specific adaptations to nonoptimal growth conditions. Responses to elevated temperatures have been studied in yeast and other model organisms using transcriptome profiling and provided valuable biological insights on molecular mechanisms involved in stress tolerance and adaptation to adverse environment. In contrast, little is known about rapid signaling events associated with changes in temperature. To gain a better understanding of global changes in protein phosphorylation in response to heat and cold, we developed a high temporal resolution phosphoproteomics protocol to study cell signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method allowed for quantitative analysis of phosphodynamics on 2,777 phosphosites from 1,228 proteins. The correlation of kinetic profiles between kinases and their substrates provided a predictive tool to identify new putative substrates for kinases such as Cdc28 and PKA. Cell cycle analyses revealed that the increased phosphorylation of Cdc28 at its inhibitory site Y19 during heat shock is an adaptive response that delays cell cycle progression under stress conditions. The cellular responses to heat and cold were associated with extensive changes in phosphorylation on proteins implicated in transcription, protein folding and degradation, cell cycle regulation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Kanshin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Kubiniok
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yogitha Thattikota
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Damien D'Amours
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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O'Duibhir E, Lijnzaad P, Benschop JJ, Lenstra TL, van Leenen D, Groot Koerkamp MJA, Margaritis T, Brok MO, Kemmeren P, Holstege FCP. Cell cycle population effects in perturbation studies. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:732. [PMID: 24952590 PMCID: PMC4265054 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth condition perturbation or gene function disruption are commonly used strategies to study cellular systems. Although it is widely appreciated that such experiments may involve indirect effects, these frequently remain uncharacterized. Here, analysis of functionally unrelated Saccharyomyces cerevisiae deletion strains reveals a common gene expression signature. One property shared by these strains is slower growth, with increased presence of the signature in more slowly growing strains. The slow growth signature is highly similar to the environmental stress response (ESR), an expression response common to diverse environmental perturbations. Both environmental and genetic perturbations result in growth rate changes. These are accompanied by a change in the distribution of cells over different cell cycle phases. Rather than representing a direct expression response in single cells, both the slow growth signature and ESR mainly reflect a redistribution of cells over different cell cycle phases, primarily characterized by an increase in the G1 population. The findings have implications for any study of perturbation that is accompanied by growth rate changes. Strategies to counter these effects are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan O'Duibhir
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Lijnzaad
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris J Benschop
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke L Lenstra
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dik van Leenen
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thanasis Margaritis
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mariel O Brok
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Kemmeren
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank C P Holstege
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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22
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Hou J, Tang H, Liu Z, Österlund T, Nielsen J, Petranovic D. Management of the endoplasmic reticulum stress by activation of the heat shock response in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:481-94. [PMID: 24237754 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes ER stress and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is mediated by Hac1p. The heat shock response (HSR) mediated by Hsf1p, mainly regulates cytosolic processes and protects the cell from stresses. Here, we find that a constitutive activation of the HSR could increase ER stress resistance in both wild-type and UPR-deficient cells. Activation of HSR decreased UPR activation in the WT (as shown by the decreased HAC1 mRNA splicing). We analyzed the genome-wide transcriptional response in order to propose regulatory mechanisms that govern the interplay between UPR and HSR and followed up for the hypotheses by experiments in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, we found that the regulation of ER stress response via HSR is (1) only partially dependent on over-expression of Kar2p (ER resident chaperone induced by ER stress); (2) does not involve the increase in protein turnover via the proteasome activity; (3) is related to the oxidative stress response. From the transcription data, we also propose that HSR enhances ER stress resistance mainly through facilitation of protein folding and secretion. We also find that HSR coordinates multiple stress-response pathways, including the repression of the overall transcription and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hou
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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23
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Abstract
The heat-shock response in cells, involving increased transcription of a specific set of genes in response to a sudden increase in temperature, is a highly conserved biological response occurring in all organisms. Despite considerable attention to the processes activated during heat shock, less is known about the role of genes in survival of a sudden temperature increase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes involved in the maintenance of heat-shock resistance in exponential and stationary phase were identified by screening the homozygous diploid deletants in nonessential genes and the heterozygous diploid mutants in essential genes for survival after a sudden shift in temperature from 30 to 50°. More than a thousand genes were identified that led to altered sensitivity to heat shock, with little overlap between them and those previously identified to affect thermotolerance. There was also little overlap with genes that are activated or repressed during heat-shock, with only 5% of them regulated by the heat-shock transcription factor. The target of rapamycin and protein kinase A pathways, lipid metabolism, vacuolar H+-ATPase, vacuolar protein sorting, and mitochondrial genome maintenance/translation were critical to maintenance of resistance. Mutants affected in l-tryptophan metabolism were heat-shock resistant in both growth phases; those affected in cytoplasmic ribosome biogenesis and DNA double-strand break repair were resistant in stationary phase, and in mRNA catabolic processes in exponential phase. Mutations affecting mitochondrial genome maintenance were highly represented in sensitive mutants. The cell division transcription factor Swi6p and Hac1p involved in the unfolded protein response also play roles in maintenance of heat-shock resistance.
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24
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Velichko AK, Markova EN, Petrova NV, Razin SV, Kantidze OL. Mechanisms of heat shock response in mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4229-41. [PMID: 23633190 PMCID: PMC11113869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock (HS) is one of the best-studied exogenous cellular stresses. The cellular response to HS utilizes ancient molecular networks that are based primarily on the action of stress-induced heat shock proteins and HS factors. However, in one way or another, all cellular compartments and metabolic processes are involved in such a response. In this review, we aimed to summarize the experimental data concerning all aspects of the HS response in mammalian cells, such as HS-induced structural and functional alterations of cell membranes, the cytoskeleton and cellular organelles; the associated pathways that result in different modes of cell death and cell cycle arrest; and the effects of HS on transcription, splicing, translation, DNA repair, and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem K. Velichko
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Markova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Petrova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Razin
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Omar L. Kantidze
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Duch A, de Nadal E, Posas F. Dealing with transcriptional outbursts during S phase to protect genomic integrity. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4745-55. [PMID: 24021813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcription during S phase needs to be spatially and temporally regulated to prevent collisions between the transcription and replication machineries. Cells have evolved a number of mechanisms to make both processes compatible under normal growth conditions. When conflict management fails, the head-on encounter between RNA and DNA polymerases results in genomic instability unless conflict resolution mechanisms are activated. Nevertheless, there are specific situations in which cells need to dramatically change their transcriptional landscape to adapt to environmental challenges. Signal transduction pathways, such as stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), serve to regulate gene expression in response to environmental insults. Prototypical members of SAPKs are the yeast Hog1 and mammalian p38. In response to stress, p38/Hog1 SAPKs control transcription and also regulate cell cycle progression. When yeast cells are stressed during S phase, Hog1 promotes gene induction and, remarkably, also delays replication by directly affecting early origin firing and fork progression. Therefore, by delaying replication, Hog1 plays a key role in preventing conflicts between RNA and DNA polymerases. In this review, we focus on the genomic determinants and mechanisms that make compatible transcription with replication during S phase to prevent genomic instability, especially in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Duch
- Cell Signaling Unit, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Kelley AL, de Rivera CE, Buckley BA. Cold tolerance of the invasive Carcinus maenas in the east Pacific: molecular mechanisms and implications for range expansion in a changing climate. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Thorburn RR, Gonzalez C, Brar GA, Christen S, Carlile TM, Ingolia NT, Sauer U, Weissman JS, Amon A. Aneuploid yeast strains exhibit defects in cell growth and passage through START. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1274-89. [PMID: 23468524 PMCID: PMC3639041 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-07-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy causes cell proliferation defects in budding yeast, with many aneuploid strains exhibiting a G1 delay. This study shows that the G1 delay in aneuploid budding yeast is caused by a growth defect and delayed passage through START due to delayed G1 cyclin accumulation. Aneuploidy, a chromosome content that is not a multiple of the haploid karyotype, is associated with reduced fitness in all organisms analyzed to date. In budding yeast aneuploidy causes cell proliferation defects, with many different aneuploid strains exhibiting a delay in G1, a cell cycle stage governed by extracellular cues, growth rate, and cell cycle events. Here we characterize this G1 delay. We show that 10 of 14 aneuploid yeast strains exhibit a growth defect during G1. Furthermore, 10 of 14 aneuploid strains display a cell cycle entry delay that correlates with the size of the additional chromosome. This cell cycle entry delay is due to a delayed accumulation of G1 cyclins that can be suppressed by supplying cells with high levels of a G1 cyclin. Our results indicate that aneuploidy frequently interferes with the ability of cells to grow and, as with many other cellular stresses, entry into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Thorburn
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Tomás D, Brazão J, Viegas W, Silva M. Differential Effects of High-Temperature Stress on Nuclear Topology and Transcription of Repetitive Noncoding and Coding Rye Sequences. Cytogenet Genome Res 2012; 139:119-27. [DOI: 10.1159/000343754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Duch A, de Nadal E, Posas F. The p38 and Hog1 SAPKs control cell cycle progression in response to environmental stresses. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2925-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Enserink JM, Kolodner RD. What makes the engine hum: Rad6, a cell cycle supercharger. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:249-52. [PMID: 22214660 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.2.19023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated CDK activity drives cell proliferation of the majority of human tumors, making CDKs highly relevant research subjects. Cdc28 controls cell cycle progression in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the identity of many genes that function in conjunction with CDC28 to regulate the cell cycle and cell viability remains obscure. In a recent study, we used a chemical-genetic screen to identify the genetic network of CDC28. Through this analysis, we discovered that the Rad6-Bre1 pathway functions in this network and links ubiquitin levels to cell cycle progression by increasing transcription of cyclin genes. Thus, Rad6 boosts the activity of the cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit M Enserink
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Hsieh MT, Chen RH. Cdc48 and cofactors Npl4-Ufd1 are important for G1 progression during heat stress by maintaining cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18988. [PMID: 21526151 PMCID: PMC3079750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-selective chaperone Cdc48, a member of the AAA (ATPase Associated with various cellular Activities) ATPase superfamily, is involved in many processes, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), ubiquitin- and proteasome-mediated protein degradation, and mitosis. Although Cdc48 was originally isolated as a cell cycle mutant in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its cell cycle functions have not been well appreciated. We found that temperature-sensitive cdc48-3 mutant is largely arrested at mitosis at 37°C, whereas the mutant is also delayed in G1 progression at 38.5°C. Reporter assays show that the promoter activity of G1 cyclin CLN1, but not CLN2, is reduced in cdc48-3 at 38.5°C. The cofactor npl4-1 and ufd1-2 mutants also exhibit G1 delay and reduced CLN1 promoter activity at 38.5°C, suggesting that Npl4-Ufd1 complex mediates the function of Cdc48 at G1. The G1 delay of cdc48-3 at 38.5°C is a consequence of cell wall defect that over-activates Mpk1, a MAPK family member important for cell wall integrity in response to stress conditions including heat shock. cdc48-3 is hypersensitive to cell wall perturbing agents and is synthetic-sick with mutations in the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Our results suggest that the cell wall defect in cdc48-3 is exacerbated by heat shock, which sustains Mpk1 activity to block G1 progression. Thus, Cdc48-Npl4-Ufd1 is important for the maintenance of cell wall integrity in order for normal cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Huei Chen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Castells-Roca L, García-Martínez J, Moreno J, Herrero E, Bellí G, Pérez-Ortín JE. Heat shock response in yeast involves changes in both transcription rates and mRNA stabilities. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17272. [PMID: 21364882 PMCID: PMC3045430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the heat stress response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by determining mRNA levels and transcription rates for the whole transcriptome after a shift from 25 °C to 37 °C. Using an established mathematical algorithm, theoretical mRNA decay rates have also been calculated from the experimental data. We have verified the mathematical predictions for selected genes by determining their mRNA decay rates at different times during heat stress response using the regulatable tetO promoter. This study indicates that the yeast response to heat shock is not only due to changes in transcription rates, but also to changes in the mRNA stabilities. mRNA stability is affected in 62% of the yeast genes and it is particularly important in shaping the mRNA profile of the genes belonging to the environmental stress response. In most cases, changes in transcription rates and mRNA stabilities are homodirectional for both parameters, although some interesting cases of antagonist behavior are found. The statistical analysis of gene targets and sequence motifs within the clusters of genes with similar behaviors shows that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulons apparently contribute to the general heat stress response by means of transcriptional factors and RNA binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Castells-Roca
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques and IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
| | - José García-Martínez
- Sección de Chips de DNA-Servei Central de Suport a la Investigació Experimental, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques and IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Gemma Bellí
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques and IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
- * E-mail: (GB); (JEP-O)
| | - José E. Pérez-Ortín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (GB); (JEP-O)
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Kitsios G, Doonan JH. Cyclin dependent protein kinases and stress responses in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:204-9. [PMID: 21512322 PMCID: PMC3121979 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to adjust, grow and establish themselves in various changing environmental conditions. Additionally, the sessile life-style of plants requires the development of response mechanisms for their adaptation in such environmental cues. Under biotic and abiotic stress, plant growth is negatively affected mainly as a result of cell cycle inhibition. The perception of stress involves the activation of signaling cascades that result in a prolonged S-phase and delayed entry into mitosis. Although the molecular interactions that link the cell cycle machinery to perception of stress are not fully understood, recent studies indicated the involvement of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs) in the plant response machinery. CDKs are core cell cycle regulators but their activity has been implicated in additional diverse cellular processes. Here we review the impact of different types of abiotic stress on plant cell cycle progression and CDK activity, and discuss the contribution of CDK function in the signaling control of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kitsios
- Agricultural University of Athens, Agricultural Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
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Ohyama Y, Kasahara K, Kokubo T. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssd1p promotes CLN2 expression by binding to the 5′-untranslated region of CLN2 mRNA. Genes Cells 2010; 15:1169-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Han A, Zhang M, Zuo X, Zheng S, Zhao C, Feng J, Cheng C. Effect of acute heat stress on calcium concentration, proliferation, cell cycle, and interleukin-2 production in splenic lymphocytes from broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:2063-70. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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36
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Becerra M, Lombardía LJ, González-Siso MI, Rodríguez-Belmonte E, Hauser NC, Cerdán ME. Genome-wide analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon heat and cold shock. Comp Funct Genomics 2010; 4:366-75. [PMID: 18629074 PMCID: PMC2447359 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Revised: 05/02/2003] [Accepted: 05/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA arrays were used to measure changes in transcript levels as yeast cells responded to temperature shocks. The number of genes upregulated by temperature shifts from
30 ℃ to 37℃ or 45℃ was correlated with the severity of the stress. Pre-adaptation
of cells, by growth at 37 ℃ previous to the 45℃ shift, caused a decrease in the
number of genes related to this response. Heat shock also caused downregulation of a
set of genes related to metabolism, cell growth and division, transcription, ribosomal
proteins, protein synthesis and destination. Probably all of these responses combine
to slow down cell growth and division during heat shock, thus saving energy for
cell rescue. The presence of putative binding sites for Xbp1p in the promoters of
these genes suggests a hypothetical role for this transcriptional repressor, although
other mechanisms may be considered. The response to cold shock (4℃) affected a
small number of genes, but the vast majority of those genes induced by exposure to
4 ℃ were also induced during heat shock; these genes share in their promoters cis-regulatory
elements previously related to other stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Becerra
- Dpto. Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de La Coruña, F. Ciencias, Campus de La Zapateira s/n, La Coruña 15075, Spain
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37
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Lu C, Brauer MJ, Botstein D. Slow growth induces heat-shock resistance in normal and respiratory-deficient yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:891-903. [PMID: 19056679 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells respond to a variety of environmental stresses, including heat shock and growth limitation. There is considerable overlap in these responses both from the point of view of gene expression patterns and cross-protection for survival. We performed experiments in which cells growing at different steady-state growth rates in chemostats were subjected to a short heat pulse. Gene expression patterns allowed us to partition genes whose expression responds to heat shock into subsets of genes that also respond to slow growth rate and those that do not. We found also that the degree of induction and repression of genes that respond to stress is generally weaker in respiratory deficient mutants, suggesting a role for increased respiratory activity in the apparent stress response to slow growth. Consistent with our gene expression results in wild-type cells, we found that cells growing more slowly are cross-protected for heat shock, i.e., better able to survive a lethal heat challenge. Surprisingly, however, we found no difference in cross-protection between respiratory-deficient and wild-type cells, suggesting induction of heat resistance at low growth rates is independent of respiratory activity, even though many of the changes in gene expression are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lu
- Carl Icahn Laboratory, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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38
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De Clercq A, Inzé D. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in yeast, animals, and plants: a functional comparison. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 41:293-313. [PMID: 16911957 DOI: 10.1080/10409230600856685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is remarkably conserved in yeast, animals, and plants and is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activity can be inhibited by binding of CDK inhibitory proteins, designated CKIs. Numerous studies show that CKIs are essential in orchestrating eukaryotic cell proliferation and differentiation. In yeast, animals, and plants, CKIs act as regulators of the G1 checkpoint in response to environmental and developmental cues and assist during mitotic cell cycles by inhibiting CDK activity required to arrest mitosis. Furthermore, CKIs play an important role in regulating cell cycle exit that precedes differentiation and in promoting differentiation in cooperation with transcription factors. Moreover, CKIs are essential to control CDK activity in endocycling cells. So, in yeast, animals, and plants, CKIs share many functional similarities, but their functions are adapted toward the specific needs of the eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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39
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Guerra E, Chye PP, Berardi E, Piper PW. Hypoxia abolishes transience of the heat-shock response in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:805-811. [PMID: 15758226 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The heat-shock response is conserved amongst practically all organisms. Almost invariably, the massive heat-shock protein (Hsp) synthesis that it induces is subsequently down-regulated, making this a transient, not a sustained, stress response. This study investigated whether the heat-shock response displays any unusual features in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, since this organism exhibits the highest growth temperature (49-50 degrees C) identified to date for any yeast and grows at 47 degrees C without either thermal death or detriment to final biomass yield. Maximal levels of Hsp induction were observed with a temperature upshift of H. polymorpha from 30 degrees C to 47-49 degrees C. This heat shock induces a prolonged growth arrest, heat-shock protein synthesis being down-regulated long before growth resumes at such high temperatures. A 30 degrees C to 49 degrees C heat shock also induced thermotolerance, although H. polymorpha cells in balanced growth at 49 degrees C were intrinsically thermotolerant. Unexpectedly, the normal transience of the H. polymorpha heat-shock response was suppressed completely by imposing the additional stress of hypoxia at the time of the 30 degrees C to 49 degrees C temperature upshift. Hypoxia abolishing the transience of the heat-shock response appears to operate at the level of Hsp gene transcription, since the heat-induced Hsp70 mRNA was transiently induced in a heat-shocked normoxic culture but displayed sustained induction in a culture deprived of oxygen at the time of temperature upshift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Laboratorio di Genetica Microbica, DiSA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Poh Poh Chye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Enrico Berardi
- Laboratorio di Genetica Microbica, DiSA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Peter W Piper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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40
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Singer RA, Johnston GC. The FACT chromatin modulator: genetic and structure/function relationships. Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 82:419-27. [PMID: 15284894 DOI: 10.1139/o04-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin configuration of DNA inhibits access by enzymes such as RNA polymerase II. This inhibition is alleviated by FACT, a conserved transcription elongation factor that has been found to reconfigure nucleosomes to allow transit along the DNA by RNA polymerase II, thus facilitating transcription. FACT also reorganizes nucleosomes after the passage of RNA polymerase II, as indicated by the effects of certain FACT mutations. The larger of the two subunits of FACT is Spt16/Cdc68, while the smaller is termed SSRP1 (vertebrates) or Pob3 (budding yeast). The HMG-box domain at the C terminus of SSRP1 is absent from Pob3; the function of this domain for yeast FACT is supplied by the small HMG-box protein Nhp6. In yeast, this "detachable" HMG domain is a general chromatin component, unlike FACT, which is found only in transcribed regions and associated with RNA polymerase II. The several domains of the larger FACT subunit are also likely to have different functions. Genetic studies suggest that FACT mediates nucleosome reorganization along several pathways, and reinforce the notion that protein unfolding and (or) refolding is involved in FACT activity for transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Singer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
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Keszenman DJ, Candreva EC, Sánchez AG, Nunes E. RAD6 gene is involved in heat shock induction of bleomycin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 45:36-43. [PMID: 15605356 DOI: 10.1002/em.20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cells react to environmental and endogenous challenges such as high temperature, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and nutrient starvation by activating several defense mechanisms known as stress responses. An important feature is the overlap between different stress responses that contributes at least in part to the phenomenon of cross-protection. We previously demonstrated that pretreatment with a heat shock (HS) induces resistance to the lethal and mutagenic effects of the antineoplastic drug Bleomycin (BLM) in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At the DNA level, the HS resulted in more efficient repair of BLM-induced DNA damage. In the present study, we have investigated the mechanisms involved in this HS-induced BLM resistance. Since the RAD6 gene is involved in the ubiquitin system and DNA repair, we analyzed the effects of HS on the lethality of BLM in a rad6Delta (ubc2) mutant strain of S. cerevisiae. The rad6Delta mutant was more sensitive to the lethal effects of BLM than wild-type yeast and HS had no effect on the lethality of BLM in the mutant. Analysis of cell proliferation kinetics indicated that the HS-induced cell cycle delay observed in the wild-type yeast was absent in the rad6Delta mutant strain. BLM treatment impaired mutant cell proliferation, and HS had no effect on the delayed cell kinetics of the mutant. In addition, pulsed-field electrophoresis of chromosomes damaged by BLM indicated that there was very little recovery from damage in the mutant after 24 hr of incubation in BLM-free nutrient medium, and that HS had little effect on the recovery. These data indicate that the RAD6 gene is involved in the HS-induced BLM resistance observed in the isogenic wild-type strain.
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43
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Gushwa NN, Hayashi D, Kemper A, Abram B, Taylor JE, Upton J, Tay CF, Fiedler S, Pullen S, Miller LP, Tallman G. Thermotolerant guard cell protoplasts of tree tobacco do not require exogenous hormones to survive in culture and are blocked from reentering the cell cycle at the G1-to-S transition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:1925-40. [PMID: 12913149 PMCID: PMC181278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.024067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2003] [Revised: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When guard cell protoplasts (GCPs) of tree tobacco [Nicotiana glauca (Graham)] are cultured at 32 degrees C with an auxin (1-napthaleneacetic acid) and a cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine), they reenter the cell cycle, dedifferentiate, and divide. GCPs cultured similarly but at 38 degrees C and with 0.1 micro M +/- -cis,trans-abscisic acid (ABA) remain differentiated. GCPs cultured at 38 degrees C without ABA dedifferentiate partially but do not divide. Cell survival after 1 week is 70% to 80% under all of these conditions. In this study, we show that GCPs cultured for 12 to 24 h at 38 degrees C accumulate heat shock protein 70 and develop a thermotolerance that, upon transfer of cells to 32 degrees C, enhances cell survival but inhibits cell cycle reentry, dedifferentiation, and division. GCPs dedifferentiating at 32 degrees C require both 1-napthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine to survive, but thermotolerant GCPs cultured at 38 degrees C +/- ABA do not require either hormone for survival. Pulse-labeling experiments using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine indicate that culture at 38 degrees C +/- ABA prevents dedifferentiation of GCPs by blocking cell cycle reentry at G1/S. Cell cycle reentry at 32 degrees C is accompanied by loss of a 41-kD polypeptide that cross-reacts with antibodies to rat (Rattus norvegicus) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1; thermotolerant GCPs retain this polypeptide. A number of polypeptides unique to thermotolerant cells have been uncovered by Boolean analysis of two-dimensional gels and are targets for further analysis. GCPs of tree tobacco can be isolated in sufficient numbers and with the purity required to study plant cell thermotolerance and its relationship to plant cell survival, growth, dedifferentiation, and division in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan N Gushwa
- Department of Biology, Willamette University, 900 State Street, Salem, Oregon 97301, USA
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44
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Serrano R, Ruiz A, Bernal D, Chambers JR, Ariño J. The transcriptional response to alkaline pH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for calcium-mediated signalling. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:1319-33. [PMID: 12453218 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The short-time transcriptional response of yeast cells to a mild increase in external pH (7.6) has been investigated using DNA microarrays. A total of 150 genes increased their mRNA level at least twofold within 45 min. Alkalinization resulted in the repression of 232 genes. The response of four upregulated genes, ENA1 (encoding a Na+-ATPase also induced by saline stress) and PHO84, PHO89 and PHO12 (encoding genes upregulated by phosphate starvation), was characterized further. The alkaline response of ENA1 was not affected by mutation of relevant genes involved in osmotic or oxidative signalling, but was decreased in calcineurin and rim101 mutants. Mapping of the ENA1 promoter revealed two pH-responsive regions. The response of the upstream region was fully abolished by the drug FK506 or mutation of CRZ1 (a transcription factor activated by calcium/calcineurin), whereas the response of the downstream region was essentially calcium independent. PHO84 and PHO12 responses were unaffected in crz1 cells, but required the presence of Pho2 and Pho4. In contrast, part of the alkali-induced expression of PHO89 was maintained in pho4 or pho2 cells, but was fully abolished in a crz1 strain or in the presence of FK506. Heterologous promoters carrying the minimal calcineurin-dependent response elements found in ENA1 or FKS2 were able to drive alkaline pH-induced expression. These results demonstrate that the transcriptional response to alkaline pH involves different signalling mechanisms, and that calcium signalling is a relevant component of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Serrano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz M, Torres J, Arino J, Herrero E. Sit4 is required for proper modulation of the biological functions mediated by Pkc1 and the cell integrity pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33468-76. [PMID: 12080055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203515200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cellular integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is carried out by the activation of the protein kinase C-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (PKC1-MAPK) pathway. Here we report that correct down-regulation of both basal and induced activity of the PKC1-MAPK pathway requires the SIT4 function. Sit4 is a protein phosphatase also required for a proper cell cycle progression. We present evidence demonstrating that the G(1) to S delay in the cell cycle, which occurs as a consequence of the absence of Sit4, is mediated by up-regulation of Pkc1 activity. Sit4 operates downstream of the plasma membrane sensors Mid2, Wsc1, and Wsc2 and upstream of Pkc1. Sit4 affects all known biological functions involving Pkc1, namely Mpk1 activity and cell wall integrity, actin cytoskeleton organization, and ribosomal gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles de la Torre-Ruiz
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 44, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
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46
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Han SI, Oh SY, Jeon WJ, Kim JM, Lee JH, Chung HY, Choi YH, Yoo MA, Kim HD, Kang HS. Mild heat shock induces cyclin D1 synthesis through multiple Ras signal pathways. FEBS Lett 2002; 515:141-5. [PMID: 11943210 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia such as that occurring during fever may improve cell survival during infection, although its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Here we show that acute exposure to mild, but not severe, heat shock induces the synthesis of cyclin D1 that plays a critical role(s) in G1 progression of the cell cycle. This induction seemed to be regulated through multiple Ras signal pathways involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Rac1/NADPH oxidase, all of which have well been documented to be responsible for growth factor-induced cyclin D1 expression. In a physiological sense, mild heat shock may regulate cell proliferation through inducing cyclin D1 along with growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Iy Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, and Research Institute of Genetic Engineering, Pusan National University, 609-735, Pusan, South Korea
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Jenkins GM, Hannun YA. Role for de novo sphingoid base biosynthesis in the heat-induced transient cell cycle arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8574-81. [PMID: 11056159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007425200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent findings of sphingolipids as potential mediators of yeast heat stress responses led us to investigate their possible role in the heat-induced cell cycle arrest and subsequent recovery. The sphingolipid-deficient yeast strain 7R4 was found to lack the cell cycle arrest seen in the isogenic wild type. Furthermore, strain lcb1-100, which harbors a temperature-sensitive serine palmitoyltransferase, lacked increased de novo generated sphingoid bases upon heat stress. Importantly, this strain was found to lack the transient heat-induced G0/G1 arrest. These results indicate a role for sphingolipids and specifically those generated in the de novo pathway in the cell cycle arrest response to heat. To determine the bioactive sphingolipid regulating this response, an analysis of key mutants in the sphingolipid biosynthetic and degradation pathways was performed. Strains deleted in sphingoid base kinases, sphingoid phosphate phosphatase, lyase, or dihydrosphingosine hydroxylase were found to display the cell cycle arrest. Also, the knockout of a fatty acyl elongation enzyme, which severely attenuates ceramide production, displayed the arrest. These experiments suggested that the active species for cell cycle arrest were the sphingoid bases. In further support of these findings, exogenous phytosphingosine (10 microM) was found to induce transient arrest. Stearylamine did not induce an arrest, demonstrating chemical specificity, and L-erythro- was not as potent as D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine showing stereospecificity. To investigate a possible arrest mechanism, we studied the hyperstable Cln3 (Cln3-1) strain LDW6A that has been previously shown to be resistant to heat stress-induced cell cycle arrest. The strain containing Cln3-1 was found to be resistant to cell cycle arrest induced by exogenous phytosphingosine, indicating that Cln3 acts downstream of the sphingoid bases in this response. Interestingly, cell cycle recovery from the transient arrest was found to be dependent upon the sphingoid base kinases (LCB4, LCB5). Overall, this combination of genetic and pharmacologic results demonstrates a role for de novo sphingoid base biosynthesis by serine palmitoyltransferase in the transient G0/G1 arrest mediated through Cln3 via a novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29482, USA
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Bellí G, Garí E, Aldea M, Herrero E. Osmotic stress causes a G1 cell cycle delay and downregulation of Cln3/Cdc28 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39:1022-35. [PMID: 11251821 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Moderate hyperosmotic stress on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells produces a temporary delay at the G1 stage of the cell cycle. This is accompanied by transitory downregulation of CLN1, CLN2 and CLB5 transcript levels, although not of CLN3, which codes for the most upstream activator of the G1/S transition. Osmotic shock to cells synchronized in early G1, when Cln3 is the only cyclin present, causes a delay in cell cycle resumption. This points to Cln3 as being a key cell cycle target for osmotic stress. We have observed that osmotic shock causes downregulation of the kinase activity of Cln3-Cdc28 complexes. This is concomitant with a temporary accumulation of Cln3 protein as a result of increased stability. The effects of the osmotic stress in G1 are not suppressed in CLN3-1 cells with increased kinase activity, as the Cln3-Cdc28 activity in this mutant is still affected by the shock. Although Hog1 is not required for the observed cell cycle arrest in hyperosmotic conditions, it is necessary to resume the cell cycle at KCl concentrations higher than 0.4 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellí
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 44, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Alexander MR, Tyers M, Perret M, Craig BM, Fang KS, Gustin MC. Regulation of cell cycle progression by Swe1p and Hog1p following hypertonic stress. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:53-62. [PMID: 11160822 PMCID: PMC30567 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of yeast cells to an increase in external osmolarity induces a temporary growth arrest. Recovery from this stress is mediated by the accumulation of intracellular glycerol and the transcription of several stress response genes. Increased external osmolarity causes a transient accumulation of 1N and 2N cells and a concomitant depletion of S phase cells. Hypertonic stress triggers a cell cycle delay in G2 phase cells that appears distinct from the morphogenesis checkpoint, which operates in early S phase cells. Hypertonic stress causes a decrease in CLB2 mRNA, phosphorylation of Cdc28p, and inhibition of Clb2p-Cdc28p kinase activity, whereas Clb2 protein levels are unaffected. Like the morphogenesis checkpoint, the osmotic stress-induced G2 delay is dependent upon the kinase Swe1p, but is not tightly correlated with inhibition of Clb2p-Cdc28p kinase activity. Thus, deletion of SWE1 does not prevent the hypertonic stress-induced inhibition of Clb2p-Cdc28p kinase activity. Mutation of the Swe1p phosphorylation site on Cdc28p (Y19) does not fully eliminate the Swe1p-dependent cell cycle delay, suggesting that Swe1p may have functions independent of Cdc28p phosphorylation. Conversely, deletion of the mitogen-activated protein kinase HOG1 does prevent Clb2p-Cdc28p inhibition by hypertonic stress, but does not block Cdc28p phosphorylation or alleviate the cell cycle delay. However, Hog1p does contribute to proper nuclear segregation after hypertonic stress in cells that lack Swe1p. These results suggest a hypertonic stress-induced cell cycle delay in G2 phase that is mediated in a novel way by Swe1p in cooperation with Hog1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alexander
- Rice University, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Houston Texas 77251, USA
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Li X, Cai M. Recovery of the yeast cell cycle from heat shock-induced G(1) arrest involves a positive regulation of G(1) cyclin expression by the S phase cyclin Clb5. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:24220-31. [PMID: 10446197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.24220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heat shock stress induces a variety of cellular responses including a transient cell cycle arrest before G(1)/S transition. Previous studies have suggested that this G(1) delay is probably attributable to a reduced level of the G(1) cyclin gene (CLN1 and CLN2) transcripts. Here we report our finding that the G(1) cyclin Cln3 and the S cyclin Clb5 are the key factors required for recovery from heat shock-induced G(1) arrest. Heat shock treatment of G(1) cells lacking either CLN3 or CLB5/CLB6 functions leads to prolonged cell cycle arrest before the initiation of DNA synthesis, concomitant with a severe deficiency in bud formation. The inability of the clb5 clb6 mutant to resume normal budding after heat shock treatment is unanticipated, since the S phase cyclins are generally thought to be required mainly for initiation of DNA synthesis and have no significant roles in bud formation in the presence of functional G(1) cyclins. Further studies reveal that the accumulation of G(1) cyclin transcripts is markedly delayed in the clb5 clb6 mutant following heat shock treatment, indicating that the CLN gene expression may require Clb5/Clb6 to attain a threshold level for driving the cell cycle through G(1)/S transition. Consistent with this assumption, overproduction of Clb5 greatly enhances the transcription of at least two G(1) cyclin genes (CLN1 and CLN2) in heat-shocked G(1) cells. These results suggest that Clb5 may positively regulate the expression of G(1) cyclins during cellular recovery from heat shock-induced G(1) arrest. Additional evidence is presented to support a role for Clb5 in maintaining the synchrony between budding and DNA synthesis during normal cell division as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, 30 Medical Dr., Singapore 117609, Singapore
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