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Cambuli F, Murray A, Dean W, Dudzinska D, Krueger F, Andrews S, Senner CE, Cook SJ, Hemberger M. Epigenetic memory of the first cell fate decision prevents complete ES cell reprogramming into trophoblast. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5538. [PMID: 25423963 PMCID: PMC4263130 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic (ES) and trophoblast (TS) stem cells reflect the first, irrevocable cell fate decision in development that is reinforced by distinct epigenetic lineage barriers. Nonetheless, ES cells can seemingly acquire TS-like characteristics upon manipulation of lineage-determining transcription factors or activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) pathway. Here we have interrogated the progression of reprogramming in ES cell models with regulatable Oct4 and Cdx2 transgenes or conditional Erk1/2 activation. Although trans-differentiation into TS-like cells is initiated, lineage conversion remains incomplete in all models, underpinned by the failure to demethylate a small group of TS cell genes. Forced expression of these non-reprogrammed genes improves trans-differentiation efficiency, but still fails to confer a stable TS cell phenotype. Thus, even ES cells in ground-state pluripotency cannot fully overcome the boundaries that separate the first cell lineages but retain an epigenetic memory of their ES cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cambuli
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Alexander Murray
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Wendy Dean
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Dominika Dudzinska
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Felix Krueger
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Claire E. Senner
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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2
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Cav1 suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in a murine model of cutaneous SCC through modulation of MAPK/AP-1 activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:992-1004. [PMID: 23267770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a scaffolding protein that serves to regulate the activity of several signaling molecules. Its loss has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of cancer, but its role in the development and progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains largely unexplored. Herein, we use the keratinocyte cell line PAM212, a murine model of cSCC, to determine the function of Cav1 in skin tumor biology. We first show that Cav1 overexpression decreases cell and tumor growth, whereas Cav1 knockdown increases these attributes in PAM212 cells. In addition, Cav1 knockdown increases the invasive ability and incidence of spontaneous lymph node metastasis. Finally, we demonstrate that Cav1 knockdown increases extracellular signaling-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein-1 pathway activation. We attribute the growth and invasive advantage conferred by Cav1 knockdown to increased expression of activator protein-1 transcriptional targets, including cyclin D1 and keratin 18, which show inverse expression in PAM212 based on the expression level of Cav1. In summary, we demonstrate that loss of Cav1 affects several characteristics associated with aggressive human skin tumors and that this protein may be an important modulator of tumor growth and invasion in cSCC.
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Kröger C, Vijayaraj P, Reuter U, Windoffer R, Simmons D, Heukamp L, Leube R, Magin TM. Placental vasculogenesis is regulated by keratin-mediated hyperoxia in murine decidual tissues. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1578-90. [PMID: 21435445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian placenta represents the interface between maternal and embryonic tissues and provides nutrients and gas exchange during embryo growth. Recently, keratin intermediate filament proteins were found to regulate embryo growth upstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway through glucose transporter relocalization and to contribute to yolk sac vasculogenesis through altered bone morphogenetic protein 4 signaling. Whether keratins have vital functions in extraembryonic tissues is not well understood. Here, we report that keratins are essential for placental function. In the absence of keratins, we find hyperoxia in the decidual tissue directly adjacent to the placenta, because of an increased maternal vasculature. Hyperoxia causes impaired vasculogenesis through defective hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, resulting in invagination defects of fetal blood vessels into the chorion. In turn, the reduced labyrinth, together with impaired gas exchange between maternal and embryonic blood, led to increased hypoxia in keratin-deficient embryos. We provide evidence that keratin-positive trophoblast secretion of prolactin-like protein a (Prlpa) and placental growth factor (PlGF) during decidualization are altered in the absence of keratins, leading to increased infiltration of uterine natural killer cells into placental vicinity and increased vascularization of the maternal decidua. Our findings suggest that keratin mutations might mediate conditions leading to early pregnancy loss due to hyperoxia in the decidua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kröger
- Division of Cell Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Maurer J, Nelson B, Ceceña G, Bajpai R, Mercola M, Terskikh A, Oshima RG. Contrasting expression of keratins in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3451. [PMID: 18941637 PMCID: PMC2565505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA expression data reveals that human embryonic stem (hES) cells differ from mouse ES (mES) cells in the expression of RNAs for keratin intermediate filament proteins. These differences were confirmed at the cellular and protein level and may reflect a fundamental difference in the epithelial nature of embryonic stem cells derived from mouse and human blastocysts. Mouse ES cells express very low levels of the simple epithelial keratins K8, K18 and K19. By contrast hES cells express moderate levels of the RNAs for these intermediate filament proteins as do mouse stem cells derived from the mouse epiblast. Expression of K8 and K18 RNAs are correlated with increased c-Jun RNA expression in both mouse and human ES cell cultures. However, decreasing K8 and K18 expression associated with differentiation to neuronal progenitor cells is correlated with increasing expression of the Snai2 (Slug) transcriptional repression and not decreased Jun expression. Increasing K7 expression is correlated with increased CDX2 and decreased Oct4 RNA expression associated with the formation of trophoblast derivatives by hES cells. Our study supports the view that hES cells are more similar to mouse epiblast cells than mouse ES cells and is consistent with the epithelial nature of hES cells. Keratin intermediate filament expression in hES cells may modulate sensitivity to death receptor mediated apoptosis and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Maurer
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Nelson
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Grace Ceceña
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Mercola
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alexey Terskikh
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Oshima
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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YANIW D, HU J. Epithelium-specific ets transcription factor 2 upregulates cytokeratin 18 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells through an interaction with cytokeratin 18 intron 1. Cell Res 2005; 15:423-9. [PMID: 15987600 PMCID: PMC4494830 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Ese-2, an Ets family transcription factor, in gene regulation is not known. In this study, the interaction between Ese-2 and cytokeratin 18 (K18) intron 1 was characterized in lung epithelial cells. Reporter gene assays showed Ese-2 was able to upregulate K18 intron 1 enhanced reporter gene expression by approximately 2-fold. We found that full length Ese-2 did not bind DNA strongly, therefore truncated versions of the protein, containing the ETS domain or Pointed domain, were created and tested in electrophoresis mobility shift assays. Multiple interactions between the ETS domain and putative DNA binding sites within K18 intron 1 were observed, which led to the determination of a possible Ese-2 DNA binding consensus sequence. These experiments suggest that Ese-2 could play a role in the regulation of K18 expression in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna YANIW
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
| | - Jim HU
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A1
- Correspondence: Jim HU, Tel: 01-416-813-6412; Fax: 01-416-813-5771,
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Koehler DR, Sajjan U, Chow YH, Martin B, Kent G, Tanswell AK, McKerlie C, Forstner JF, Hu J. Protection of Cftr knockout mice from acute lung infection by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector expressing Cftr in airway epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15364-9. [PMID: 14673110 PMCID: PMC307573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2436478100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a helper-dependent adenoviral vector for cystic fibrosis lung gene therapy. The vector expresses cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) using control elements from cytokeratin 18. The vector expressed properly localized CFTR in cultured cells and in the airway epithelia of mice. Cftr RNA and protein were present in whole lung and bronchioles, respectively, for 28 days after a vector dose. Acute inflammation was minimal to moderate. To test the therapeutic potential of the vector, we challenged mice with a clinical strain of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Cftr knockout mice (but not Cftr+/+ littermates) challenged with Bcc developed severe lung histopathology and had high lung bacteria counts. Cftr knockout mice receiving gene therapy 7 days before Bcc challenge had less severe histopathology, and the number of lung bacteria was reduced to the level seen in Cftr+/+ littermates. These data suggest that gene therapy could benefit cystic fibrosis patients by reducing susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Koehler
- Programme in Lung Biology Research and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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7
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Grooteclaes M, Deveraux Q, Hildebrand J, Zhang Q, Goodman RH, Frisch SM. C-terminal-binding protein corepresses epithelial and proapoptotic gene expression programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4568-73. [PMID: 12676992 PMCID: PMC153596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0830998100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The genesis of carcinoma cells often involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions and the acquisition of apoptosis resistance, but it is unclear whether these alterations are controlled coordinately or independently. Our previously reported effects of adenovirus E1a in human tumor cells raised the possibility that the E1a-interacting corepressor protein C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP) might selectively repress epithelial cell adhesion and proapoptotic genes. Here, we report that CtBP-knockout cells were hypersensitive to apoptosis. Correspondingly, microarray analysis of CtBP-knockout vs. CtBP-rescued mouse embryo fibroblasts revealed that many epithelial-specific and proapoptotic genes were indeed regulated by CtBP. Neither the apoptosis nor the repression activities of CtBP required histidine-315, suggesting that the proposed dehydrogenase activity is not essential for CtBP function. The results presented herein establish two functional roles of CtBP: to corepress epithelial genes, thus permitting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions, and to modulate the cellular threshold for apoptotic responses.
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8
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Fukuma M, Okita H, Hata JI, Umezawa A. Upregulation of Id2, an oncogenic helix-loop-helix protein, is mediated by the chimeric EWS/ets protein in Ewing sarcoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:1-9. [PMID: 12527902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomal translocation specifically linked to the Ewing sarcoma family results in the generation of fusion proteins comprising the amino terminal portion of EWS and the DNA-binding domain of ets transcription factors. The EWS/ets chimeric proteins act as aberrant transcription factors leading to tumorigenic processes. We searched for genes specifically activated in Ewing sarcoma cells but not in other tumor cell lines using the gene array technique, and found significantly enhanced expression of the Id2 gene. High levels of Id2 transcripts were detected in Ewing sarcoma cell lines and tumor tissues. The EWS/ets chimeric proteins activated the Id2 gene via the 5'-upstream promoter sequence. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation revealed a direct interaction of EWS/Fli-1 with the promoter regions of the Id2, TGF-beta type II receptor, cyclin D1, and c-myc genes. Since EWS/Fli-1 transactivates c-myc, a cooperative action of the chimeric protein and c-myc leads to overexpression of Id2. In the present study, we suggest that Id2 is a target of the chimeric proteins and that the c-myc/Id2 pathway plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenic processes provoked by EWS/ets proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Fukuma
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Abstract
Ets is a family of transcription factors present in species ranging from sponges to human. All family members contain an approximately 85 amino acid DNA binding domain, designated the Ets domain. Ets proteins bind to specific purine-rich DNA sequences with a core motif of GGAA/T, and transcriptionally regulate a number of viral and cellular genes. Thus, Ets proteins are an important family of transcription factors that control the expression of genes that are critical for several biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. Here, we tabulate genes that are regulated by Ets factors and describe past, present and future strategies for the identification and validation of Ets target genes. Through definition of authentic target genes, we will begin to understand the mechanisms by which Ets factors control normal and abnormal cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Sementchenko
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, SC 29403, USA
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10
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Daly N, Meleady P, Walsh D, Clynes M. Regulation of keratin and integrin gene expression in cancer and drug resistance. Cytotechnology 1998; 27:321-44. [PMID: 19002802 PMCID: PMC3449561 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008066216490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Daly
- National Cell and Tissue Culture Centre, BioResearch Ireland, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,
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11
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Chow YH, O'Brodovich H, Plumb J, Wen Y, Sohn KJ, Lu Z, Zhang F, Lukacs GL, Tanswell AK, Hui CC, Buchwald M, Hu J. Development of an epithelium-specific expression cassette with human DNA regulatory elements for transgene expression in lung airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14695-700. [PMID: 9405675 PMCID: PMC25096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient expression of therapeutic genes in target cells or tissues is an important component of efficient and safe gene therapy. Utilizing regulatory elements from the human cytokeratin 18 (K18) gene, including 5' genomic sequences and one of its introns, we have developed a novel expression cassette that can efficiently express reporter genes, as well as the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, in cultured lung epithelial cells. CFTR transcripts expressed from the native K18 enhancer/promoter include two alternative splicing products, due to the activation of two cryptic splice sites in the CFTR coding region. Modification of the K18 intron and CFTR cDNA sequences eliminated the cryptic splice sites without changing the CFTR amino acid sequence, and led to enhanced CFTR mRNA and protein expression as well as biological function. Transgenic expression analysis in mice showed that the modified expression cassette can direct efficient and epithelium-specific expression of the Escherichia coli LacZ gene in the airways of fetal lungs, with no detectable expression in lung fibroblasts or endothelial cells. This is the first expression cassette which selectively directs lung transgene expression for CFTR gene therapy to airway epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chow
- Division of Respiratory Research and Lung Gene Therapy Programme, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
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12
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Umezawa A, Yamamoto H, Rhodes K, Klemsz MJ, Maki RA, Oshima RG. Methylation of an ETS site in the intron enhancer of the keratin 18 gene participates in tissue-specific repression. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:4885-94. [PMID: 9271368 PMCID: PMC232341 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.9.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The activities of ETS transcription factors are modulated by posttranscriptional modifications and cooperation with other proteins. Another factor which could alter the regulation of genes by ETS transcription factors is DNA methylation of their cognate binding sites. The optimal activity of the keratin 18 (K18) gene is dependent upon an ETS binding site within an enhancer region located in the first intron. The methylation of the ETS binding site was correlated with the repression of the K18 gene in normal human tissues and in K18 transgenic mouse tissues. Neither recombinant ETS2 nor endogenous spleen ETS binding activities bound the methylated site effectively. Increased expression of the K18 gene in spleens of transgenic mice by use of an alternative, cryptic promoter 700 bp upstream of the enhancer resulted in modestly decreased methylation of the K18 ETS site and increased RNA expression. Expression in transgenic mice of a mutant K18 gene, which was still capable of activation by ETS factors but was no longer a substrate for DNA methylation of the ETS site, was fivefold higher in spleen and heart. However, expression in other organs such as liver and intestine was similar to that of the wild-type gene. This result suggests that DNA methylation of the K18 ETS site may be functionally important in the tissue-specific repression of the K18 gene. Epigenetic modification of the binding sites for some ETS transcription factors may result in a refractory transcriptional response even in the presence of necessary trans-acting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Umezawa
- Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Oettgen P, Alani RM, Barcinski MA, Brown L, Akbarali Y, Boltax J, Kunsch C, Munger K, Libermann TA. Isolation and characterization of a novel epithelium-specific transcription factor, ESE-1, a member of the ets family. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:4419-33. [PMID: 9234700 PMCID: PMC232296 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.8.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the isolation of a novel, highly tissue-restricted member of the ets transcription factor/oncogene family, ESE-1 (for epithelium-specific Ets), which has features distinct from those of any other ets-related factor. ESE-1 contains two putative DNA binding domains: an ETS domain, which is unique in that the 5' half shows relatively weak homology to known ets factors, and an A/T hook domain, found in HMG proteins and various other nuclear factors. In contrast to any known ets factors, ESE-1 is expressed exclusively in epithelial cells. ESE-1 expression is induced during terminal differentiation of the epidermis and in a primary human keratinocyte differentiation system. The keratinocyte terminal differentiation marker gene, SPRR2A, is a putative target for ESE-1, since SPRR2A expression during keratinocyte differentiation correlates with induction of ESE-1 expression, and ESE-1 binds with high affinity to and transactivates the ets binding site in the SPRR2A promoter. ESE-1 also binds to and transactivates the enhancer of the Endo A gene, a potential target for ESE-1 in simple epithelia. Due to the important role that other ets factors play in cellular differentiation, ESE-1 is expected to be a critical regulator of epithelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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14
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Chen TT, Wu RL, Castro-Munozledo F, Sun TT. Regulation of K3 keratin gene transcription by Sp1 and AP-2 in differentiating rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:3056-64. [PMID: 9154804 PMCID: PMC232158 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.6.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit corneal epithelial cells cultured in the presence of 3T3 feeder cells undergo biochemical differentiation, as evidenced by their initial expression of K5 and K14 keratins characteristic of basal keratinocytes, followed by the subsequent expression of K3 and K12 keratin markers of corneal epithelial differentiation. Previous data established that mutations of an Sp1 site in a DNA element, E, that contains overlapping Sp1 and AP-2 motifs reduce K3 gene promoter activity by 70% in transfection assays. We show here that Sp1 activates while AP-2 represses the K3 promoter. Although undifferentiated corneal epithelial basal cells express equal amounts of Sp1 and AP-2 DNA-binding activities, the differentiated cells down-regulate their Sp1 activity slightly but their AP-2 activity drastically, thus resulting in a six- to sevenfold increase in the Sp1/AP-2 ratio. This change coincides with the activation and suppression of the differentiation-related K3 gene and the basal cell-related K14 keratin gene, respectively. In addition, we show that polyamines, which are present in a high concentration in proliferating basal keratinocytes, can inhibit the binding of Sp1 to its cognate binding motif but not that of AP-2. These results suggest that the relatively low Sp1/AP-2 ratio as well as the polyamine-mediated inhibition of Sp1 binding to the E motif may account, in part, for the suppression of the K3 gene in corneal epithelial basal cells, while the elevated Sp1/AP-2 ratio may be involved in activating the K3 gene in differentiated corneal epithelial cells. Coupled with the previous demonstration that AP-2 activates the K14 gene in basal cells, the switch of the Sp1/AP-2 ratio during corneal epithelial differentiation may play a role in the reciprocal expression of the K3 and K14 genes in the basal and suprabasal cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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15
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Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) and keratin 18 (K18) are the most common and characteristic members of the large intermediate filament gene family expressed in 'simple' or single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Their persistent expression in tumor cells derived from these epithelia has led to the wide spread use of keratin monoclonal antibodies as aids in the detection and identification of carcinomas. Oncogenes which activate ras signal transduction pathways stimulate expression of the K18 gene through transcription factors including members of the AP-1 (jun and fos) and ETS families. The persistent expression of K8 and K18 may reflect the integrated transcriptional activation of such transcription factors and, in the cases of ectopic expression, an escape from the suppressive epigenetic mechanisms of DNA methylation and chromatin condensation. Comparison of the mechanisms of transcriptional control of K18 expression with expression patterns documented in both normal and pathological conditions leads to the proposal that persistent K8 and K18 expression is a reflection of the action of multiple different oncogenes converging on the nucleus through a limited number of transcription factors to then influence the expression of a large number of genes including these keratins. Furthermore, correlation of various tumor cell characteristics including invasive behavior and drug sensitivity with K8 and K18 expression has stimulated consideration of the possible functions of these proteins in both normal development and in tumorigenesis. Recent developments in the analysis of the functions of these intermediate filament proteins provide new insights into diverse functions influenced by K8 and K18.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Oshima
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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