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Pantziarka P, Blagden S. Inhibiting the Priming for Cancer in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071621. [PMID: 35406393 PMCID: PMC8997074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare cancer pre-disposition syndrome associated with a germline mutation in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene. People with LFS have a 90% chance of suffering one or more cancers in their lifetime. No treatments exist to reduce this cancer risk. This paper reviews the evidence for how cancers start in people with LFS and proposes that a series of commonly used non-cancer drugs, including metformin and aspirin, can help reduce that lifetime risk of cancer. Abstract The concept of the pre-cancerous niche applies the ‘seed and soil’ theory of metastasis to the initial process of carcinogenesis. TP53 is at the nexus of this process and, in the context of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS), is a key determinant of the conditions in which cancers are formed and progress. Important factors in the creation of the pre-cancerous niche include disrupted tissue homeostasis, cellular metabolism and chronic inflammation. While druggability of TP53 remains a challenge, there is evidence that drug re-purposing may be able to address aspects of pre-cancerous niche formation and thereby reduce the risk of cancer in individuals with LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pantziarka
- The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust, London KT1 2JP, UK
- The Anti-Cancer Fund, Brusselsesteenweg 11, 1860 Meise, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah Blagden
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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A senescence stress secretome is a hallmark of therapy-related myeloid neoplasm stromal tissue occurring soon after cytotoxic exposure. Leukemia 2022; 36:2678-2689. [PMID: 36038666 PMCID: PMC9613466 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (tMN) is considered a direct consequence of DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells. Despite increasing recognition that altered stroma can also drive leukemogenesis, the functional biology of the tMN microenvironment remains unknown. We performed multiomic (transcriptome, DNA damage response, cytokine secretome and functional profiling) characterization of bone marrow stromal cells from tMN patients. Critically, we also compared (i) patients with myeloid neoplasm and another cancer but without cytotoxic exposure, (ii) typical primary myeloid neoplasm, and (iii) age-matched controls to decipher the microenvironmental changes induced by cytotoxics vs. neoplasia. Strikingly, tMN exhibited a profoundly senescent phenotype with induction of CDKN1A and β-Galactosidase, defective phenotype, and proliferation. Moreover, tMN stroma showed delayed DNA repair and defective adipogenesis. Despite their dormant state, tMN stromal cells were metabolically highly active with a switch toward glycolysis and secreted multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines indicative of a senescent-secretory phenotype that inhibited adipogenesis. Critically, senolytics not only eliminated dormant cells, but also restored adipogenesis. Finally, sequential patient sampling showed senescence phenotypes are induced within months of cytotoxic exposure, well prior to the onset of secondary cancer. Our data underscores a role of senescence in the pathogenesis of tMN and provide a valuable resource for future therapeutics.
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3
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Investigating the Potential of Conjugated Selenium Redox Folic Acid as a Treatment for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020138. [PMID: 32033374 PMCID: PMC7071027 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that redox selenium compounds arrest cancer cell viability in vitro through their pro-oxidative activity by generating superoxide (O2•−). Currently, there are no efficacious treatment options for women with Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). However, the association between the over-expression of the Folate Receptor Alpha (FRA) in TNBC and other cancer cells, has led to the possibility that TNBCs might be treated by targeting the FRA with redox selenium covalent Folic Acid conjugates. The present study reports the synthesis of the redox active vitamer, Selenofolate, generating superoxide. Superoxide (O2•−) catalytic generation by Selenofolate was assessed by an in vitro chemiluminescence (CL) assay and by a Dihydroethidium (DHE) in vivo assay. Cytotoxicity of Selenofolate was assessed against the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468 and an immortalized, mammary epithelial cell line, HME50-5E. Cytotoxicity of Selenofolate was compared to Folic Acid and sodium selenite, in a time and dose dependent manner. Selenofolate and selenite treatments resulted in greater inhibition of MDA-MB-468 cell proliferation than HME50-5E as evaluated by Trypan Blue exclusion, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) metabolic assay and Annexin V apoptosis assays. Folate receptor alpha (FRA) protein expression was assessed by Western blotting, with the experimental results showing that redox active Selenofolate and selenite, but not Folic Acid, was cytotoxic to MDA-MB-468 cells in vitro, suggesting a possible clinical option for treating TNBC and other cancers over-expressing FRA.
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4
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Raimundo L, Ramos H, Loureiro JB, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. BRCA1/P53: Two strengths in cancer chemoprevention. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188339. [PMID: 31917206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis has been given to prevention as a feasible approach to reduce the cancer burden. However, for its clinical success, further advances are required to identify effective chemopreventive agents. This review affords a critical and up-to-date discussion of issues related to cancer prevention, including an in-depth knowledge on BRCA1 and p53 tumor suppressor proteins as key molecular players. Indeed, it compiles the most recent advances on the topic, highlighting the unique potential of BRCA1 and p53 germline mutations as molecular biomarkers for risk assessment and targets for chemoprevention. Relevant evidences are herein provided supporting the effectiveness of distinct pharmacological agents in cancer prevention, by targeting BRCA1 and p53. Moreover, the rationale for using germline mutant BRCA1- or p53-related cancer syndromes as model systems to investigate effective chemopreventive agents is also addressed. Altogether, this work provides an innovative conception about the dependence on p53 and BRCA1 co-inactivation in tumor formation and development, emphasizing the relationship between these two proteins as an encouraging direction for future personalized pharmacological interventions in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Calheiros
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Chhetri A, Chittiboyina S, Atrian F, Bai Y, Delisi DA, Rahimi R, Garner J, Efremov Y, Park K, Talhouk R, Lelièvre SA. Cell Culture and Coculture for Oncological Research in Appropriate Microenvironments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:e65. [PMID: 31166658 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in knowledge on the importance of the tumor microenvironment, cell culture models of cancers can be adapted to better recapitulate physiologically relevant situations. Three main microenvironmental factors influence tumor phenotype: the biochemical components that stimulate cells, the fibrous molecules that influence the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, and noncancerous cells like epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Here we present methods for the culture of carcinomas in the presence of a matrix of specific stiffness, and for the coculture of tumors and fibroblasts as well as epithelial cells in the presence of matrix. Information is provided to help with choice and assessment of the matrix support and in working with serum-free medium. Using the example of a tissue chip recapitulating the environmental geometry of carcinomas, we also highlight the development of engineered platforms that provide exquisite control of cell culture parameters necessary in research and development. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apekshya Chhetri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shirisha Chittiboyina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana.,3D Cell Culture Core (3D3C) Facility, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Farzaneh Atrian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Davide A Delisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Yuri Efremov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rabih Talhouk
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sophie A Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana.,3D Cell Culture Core (3D3C) Facility, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Subbaramaiah K, Iyengar NM, Morrow M, Elemento O, Zhou XK, Dannenberg AJ. Prostaglandin E 2 down-regulates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), leading to elevated levels of aromatase, providing insights into the obesity-breast cancer connection. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:361-371. [PMID: 30409902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, are increased in the breast tissue of obese women. Both prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) contribute to the induction of aromatase in adipose stromal cells (ASCs). Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) binds, deacetylates, and thereby inactivates HIF-1α. Here, we sought to determine whether SIRT1 also plays a role in regulating aromatase expression. We demonstrate that reduced SIRT1 levels are associated with elevated levels of acetyl-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and aromatase in breast tissue of obese compared with lean women. To determine whether these changes were functionally linked, ASCs were utilized. In ASCs, treatment with PGE2, which is increased in obese individuals, down-regulated SIRT1 levels, leading to elevated acetyl-HIF-1α and HIF-1α levels and enhanced aromatase gene transcription. Chemical SIRT1 activators (SIRT1720 and resveratrol) suppressed the PGE2-mediated induction of acetyl-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and aromatase. Silencing of p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), which acetylates HIF-1α, blocked PGE2-mediated increases in acetyl-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and aromatase. SIRT1 overexpression or PCAF silencing inhibited the interaction between HIF-1α and p300, a coactivator of aromatase expression, and suppressed p300 binding to the aromatase promoter. PGE2 acted via prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2) and EP4 to induce activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a repressive transcription factor, which bound to a CREB site within the SIRT1 promoter and reduced SIRT1 levels. These findings suggest that reduced SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of HIF-1α contributes to the elevated levels of aromatase in breast tissues of obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065.
| | - Neil M Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Monica Morrow
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065.
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Ahmmed SM, Bithi SS, Pore AA, Mubtasim N, Schuster C, Gollahon LS, Vanapalli SA. Multi-sample deformability cytometry of cancer cells. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:032002. [PMID: 31069319 PMCID: PMC6481721 DOI: 10.1063/1.5020992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition that cell deformability can play an important role in cancer metastasis and diagnostics. Advancement of methods to characterize cell deformability in a high throughput manner and the capacity to process numerous samples can impact cancer-related applications ranging from analysis of patient samples to discovery of anti-cancer compounds to screening of oncogenes. In this study, we report a microfluidic technique called multi-sample deformability cytometry (MS-DC) that allows simultaneous measurement of flow-induced deformation of cells in multiple samples at single-cell resolution using a combination of on-chip reservoirs, distributed pressure control, and data analysis system. Cells are introduced at rates of O(100) cells per second with a data processing speed of 10 min per sample. To validate MS-DC, we tested more than 50 cell-samples that include cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential and cells treated with several cytoskeletal-intervention drugs. Results from MS-DC show that (i) the cell deformability correlates with metastatic potential for both breast and prostate cancer cells but not with their molecular histotype, (ii) the strongly metastatic breast cancer cells have higher deformability than the weakly metastatic ones; however, the strongly metastatic prostate cancer cells have lower deformability than the weakly metastatic counterparts, and (iii) drug-induced disruption of the actin network, microtubule network, and actomyosin contractility increased cancer cell deformability, but stabilization of the cytoskeletal proteins does not alter deformability significantly. Our study demonstrates the capacity of MS-DC to mechanically phenotype tumor cells simultaneously in many samples for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim M. Ahmmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Swastika S. Bithi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Adity A. Pore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Noshin Mubtasim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Caroline Schuster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Lauren S. Gollahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Siva A. Vanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Zahid H, Subbaramaiah K, Iyengar NM, Zhou XK, Chen IC, Bhardwaj P, Gucalp A, Morrow M, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown KA. Leptin regulation of the p53-HIF1α/PKM2-aromatase axis in breast adipose stromal cells: a novel mechanism for the obesity-breast cancer link. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:711-720. [PMID: 29104286 PMCID: PMC5936686 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity (body mass index (BMI)⩾30 kg m-2) is associated with an increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer after menopause. Levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, are elevated in breast tissue of obese women. Recently, the regulation of aromatase by the p53-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α)/pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) axis was characterized in adipose stromal cells (ASCs) of women with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, a hereditary cancer syndrome that predisposes to estrogen-dependent breast cancer. The current study aimed to determine whether stimulation of aromatase by obesity-associated adipokine leptin involves the regulation of the p53-HIF1α/PKM2 axis. SUBJECTS/METHODS Human breast ASCs were used to characterize the p53-HIF1α/PKM2-aromatase axis in response to leptin. The effect of pharmacological or genetic modulation of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p53, Aha1, Hsp90, HIF1α and PKM2 on aromatase promoter activity, expression and enzyme activity was examined. Semiquantitative immunofluorescence and confocal imaging were used to assess ASC-specific protein expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of breast of women and mammary tissue of mice following a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 17 weeks. RESULTS Leptin-mediated induction of aromatase was dependent on PKC/MAPK signaling and the suppression of p53. This, in turn, was associated with an increase in Aha1 protein expression, activation of Hsp90 and the stabilization of HIF1α and PKM2, known stimulators of aromatase expression. Consistent with these findings, ASC-specific immunoreactivity for p53 was inversely associated with BMI in breast tissue, while HIF1α, PKM2 and aromatase were positively correlated with BMI. In mice, HF feeding was associated with significantly lower p53 ASC-specific immunoreactivity compared with LF feeding, while immunoreactivity for HIF1α, PKM2 and aromatase were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for the obesity-associated increase in aromatase in ASCs of the breast and support the study of lifestyle interventions, including weight management, which may reduce breast cancer risk via effects on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Zahid
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Neil M. Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ayca Gucalp
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Monica Morrow
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Kristy A. Brown
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Miyamoto T, Akutsu SN, Matsuura S. Updated summary of genome editing technology in human cultured cells linked to human genetics studies. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:133-143. [PMID: 29167553 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current deep-sequencing technology provides a mass of nucleotide variations associated with human genetic disorders to accelerate the identification of causative mutations. To understand the etiology of genetic disorders, reverse genetics in human cultured cells is a useful approach for modeling a disease in vitro. However, gene targeting in human cultured cells is difficult because of their low activity of homologous recombination. Engineered endonucleases enable enhancement of the local activation of DNA repair pathways at the human genome target site to rewrite the desired sequence, thereby efficiently generating disease-modeling cultured cell clones. These edited cells can be used to explore the molecular functions of a causative gene product to uncover the etiological mechanisms. The correction of mutations in patient cells using genome editing technology could contribute to the development of unique gene therapies. This technology can also be applied to screening causative mutations. Rare genetic disorders and non-exonic mutation-caused diseases remain frontier in the field of human genetics as it is difficult to validate whether the extracted nucleotide variants are mutation or polymorphism. When isogenic human cultured cells with a candidate variant reproduce the pathogenic phenotypes, it is confirmed that the variant is a causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Silvia Natsuko Akutsu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuura
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zhou R, Xu A, Gingold J, Strong LC, Zhao R, Lee DF. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Disease Model: A Platform to Develop Precision Cancer Therapy Targeting Oncogenic p53. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:908-927. [PMID: 28818333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare hereditary autosomal dominant cancer disorder. Germline mutations in TP53, the gene encoding p53, are responsible for most cases of LFS. TP53 is also the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. Because inhibition of mutant p53 is considered to be a promising therapeutic strategy to treat these diseases, LFS provides a perfect genetic model to study p53 mutation-associated malignancies as well as to screen potential compounds targeting oncogenic p53. In this review we briefly summarize the biology of LFS and current understanding of the oncogenic functions of mutant p53 in cancer development. We discuss the strengths and limitations of current LFS disease models, and touch on existing compounds targeting oncogenic p53 and in vitro clinical trials to develop new ones. Finally, we discuss how recently developed methodologies can be integrated into the LFS induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) platform to develop precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - An Xu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julian Gingold
- Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Louise C Strong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics and School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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LPA receptor activity is basal specific and coincident with early pregnancy and involution during mammary gland postnatal development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35810. [PMID: 27808166 PMCID: PMC5093903 DOI: 10.1038/srep35810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, luminal and basal epithelial cells of the adult mammary gland proliferate and differentiate resulting in remodeling of the adult gland. While pathways that control this process have been characterized in the gland as a whole, the contribution of specific cell subtypes, in particular the basal compartment, remains largely unknown. Basal cells provide structural and contractile support, however they also orchestrate the communication between the stroma and the luminal compartment at all developmental stages. Using RNA-seq, we show that basal cells are extraordinarily transcriptionally dynamic throughout pregnancy when compared to luminal cells. We identified gene expression changes that define specific basal functions acquired during development that led to the identification of novel markers. Enrichment analysis of gene sets from 24 mouse models for breast cancer pinpoint to a potential new function for insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1r) in the basal epithelium during lactogenesis. We establish that β-catenin signaling is activated in basal cells during early pregnancy, and demonstrate that this activity is mediated by lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (Lpar3). These findings identify novel pathways active during functional maturation of the adult mammary gland.
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Subbaramaiah K, Brown KA, Zahid H, Balmus G, Weiss RS, Herbert BS, Dannenberg AJ. Hsp90 and PKM2 Drive the Expression of Aromatase in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Breast Adipose Stromal Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16011-23. [PMID: 27467582 PMCID: PMC4965552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) patients harbor germ line mutations in the TP53 gene and are at increased risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Recently, elevated levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis, were found in the breast tissue of LFS patients. Although p53 down-regulates aromatase expression, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In the present study, we found that LFS stromal cells expressed higher levels of Hsp90 ATPase activity and aromatase compared with wild-type stromal cells. Inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase suppressed aromatase expression. Silencing Aha1 (activator of Hsp90 ATPase 1), a co-chaperone of Hsp90 required for its ATPase activity, led to both inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity and reduced aromatase expression. In comparison with wild-type stromal cells, increased levels of the Hsp90 client proteins, HIF-1α, and PKM2 were found in LFS stromal cells. A complex comprised of HIF-1α and PKM2 was recruited to the aromatase promoter II in LFS stromal cells. Silencing either HIF-1α or PKM2 suppressed aromatase expression in LFS stromal cells. CP-31398, a p53 rescue compound, suppressed levels of Aha1, Hsp90 ATPase activity, levels of PKM2 and HIF-1α, and aromatase expression in LFS stromal cells. Consistent with these in vitro findings, levels of Hsp90 ATPase activity, Aha1, HIF-1α, PKM2, and aromatase were increased in the mammary glands of p53 null versus wild-type mice. PKM2 and HIF-1α were shown to co-localize in the nucleus of stromal cells of LFS breast tissue. Taken together, our results show that the Aha1-Hsp90-PKM2/HIF-1α axis mediates the induction of aromatase in LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotha Subbaramaiah
- From the Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065,
| | - Kristy A Brown
- the Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Heba Zahid
- the Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, the Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gabriel Balmus
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Robert S Weiss
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Brittney-Shea Herbert
- the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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Trump BF. Mechanisms of Toxicity and Carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/019262339502300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Rashidian J, Luo K. Three-dimensional Mammary Epithelial Cell Morphogenesis Model for Analysis of TGFß Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1344:121-35. [PMID: 26520121 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2966-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Culturing mammary epithelial cells in laminin-rich extracellular matrices (three dimensional or 3D culture) offers significant advantages over that in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture system in that it takes into considetation the impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. When grown in the 3D culture, untransformed mammary epithelial cells undergo morphogenesis to form a multicellular and polarized acini-like structure that functionally mimics the differentiated alveoli in the pregnancy mammary gland. This process is subjected to regulation by many growth factors and cytokines. The transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) is a multipotent cytokine that regulates multiple aspects of development and tumorigenesis. In addition to its effects on epithelial cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, it is also a potent regulator of the cell-matrix interaction. Thus, the 3D culture model may recapitulate the complex in vivo epithelial cell microenvironment and allow us to fully evaluate the role of TGFß signaling in multiple aspects of normal and cancerous cell behavior. In this chapter we provide detailed protocols for growing mammary epithelial cells in the 3D Matrigel for analysis of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Rashidian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (MCB), University of California, 16 Barker Hall # 3204, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3204, USA
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (MCB), University of California, 16 Barker Hall # 3204, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3204, USA.
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Pantziarka P. Primed for cancer: Li Fraumeni Syndrome and the pre-cancerous niche. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:541. [PMID: 26082798 PMCID: PMC4462886 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex relationship between tumour and stroma is still being elucidated but it is clear that cancer is a disease of more than just malignant cells. However, the dominant focus of our current understanding of Li Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) remains on the function of p53 as ‘guardian of the genome’. Recent evidence shows that the TP53 gene is at the nexus of a wider range of functions, including aspects of cellular metabolism, aging and immunity. Incorporating this broader picture of the role of TP53 together with our understanding of the role of the host microenvironment in cancer initiation and progression gives a more nuanced picture of LFS. Furthermore, there is clinical evidence to suggest that the host environment in healthy individuals with LFS already includes some of the features of a ‘pre-cancerous niche’ that makes cancer initiation more likely. It is suggested, finally, that there are pharmacological interventions capable of altering this pre-cancerous niche, thus potentially reducing the cancer risk in individuals with LFS.
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16
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Zhao X, Zhao Q, Luo Z, Yu Y, Xiao N, Sun X, Cheng L. Spontaneous immortalization of mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:617-24. [PMID: 25585915 PMCID: PMC4314414 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous immortalization of cells in vitro is a rare event requiring genomic instability, such as alterations in chromosomes and mutations in genes. In the present study, we report a spontaneously immortalized liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) line generated from mouse liver. These immortalized LSECs showed typical LSEC characteristics with the structure of transcellular fenestrations, the expression of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and the ability to uptake DiI-acetylated-low density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL). However, these immortalized LSECs lost the ability to form capillary-like structures, and showed clonal and multilayer growth without contact inhibition. Moreover, their proliferation rate increased with the increase in the number of passages. In addition, these cells obained the expression of CD31 and desmin, and showed an upregulation of p53 protein expression; however, their karyotype was normal, and they could not form colonies in soft agar or tumors in SCID mice. In conclusion, in the present study, we successfully established a spontaneously immortalized LSEC line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Na Xiao
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lamei Cheng
- Department of Adult Stem Cells, Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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El-Ashmawy M, Delgado O, Cardentey A, Wright WE, Shay JW. CDDO-Me protects normal lung and breast epithelial cells but not cancer cells from radiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115600. [PMID: 25536195 PMCID: PMC4275221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiation therapy is commonly used for treatment for many human diseases including cancer, ionizing radiation produces reactive oxygen species that can damage both cancer and healthy cells. Synthetic triterpenoids, including CDDO-Me, act as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant modulators primarily by inducing the transcription factor Nrf2 to activate downstream genes containing antioxidant response elements (AREs). In the present series of experiments, we determined if CDDO-Me can be used as a radioprotector in normal non-cancerous human lung and breast epithelial cells, in comparison to lung and breast cancer cell lines. A panel of normal non-cancerous, partially cancer progressed, and cancer cell lines from both lung and breast tissue was exposed to gamma radiation with and without pre-treatment with CDDO-Me. CDDO-Me was an effective radioprotector when given ∼18 hours before radiation in epithelial cells (average dose modifying factor (DMF) = 1.3), and Nrf2 function was necessary for CDDO-Me to exert these radioprotective effects. CDDO-Me did not protect cancer lines tested from radiation-induced cytotoxicity, nor did it protect experimentally transformed human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with progressive oncogenic manipulations. CDDO-Me also protected human lymphocytes against radiation-induced DNA damage. A therapeutic window exists in which CDDO-Me protects normal cells from radiation by activating the Nrf2 pathway, but does not protect experimentally transformed or cancer cell lines. This suggests that use of this oral available, non-toxic class of drug can protect non-cancerous healthy cells during radiotherapy, resulting in better outcomes and less toxicity for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam El-Ashmawy
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oliver Delgado
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Agnelio Cardentey
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Woodring E. Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Excellence in Genomics Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sauder CAM, Koziel JE, Choi M, Fox MJ, Grimes BR, Badve S, Blosser RJ, Radovich M, Lam CC, Vaughan MB, Herbert BS, Clare SE. Phenotypic plasticity in normal breast derived epithelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:20. [PMID: 24915897 PMCID: PMC4066279 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal, healthy human breast tissue from a variety of volunteer donors has become available for research thanks to the establishment of the Susan G. Komen for the Cure® Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center (KTB). Multiple epithelial (K-HME) and stromal cells (K-HMS) were established from the donated tissue. Explant culture was utilized to isolate the cells from pieces of breast tissue. Selective media and trypsinization were employed to select either epithelial cells or stromal cells. The primary, non-transformed epithelial cells, the focus of this study, were characterized by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and in vitro cell culture. RESULTS All of the primary, non-transformed epithelial cells tested have the ability to differentiate in vitro into a variety of cell types when plated in or on biologic matrices. Cells identified include stratified squamous epithelial, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, neural progenitors/neurons, immature muscle and melanocytes. The cells also express markers of embryonic stem cells. CONCLUSIONS The cell culture conditions employed select an epithelial cell that is pluri/multipotent. The plasticity of the epithelial cells developed mimics that seen in metaplastic carcinoma of the breast (MCB), a subtype of triple negative breast cancer; and may provide clues to the origin of this particularly aggressive type of breast cancer. The KTB is a unique biorepository, and the normal breast epithelial cells isolated from donated tissue have significant potential as new research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice AM Sauder
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jillian E Koziel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - MiRan Choi
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Melanie J Fox
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brenda R Grimes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rachel J Blosser
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Milan Radovich
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christina C Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Melville B Vaughan
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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19
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Kochhar A, Kopelovich L, Sue E, Guttenplan JB, Herbert BS, Dannenberg AJ, Subbaramaiah K. p53 modulates Hsp90 ATPase activity and regulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:596-606. [PMID: 24736433 PMCID: PMC4074578 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a client protein of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a role in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced carcinogenesis. Tobacco smoke activates AhR signaling leading to increased transcription of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which encode proteins that convert PAHs to mutagens. Recently, p53 was found to regulate Hsp90 ATPase activity via effects on activator of Hsp90 ATPase (Aha1). It is possible, therefore, that AhR-dependent expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 might be affected by p53 status. The main objective of this study was to determine whether p53 modulated AhR-dependent gene expression and PAH metabolism. Here, we show that silencing p53 led to elevated Aha1 levels, increased Hsp90 ATPase activity, and enhanced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression. Overexpression of wild-type p53 suppressed levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. The significance of Aha1 in mediating these p53-dependent effects was determined. Silencing of Aha1 led to reduced Hsp90 ATPase activity and downregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. In contrast, overexpressing Aha1 was associated with increased Hsp90 ATPase activity and elevated levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Using p53 heterozygous mutant epithelial cells from patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, we show that monoallelic mutation of p53 was associated with elevated levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 under both basal conditions and following treatment with benzo[a]pyrene. Treatment with CP-31398, a p53 rescue compound, suppressed benzo[a]pyrene-mediated induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and the formation of DNA adducts. Collectively, our results suggest that p53 affects AhR-dependent gene expression, PAH metabolism, and possibly carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kochhar
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IndianaAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erika Sue
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph B Guttenplan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IndianaAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry; and Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, New York University, New York; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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20
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Okayama S, Kopelovich L, Balmus G, Weiss RS, Herbert BS, Dannenberg AJ, Subbaramaiah K. p53 protein regulates Hsp90 ATPase activity and thereby Wnt signaling by modulating Aha1 expression. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6513-6525. [PMID: 24451373 PMCID: PMC3945316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a homotetrameric transcription factor which is activated in response to a variety of cellular stressors, including DNA damage and oncogene activation. p53 mutations occur in >50% of human cancers. Although p53 has been shown to regulate Wnt signaling, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that silencing p53 in colon cancer cells led to increased expression of Aha1, a co-chaperone of Hsp90. Heat shock factor-1 was important for mediating the changes in Aha1 levels. Increased Aha1 levels were associated with enhanced interactions with Hsp90, resulting in increased Hsp90 ATPase activity. Moreover, increased Hsp90 ATPase activity resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), leading to enhanced expression of Wnt target genes. Significantly, levels of Aha1, Hsp90 ATPase activity, Akt, and GSK3β phosphorylation and expression of Wnt target genes were increased in the colons of p53-null as compared with p53 wild type mice. Using p53 heterozygous mutant epithelial cells from Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients, we show that a monoallelic mutation of p53 was sufficient to activate the Aha1/Hsp90 ATPase axis leading to stimulation of Wnt signaling and increased expression of Wnt target genes. Pharmacologic intervention with CP-31398, a p53 rescue agent, inhibited recruitment of Aha1 to Hsp90 and suppressed Wnt-mediated gene expression in colon cancer cells. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the mechanism by which p53 regulates Wnt signaling and raises the intriguing possibility that p53 status may affect the efficacy of anticancer therapies targeting Hsp90 ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Okayama
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gabriel Balmus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065.
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Ras regulates kinesin 13 family members to control cell migration pathways in transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:5457-66. [PMID: 24240690 PMCID: PMC4025984 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We show that expression of the microtubule depolymerizing kinesin KIF2C is induced by transformation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells by expression of K-RasG12V and knockdown of p53. Further investigation demonstrates that this is due to the K-Ras/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, as loss of p53 had little effect on KIF2C expression. In addition to KIF2C, we also found that the related kinesin KIF2A is modestly upregulated in this model system; both proteins are expressed more highly in many lung cancer cell lines compared to normal tissue. As a consequence of their depolymerizing activity, these kinesins increase dynamic instability of microtubules. Depletion of either of these kinesins impairs the ability of cells transformed with mutant K-Ras to migrate and invade matrigel. However, depletion of these kinesins does not reverse the epithelial-mesenchymal transition caused by mutant K-Ras. Our studies indicate that increased expression of microtubule destabilizing factors can occur during oncogenesis to support enhanced migration and invasion of tumor cells.
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22
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Pantziarka P. Li Fraumeni syndrome, cancer and senescence: a new hypothesis. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:35. [PMID: 23587008 PMCID: PMC3637189 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Li Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by germline mutations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene. Sufferers are prone to early onset cancers, particularly sarcomas, adrenocortical carcinoma and breast cancer. Cells from LFS sufferers are known to exhibit telomere dysfunction, genomic instability and spontaneous immortalisation. It is hypothesized that these facets of the LFS host are evidence that the host environment is "primed" for carcinogenesis over and above the lack of p53 tumour suppressor function. Further, it is hypothesized that the host presents an ideal environment for "two compartment tumour metabolism" to take place. Evidence from recent studies supports this new view of LFS and suggests that disrupting certain features of the host environment may markedly reduce the incidence of cancer in LFS sufferers.
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Singel SM, Cornelius C, Batten K, Fasciani G, Wright WE, Lum L, Shay JW. A targeted RNAi screen of the breast cancer genome identifies KIF14 and TLN1 as genes that modulate docetaxel chemosensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2061-70. [PMID: 23479679 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify biomarkers within the breast cancer genome that may predict chemosensitivity in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted an RNA interference (RNAi) screen within the breast cancer genome for genes whose loss-of-function enhanced docetaxel chemosensitivity in an estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and Her2-negative (ER-, PR-, and Her2-, respectively) breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Top candidates were tested for their ability to modulate chemosensitivity in 8 breast cancer cell lines and to show in vivo chemosensitivity in a mouse xenograft model. RESULTS From ranking chemosensitivity of 328 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) MDA-MB-231 cell lines (targeting 133 genes with known somatic mutations in breast cancer), we focused on the top two genes, kinesin family member 14 (KIF14) and talin 1 (TLN1). KIF14 and TLN1 loss-of-function significantly enhanced chemosensitivity in four triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HCC38, HCC1937, and Hs478T) but not in three hormone receptor-positive cell lines (MCF7, T47D, and HCC1428) or normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). Decreased expression of KIF14, but not TLN1, also enhanced docetaxel sensitivity in a Her2-amplified breast cancer cell line, SUM190PT. Higher KIF14 and TLN1 expressions are found in TNBCs compared with the other clinical subtypes. Mammary fat pad xenografts of KIF14- and TLN1-deficient MDA-MB-231 cells revealed reduced tumor mass compared with control MDA-MB-231 cells after chemotherapy. KIF14 expression is also prognostic of relapse-free and overall survival in representative breast cancer expression arrays. CONCLUSION KIF14 and TLN1 are modulators of response to docetaxel and potential therapeutic targets in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Mui Singel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Herbert BS, Chanoux RA, Liu Y, Baenziger PH, Goswami CP, McClintick JN, Edenberg HJ, Pennington RE, Lipkin SM, Kopelovich L. A molecular signature of normal breast epithelial and stromal cells from Li-Fraumeni syndrome mutation carriers. Oncotarget 2011; 1:405-22. [PMID: 21311097 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific changes in gene expression during cancer initiation should enable discovery of biomarkers for risk assessment, early detection and targets for chemoprevention. It has been previously demonstrated that altered mRNA and proteome signatures of morphologically normal cells bearing a single inherited "hit" in a tumor suppressor gene parallel many changes observed in the corresponding sporadic cancer. Here, we report on the global gene expression profile of morphologically normal, cultured primary breast epithelial and stromal cells from Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) TP53 mutation carriers. Our analyses identified multiple changes in gene expression in both morphologically normal breast epithelial and stromal cells associated with TP53 haploinsufficiency, as well as interlocking pathways. Notably, a dysregulated p53 signaling pathway was readily detectable. Pharmacological intervention with the p53 rescue compounds CP-31398 and PRIMA-1 provided further evidence in support of the central role of p53 in affecting these changes in LFS cells and treatment for this cancer. Because loss of signaling mediated by TP53 is associated with the development and survival of many human tumors, identification of gene expression profiles in morphologically normal cells that carry "one-hit" p53 mutations may reveal novel biomarkers, enabling the discovery of potential targets for chemoprevention of sporadic tumors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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25
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Herbert BS, Chanoux RA, Liu Y, Baenziger PH, Goswami CP, McClintick JN, Edenberg HJ, Pennington RE, Lipkin SM, Kopelovich L. A molecular signature of normal breast epithelial and stromal cells from Li-Fraumeni syndrome mutation carriers. Oncotarget 2010; 1:405-422. [PMID: 21311097 PMCID: PMC3039408 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific changes in gene expression during cancer initiation should enable discovery of biomarkers for risk assessment, early detection and targets for chemoprevention. It has been previously demonstrated that altered mRNA and proteome signatures of morphologically normal cells bearing a single inherited "hit" in a tumor suppressor gene parallel many changes observed in the corresponding sporadic cancer. Here, we report on the global gene expression profile of morphologically normal, cultured primary breast epithelial and stromal cells from Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) TP53 mutation carriers. Our analyses identified multiple changes in gene expression in both morphologically normal breast epithelial and stromal cells associated with TP53 haploinsufficiency, as well as interlocking pathways. Notably, a dysregulated p53 signaling pathway was readily detectable. Pharmacological intervention with the p53 rescue compounds CP-31398 and PRIMA-1 provided further evidence in support of the central role of p53 in affecting these changes in LFS cells and treatment for this cancer. Because loss of signaling mediated by TP53 is associated with the development and survival of many human tumors, identification of gene expression profiles in morphologically normal cells that carry "one-hit" p53 mutations may reveal novel biomarkers, enabling the discovery of potential targets for chemoprevention of sporadic tumors as well.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aza Compounds/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Germ-Line Mutation/genetics
- Haploinsufficiency
- Humans
- Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Chanoux
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter H. Baenziger
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chirayu P. Goswami
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeanette N. McClintick
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert E. Pennington
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven M. Lipkin
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Diehl MC, Idowu MO, Kimmelshue KN, York TP, Jackson-Cook CK, Turner KC, Holt SE, Elmore LW. Elevated TRF2 in advanced breast cancers with short telomeres. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:623-30. [PMID: 20625812 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) binds directly to telomeres and preserves the structural integrity of chromosome ends. In vitro models suggest that expression of TRF2 protein increases during mammary cancer progression. However, a recent study has reported that TRF2 mRNA levels tend to be lower in clinical specimens of malignant breast tissue. Here, we conduct the first large-scale investigation to assess the levels and cellular localization of the TRF2 protein in normal, pre-malignant and malignant breast tissues. Breast tissue arrays, containing normal, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma specimens, were used to assess the expression and localization of TRF2 protein. Telomere lengths were semi-quantitatively measured using a pantelomeric peptide nucleic acid probe. A mixed effects modeling approach was used to assess the relationship between TRF2 expression and telomeric signal scores across disease states or clinical staging. We demonstrate that TRF2 is exclusively nuclear with a trend toward lower expression with increased malignancy. More case-to-case variability of TRF2 immunostaining intensity was noted amongst the invasive carcinomas than the other disease groups. Invasive carcinomas also displayed variable telomere lengths while telomeres in normal mammary epithelium were generally longer. Statistical analyses revealed that increased TRF2 immunostaining intensity in invasive carcinomas is associated with shorter telomeres and shorter telomeres correlate with a higher TNM stage. All immortalized and cancer cell lines within the array displayed strong, nuclear TRF2 expression. Our data indicate that elevated expression of TRF2 is not a frequent occurrence during the transformation of breast cancer cells in vivo, but higher levels of this telomere-binding protein may be important for protecting advanced cancer cells with critically short telomeres. Our findings also reinforce the concept that serially propagated cancer cells, although tumor-derived, may not model all types of authentic tumors especially those demonstrating genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malissa C Diehl
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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27
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Henson JD, Reddel RR. Assaying and investigating Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres activity in human cells and cancers. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3800-11. [PMID: 20542034 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) activity can be deduced from the presence of telomere length maintenance in the absence of telomerase activity. More convenient assays for ALT utilize phenotypic markers of ALT activity, but only a few of these assays are potentially definitive. Here we assess each of the current ALT assays and their implications for understanding the ALT mechanism. We also review the clinical situations where availability of an ALT activity assay would be advantageous. The prevalence of ALT ranges from 25% to 60% in sarcomas and 5% to 15% in carcinomas. Patients with many of these types of ALT[+] tumors have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Henson
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Vogel KJ, Shannon KM. Genetic counseling and testing for Li-Fraumeni syndrome: the medical and psychosocial implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1548-5315(11)70360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Fridman AL, Tainsky MA. Critical pathways in cellular senescence and immortalization revealed by gene expression profiling. Oncogene 2008; 27:5975-87. [PMID: 18711403 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bypassing cellular senescence and becoming immortal is a prerequisite step in the tumorigenic transformation of a cell. It has long been known that loss of a key tumor suppressor gene, such as p53, is necessary, but not sufficient, for spontaneous cellular immortalization. Therefore, there must be additional mutations and/or epigenetic alterations required for immortalization to occur. Early work on these processes included somatic cell genetic studies to estimate the number of senescence genes, and microcell-mediated transfer of chromosomes into immortalized cells to identify putative senescence-inducing genetic loci. These principal studies laid the foundation for the field of senescence/immortalization, but were labor intensive and the results were somewhat limited. The advent of gene expression profiling and bioinformatics analysis greatly facilitated the identification of genes and pathways that regulate cellular senescence/immortalization. In this review, we present the findings of several gene expression profiling studies and supporting functional data, where available. We identified universal genes regulating senescence/immortalization and found that the key regulator genes represented six pathways: the cell cycle pRB/p53, cytoskeletal, interferon-related, insulin growth factor-related, MAP kinase and oxidative stress pathway. The identification of the genes and pathways regulating senescence/immortalization could provide novel molecular targets for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fridman
- Department of Pathology, Program in Molecular Biology and Genetics, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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30
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Hu M, Yao J, Carroll DK, Weremowicz S, Chen H, Carrasco D, Richardson A, Violette S, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Bauerlein EL, Hahn WC, Gelman RS, Allred C, Bissell MJ, Schnitt S, Polyak K. Regulation of in situ to invasive breast carcinoma transition. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:394-406. [PMID: 18455123 PMCID: PMC3705908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transition of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive carcinoma is a poorly understood key event in breast tumor progression. Here, we analyzed the role of myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts in the progression of in situ carcinomas using a model of human DCIS and primary breast tumors. Progression to invasion was promoted by fibroblasts and inhibited by normal myoepithelial cells. Molecular profiles of isolated luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells identified an intricate interaction network involving TGFbeta, Hedgehog, cell adhesion, and p63 required for myoepithelial cell differentiation, the elimination of which resulted in loss of myoepithelial cells and progression to invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Stanislawa Weremowicz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erica L. Bauerlein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William C. Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Gelman
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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31
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Pearce VP, Sherrell J, Lou Z, Kopelovich L, Wright WE, Shay JW. Immortalization of epithelial progenitor cells mediated by resveratrol. Oncogene 2008; 27:2365-74. [PMID: 17968319 PMCID: PMC3397201 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Within the hierarchy of epithelial stem cells, normal progenitor cells may express regulated telomerase during renewal cycles of proliferation and differentiation. Discontinuous telomerase activity may promote increased renewal capacity of progenitor cells, while deregulated/continuous telomerase activity may promote immortalization when differentiation and/or senescent pathways are compromised. In the present work, we show that resveratrol activates, while progesterone inactivates, continuous telomerase activity within 24 h in subpopulations of human Li-Fraumeni syndrome-derived breast epithelial cells. Resveratrol results in immortalization of mixed progenitor cells with mutant p53, but not human epithelial cells with wild type p53. Our results demonstrate the potential for renewing progenitor cells with mutant p53 to immortalize after continuous telomerase expression when exposed to certain environmental compounds. Understanding the effects of telomerase modulators on endogenous telomerase activity in progenitor cells is relevant to the role of immortalization in the initiation and progression of cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- VP Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center at Fort Worth, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical School, University of North Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Sherrell
- School of Dentistry, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Z Lou
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical School, University of North Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - L Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - WE Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical School, University of North Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - JW Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical School, University of North Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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32
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Campisi J, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:729-40. [PMID: 17667954 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3039] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells continually experience stress and damage from exogenous and endogenous sources, and their responses range from complete recovery to cell death. Proliferating cells can initiate an additional response by adopting a state of permanent cell-cycle arrest that is termed cellular senescence. Understanding the causes and consequences of cellular senescence has provided novel insights into how cells react to stress, especially genotoxic stress, and how this cellular response can affect complex organismal processes such as the development of cancer and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Campisi
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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33
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Malkas LH, Herbert BS, Abdel-Aziz W, Dobrolecki LE, Liu Y, Agarwal B, Hoelz D, Badve S, Schnaper L, Arnold RJ, Mechref Y, Novotny MV, Loehrer P, Goulet RJ, Hickey RJ. A cancer-associated PCNA expressed in breast cancer has implications as a potential biomarker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19472-7. [PMID: 17159154 PMCID: PMC1697829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604614103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two isoforms of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) have been observed in breast cancer cells. Commercially available antibodies to PCNA recognize both isoforms and, therefore, cannot differentiate between the PCNA isoforms in malignant and nonmalignant breast epithelial cells and tissues. We have developed a unique antibody that specifically detects a PCNA isoform (caPCNA) associated with breast cancer epithelial cells grown in culture and breast-tumor tissues. Immunostaining studies using this antibody suggest that the caPCNA isoform may be useful as a marker of breast cancer and that the caPCNA-specific antibody could potentially serve as a highly effective detector of malignancy. We also report here that the caPCNA isoform functions in breast cancer-cell DNA replication and interacts with DNA polymerase delta. Our studies indicate that the caPCNA isoform may be a previously uncharacterized detector of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H. Malkas
- *Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4-171, Indianapolis, IN 46202. E-mail:
or
| | | | - Waleed Abdel-Aziz
- *Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | - Yang Liu
- *Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Beamon Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Derek Hoelz
- *Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sunil Badve
- Departments of Pathology
- Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Lauren Schnaper
- **Comprehensive Breast Care Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204; and
| | - Randy J. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Patrick Loehrer
- *Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Robert J. Goulet
- Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, and
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- *Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
- Indiana Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street, Room R4-171, Indianapolis, IN 46202. E-mail:
or
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34
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Moule RN, Jhavar SG, Eeles RA. Genotype Phenotype Correlation in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Kindreds and its Implications for Management. Fam Cancer 2006; 5:129-33. [PMID: 16736281 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-005-4522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Moule
- Cancer Genetics Unit and Academic Unit of Radiotherapy, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, SW3 6JJ, London, UK
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35
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Du Z, Colls N, Cheng KH, Vaughn MW, Gollahon L. Microfluidic-based diagnostics for cervical cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1991-5. [PMID: 16242927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 08/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomarkers has facilitated the detection of specific tumor cells. However, the technology to apply these markers in a clinical setting has not kept pace with their increasing availability. In this project, we use an antibody-based microfluidics platform to recognize and capture cervical cancer cells. Because HPV-16 infection of cervical cells and up-regulation of alpha6-integrin cell surface receptors are correlated, we utilized alpha6-integrin as a capture antibody bound to the channel surface. Normal human glandular epithelial cells (HGEC), human cervical stromal cells (HCSC) and cervical cancer cells (HCCC) were suspended in PBS and flowed through the system. Greater than 30% of the cancer cells were captured while the capture of the normal cell types was less than 5%. The technique is sensitive and accurate. It is potentially useful in the detection of cervical cancer at all stages, as well as other of cancers with similar characteristics of cell surface antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Du
- Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, MS 3131, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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36
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Lewis CM, Herbert BS, Bu D, Halloway S, Beck A, Shadeo A, Zhang C, Ashfaq R, Shay JW, Euhus DM. Telomerase immortalization of human mammary epithelial cells derived from a BRCA2 mutation carrier. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 99:103-15. [PMID: 16541310 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel human mammary epithelial cell line, HME348, was established from benign breast tissue from a 44-year-old germ-line BRCA2 mutation carrier with a history of stage 1 breast cancer. Mutation analysis showed that the patient had a known 6872del4 BRCA2 heterozygous mutation. The human mammary epithelial cells passaged in culture exhibited cellular replicative aging as evidenced by telomere shortening, lack of telomerase activity, and senescence. Ectopic expression of telomerase (hTERT) reconstituted telomerase activity in these cells and led to the immortalization of the cells. When grown on glass, the majority of immortalized HME348 cells expressed ESA and p63 with a small population also expressing EMA. In three-dimensional Matrigel culture, HME348 cells formed complex branching acini structures that expressed luminal (EMA, CK18) and myoepithelial (p63, CALLA, CK14) markers. Three clones derived from this culture were also p63(+)/ESA(+)/EMA(+/-) on glass but formed similar acinar structures with both luminal and myoepithelial cell differentiation in Matrigel confirming the mammary progenitor nature of these cells. Additionally, the experimentally immortalized HME348 cells formed acini in cleared mammary fat pads in vivo. As this is the first report establishing and characterizing a benign human mammary epithelial cell line derived from a BRCA2 patient without the use of viral oncogenes, these cells may be useful for the study of BRCA2 function in breast morphogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Lewis
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
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37
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Krop I, Parker MT, Bloushtain-Qimron N, Porter D, Gelman R, Sasaki H, Maurer M, Terry MB, Parsons R, Polyak K. HIN-1, an inhibitor of cell growth, invasion, and AKT activation. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9659-69. [PMID: 16266985 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HIN-1 gene encoding a small, secreted protein is silenced due to methylation in a substantial fraction of breast, prostate, lung, and pancreatic carcinomas, suggesting a potential tumor suppressor function. The receptor of HIN-1 is unknown, but ligand-binding studies indicate the presence of high-affinity cell surface HIN-1 binding on epithelial cells. Here, we report that HIN-1 is a potent inhibitor of anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cell growth, cell migration, and invasion. Expression of HIN-1 in synchronized cells inhibits cell cycle reentry and the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb), whereas in exponentially growing cells, HIN-1 induces apoptosis without apparent cell cycle arrest and effect on Rb phosphorylation. Investigation of multiple signaling pathways revealed that mitogen-induced phosphorylation and activation of AKT are inhibited in HIN-1-expressing cells. In addition, expression of constitutively activate AKT abrogates HIN-1-mediated growth arrest. Taken together, these studies provide further evidence that HIN-1 possesses tumor suppressor functions, and that these activities may be mediated through the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Krop
- Department of Medical Oncology and Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Herbert BS, Gellert GC, Hochreiter A, Pongracz K, Wright WE, Zielinska D, Chin AC, Harley CB, Shay JW, Gryaznov SM. Lipid modification of GRN163, an N3'-->P5' thio-phosphoramidate oligonucleotide, enhances the potency of telomerase inhibition. Oncogene 2005; 24:5262-8. [PMID: 15940257 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of human cancers express telomerase activity, while most human somatic cells do not have detectable telomerase activity. Since telomerase plays a critical role in cell immortality, it is an attractive target for a selective cancer therapy. Oligonucleotides complementary to the RNA template region of human telomerase (hTR) have been shown to be effective inhibitors of telomerase and, subsequently, cancer cell growth in vitro. We show here that a lipid-modified N3'-->P5' thio-phosphoramidate oligonucleotide (GRN163L) inhibits telomerase more potently than its parental nonconjugated thio-phosphoramidate sequence (GRN163). Cells were treated with both the first- (GRN163) and second-generation (GRN163L) oligonucleotides, including a mismatch control, with or without a transfection enhancer reagent. GRN163L inhibited telomerase activity effectively in a dose-dependent manner, even without the use of a transfection reagent. The IC50 values for GRN163 in various cell lines were on average sevenfold higher than for GRN163L. GRN163L inhibition of telomerase activity resulted in a more rapid loss of telomeres and cell growth than GRN163. This report is the first to show that lipid modification enhanced the potency of the novel GRN163 telomerase inhibitor. These results suggest that the lipid-conjugated thio-phosphoramidates could be important for improved pharmacodynamics of telomerase inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA.
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39
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Huh HJ, Huh JW, Yoo ES, Seong CM, Lee M, Hong KS, Chung WS. hTERT mRNA levels by real-time RT-PCR in acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Hematol 2005; 79:267-73. [PMID: 16044449 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether levels of hTERT mRNA, as determined by real-time RT-PCR, are associated with prognosis and clinical course in AML patients. Fifty-four bone marrow specimens from 21 patients diagnosed with de-novo AML were included. The level of hTERT mRNA was measured with the Telo TAGGG hTERT Quantification Kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), using a LightCycler Instrument (Roche Diagnostics). The level of hTERT mRNA was determined as the relative ratio (RR), which was calculated by dividing the level of hTERT mRNA by the level of the porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) housekeeping gene in the same samples [1,000x(hTERT/PBGD)]. The expression rates of hTERT mRNA were significantly higher at diagnosis (73%) and during relapse (80%) than during remission (27%) (P<0.05). The median RR for diagnosis or relapse was significantly higher than that for patients in remission (P<0.05). hTERT mRNA expression was not correlated with CD34 expression, blast counts, white blood cell counts, or chromosomal abnormality (P>0.05). Two patients who showed hTERT mRNA expression during remission (RR 3.14 and 7.15, respectively) relapsed after 1 month. Among seven patients with high hTERT mRNA levels (RR>9.51), 4 failed to achieve complete remission (CR), whereas 4 of 5 patients without hTERT mRNA expression at diagnosis or during relapse achieved CR (P>0.05). Patients showing a trend of increasing hTERT mRNA levels failed to reach a second CR after relapse, while those with a trend toward decreasing hTERT mRNA did achieve CR. Among eight samples showing hTERT mRNA expression in remission (RR>0), 5 were obtained from patients who had received GCSF within 14 days. The expression rate and level of hTERT mRNA during remission were significantly higher in patients who had previously received GSCF (56%, RR=0.15) than in other patients (15%, RR=0) (P<0.05). Serial and quantitative analysis of hTERT mRNA may be a useful marker for prediction of prognosis and monitoring in AML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/enzymology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Remission Induction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Telomerase/analysis
- Telomerase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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40
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McChesney PA, Turner KC, Jackson-Cook C, Elmore LW, Holt SE. Telomerase resets the homeostatic telomere length and prevents telomere dysfunction in immortalized human cells. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:293-300. [PMID: 15199944 DOI: 10.1089/104454904323090921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A McChesney
- Massey Cancer Center, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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41
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Lacroix M, Leclercq G. Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: an update. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 83:249-89. [PMID: 14758095 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000014042.54925.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of available breast cancer cell (BCC) lines is small, and only a very few of them have been extensively studied. Whether they are representative of the tumours from which they originated remains a matter of debate. Whether their diversity mirrors the well-known inter-tumoural heterogeneity is another essential question. While numerous similarities have long been found between cell lines and tumours, recent technical advances, including the use of micro-arrays and comparative genetic analysis, have brought new data to the discussion. This paper presents most of the BCC lines that have been described in some detail to date. It evaluates the accuracy of the few of them widely used (MCF-7, T-47D, BT-474, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, Hs578T) as tumour models. It is concluded that BCC lines are likely to reflect, to a large extent, the features of cancer cells in vivo. The importance of oestrogen receptor-alpha (gene ESR1 ) and Her-2/ neu ( ERBB2 ) as classifiers for cell lines and tumours is underlined. The recourse to a larger set of cell lines is suggested since the exact origin of some of the widely used lines remains ambiguous. Investigations on additional specific lines are expected to improve our knowledge of BCC and of the dialogue that these maintain with their surrounding normal cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lacroix
- Laboratoire Jean-Claude Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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42
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Wright WE, Shay JW. Time, telomeres and tumours: is cellular senescence more than an anticancer mechanism? Trends Cell Biol 2004; 5:293-7. [PMID: 14732086 DOI: 10.1016/s0962-8924(00)89044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal diploid cells, by definition, have a limited life span: they senesce after a set number of divisions both in vivo and in culture. It has been hypothesized that the molecular mechanism that measures the life span of a cell probably involves the shortening of telomeres that occurs with each round of DNA replication. This loss of telomeres is thought to induce antiproliferative signals that result in the induction of cellular senescence. In this article, Woodring Wright and Jerry Shay present a hypothesis for the mechanisms by which telomere shortening regulates cellular physiology and argue that cellular senescence is not only an anticancer mechanism but is also the cause of many of the degenerative changes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Wright
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dept of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9039, USA
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43
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Stampfer MR, Garbe J, Nijjar T, Wigington D, Swisshelm K, Yaswen P. Loss of p53 function accelerates acquisition of telomerase activity in indefinite lifespan human mammary epithelial cell lines. Oncogene 2003; 22:5238-51. [PMID: 12917625 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe novel effects of p53 loss on immortal transformation, based upon comparison of immortally transformed human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) lines lacking functional p53 with closely related p53(+) lines. Our previous studies of p53(+) immortal HMEC lines indicated that overcoming the stringent replicative senescence step associated with critically short telomeres (agonescence), produced indefinite lifespan lines that maintained growth without immediately expressing telomerase activity. These telomerase(-) 'conditionally immortal' HMEC underwent an additional step, termed conversion, to become fully immortal telomerase(+) lines with uniform good growth. The very gradual conversion process was associated with slow heterogeneous growth and high expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(Kip2). We now show that p53 suppresses telomerase activity and is necessary for the p57 expression in early passage p53(+) conditionally immortal HMEC lines, and that p53(-/-) lines exhibit telomerase reactivation and attain full immortality much more rapidly. A p53-inhibiting genetic suppressor element introduced into early passages of a conditionally immortal telomerase(-) p53(+) HMEC line led to rapid induction of hTERT mRNA, expression of telomerase activity, loss of p57 expression, and quick attainment of uniform good growth. These studies indicate that derangements in p53 function may impact malignant progression through direct effects on the conversion process, a potentially rate-limiting step in HMEC acquisition of uniform unlimited growth potential. These studies also provide evidence that the function of p53 in suppression of telomerase activity is separable from its cell cycle checkpoint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha R Stampfer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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44
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Kulaeva OI, Draghici S, Tang L, Kraniak JM, Land SJ, Tainsky MA. Epigenetic silencing of multiple interferon pathway genes after cellular immortalization. Oncogene 2003; 22:4118-27. [PMID: 12821946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abrogating cellular senescence is a necessary step in the formation of a cancer cell. Promoter hypermethylation is an epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation known to silence gene expression in carcinogenesis. Treatment of spontaneously immortal Li-Fraumeni fibroblasts with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5AZA-dC), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), induces a senescence-like state. We used microarrays containing 12 558 genes to determine the gene expression profile associated with cellular immortalization and also regulated by 5AZA-dC. Remarkably, among 85 genes with methylation-dependent downregulation (silencing) after immortalization, 39 (46%) are known to be regulated during interferon signaling, a known growth-suppressive pathway. This work indicates that gene silencing may be associated with an early event in carcinogenesis, cellular immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Kulaeva
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 110 Warren Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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45
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Abstract
Human epithelial cells encounter two senescence barriers that enforce a limited proliferative potential. A first barrier is mediated by the retinoblastoma protein, and can be overcome by multiple types of errors, many of which are observed in human cancers. A second, extremely stringent telomere-dependent barrier, is a consequence of repression of telomerase activity. Although relieved by ectopic hTERT expression, the nature of the errors required to overcome this latter barrier during in vivo carcinogenesis have not yet been defined. Attainment of immortality and telomerase reactivation are crucial to human carcinoma development; the derangements responsible for attainment of immortality may be rate-limiting and permissive for further progression to malignancy.
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46
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Abstract
A singular challenge in stem cell research today is the expansion and propagation of functional adult stem cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are immortal in culture, adult stem cells are notorious for the difficulty encountered when attempts are made to expand them in culture. One overlooked reason for this difficulty may be the inherent asymmetric cell kinetics of stem cells in postnatal somatic tissues. Senescence is the expected fate of a culture whose growth depends on adult stem cells that divide with asymmetric cell kinetics. Therefore, the bioengineering of strategies to expand adult stem cells in culture requires knowledge of cellular mechanisms that control asymmetric cell kinetics. The properties of several genes recently implicated to function in a cellular pathway(s) that regulates asymmetric cell kinetics are discussed. Understanding the function of these genes in asymmetric cell kinetics mechanisms may be the key that unlocks the adult stem cell expansion problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Sherley
- The Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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47
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Yaswen P, Stampfer MR. Molecular changes accompanying senescence and immortalization of cultured human mammary epithelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:1382-94. [PMID: 12200033 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limits on the proliferative potential of cultured normal human cells may be consequences of pathways that exist to suppress tumorigenicity. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) employ several mechanisms to prevent unlimited growth. One mechanism may be activated by stress, and is associated with upregulated expression of p16(INK4a). In serum-free medium, some HMEC arise spontaneously which do not express p16. These "post-selection" HMEC are capable of long-term proliferation, but ultimately cease growth when their telomeres become very short. As they approach a growth plateau, termed agonescence, post-selection HMEC populations accumulate chromosome abnormalities. In contrast to the crisis exhibited by cells lacking functional p53, agonescent cells can be maintained as viable cultures. Although transduction of hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, into post-selection cells can, by itself, efficiently produce immortality and avoid agonescence, the errors that produce telomerase reactivation during carcinogenesis are not known. The block to endogenous telomerase reactivation in HMEC is extremely stringent. However, if one predisposing error is present, the probability greatly increases that additional error(s) required for immortalization may be generated by genomic instability encountered during agonescence. In p53(+) HMEC immortalized after chemical carcinogen exposure, the events involved in overcoming agonescence can be temporally separated from activation of telomerase. We have used the term "conversion" to describe the gradual process that leads to telomerase activation, telomere length stabilization, decreased p57 (KIP2) expression, and increased ability to grow uniformly well in the presence or absence of TGF beta. In the presence of active p53, conversion may represent a rate-limiting step in immortal transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mailstop 70A-1118, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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48
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Singletary SE. A working model for the time sequence of genetic changes in breast tumorigenesis. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194:202-16. [PMID: 11848636 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(01)01108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Eva Singletary
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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49
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Henson JD, Neumann AA, Yeager TR, Reddel RR. Alternative lengthening of telomeres in mammalian cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:598-610. [PMID: 11850785 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Some immortalized mammalian cell lines and tumors maintain or increase the overall length of their telomeres in the absence of telomerase activity by one or more mechanisms referred to as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Characteristics of human ALT cells include great heterogeneity of telomere size (ranging from undetectable to abnormally long) within individual cells, and ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs) that contain extrachromosomal telomeric DNA, telomere-specific binding proteins, and proteins involved in DNA recombination and replication. Activation of ALT during immortalization involves recessive mutations in genes that are as yet unidentified. Repressors of ALT activity are present in normal cells and some telomerase-positive cells. Telomere length dynamics in ALT cells suggest a recombinational mechanism. Inter-telomeric copying occurs, consistent with a mechanism in which single-stranded DNA at one telomere terminus invades another telomere and uses it as a copy template resulting in net increase in telomeric sequence. It is possible that t-loops, linear and/or circular extrachromosomal telomeric DNA, and the proteins found in APBs, may be involved in the mechanism. ALT and telomerase activity can co-exist within cultured cells, and within tumors. The existence of ALT adds some complexity to proposed uses of telomere-related parameters in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and poses challenges for the design of anticancer therapeutics designed to inhibit telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Henson
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia
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50
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Huschtscha LI, Neumann AA, Noble JR, Reddel RR. Effects of simian virus 40 T-antigens on normal human mammary epithelial cells reveal evidence for spontaneous alterations in addition to loss of p16(INK4a) expression. Exp Cell Res 2001; 265:125-34. [PMID: 11281650 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Under standard culture conditions, normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) divide a limited number of times before proliferation ceases in a growth-arrested state referred to as selection. Cells that have undergone spontaneous loss of p16(INK4a) expression due to hypermethylation of the p16(INK4a) CpG island emerge from selection and proliferate for an extended, but limited, period before senescence. Here we show, as expected, that selection was bypassed by expression of SV40 large T-antigen proteins containing an intact pRb-binding domain in preselection cells. These cells were immortalized with high efficiency (seven of nine separate cultures). Also as expected, postselection cells were immortalized by expression of the human papillomavirus-16 E6 oncoprotein (four of four cultures), which inactivates p53 protein. In contrast, we found that expression of SV40 large T-antigen protein, which also inactivates p53, was poorly maintained in postselection cultures due to its growth-suppressive effects; consequently, these cells became immortalized at low efficiency (one of 11 cultures). Reexpression of p16(INK4a) in postselection HMECs by the demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, or transfection of a p16(INK4a) expression plasmid did not restore the ability of these cells to undergo SV40-induced transformation. Postselection HMECs are a widely used in vitro model system, but these observations indicate they have undergone changes in gene expression in addition to loss of p16(INK4a) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Huschtscha
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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