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Yu M, Tang TS, Ghamsari L, Yuen G, Scuoppo C, Rotolo JA, Kappel BJ, Mason JM. Exponential Combination of a and e/g Intracellular Peptide Libraries Identifies a Selective ATF3 Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:753-762. [PMID: 38412264 PMCID: PMC10949195 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is an activation transcription factor/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family member. It is recognized as an important regulator of cancer progression by repressing expression of key inflammatory factors such as interferon-γ and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4). Here, we describe a novel library screening approach that probes individual leucine zipper components before combining them to search exponentially larger sequence spaces not normally accessible to intracellular screening. To do so, we employ two individual semirational library design approaches and screen using a protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA). First, a 248,832-member library explored 12 amino acid positions at all five a positions to identify those that provided improved binding, with all e/g positions fixed as Q, placing selection pressure onto the library options provided. Next, a 59,049-member library probed all ten e/g positions with 3 options. Similarly, during e/g library screening, a positions were locked into a generically bindable sequence pattern (AIAIA), weakly favoring leucine zipper formation, while placing selection pressure onto e/g options provided. The combined a/e/g library represents ∼14.7 billion members, with the resulting peptide, ATF3W_aeg, binding ATF3 with high affinity (Tm = 60 °C; Kd = 151 nM) while strongly disfavoring homodimerization. Moreover, ATF3W_aeg is notably improved over component PCA hits, with target specificity found to be driven predominantly by electrostatic interactions. The combined a/e/g exponential library screening approach provides a robust, accelerated platform for exploring larger peptide libraries, toward derivation of potent yet selective antagonists that avoid homoassociation to provide new insight into rational peptide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - T.M. Simon Tang
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Lila Ghamsari
- Sapience
Therapeutics, Inc. 500
Mamaroneck Ave. Suite 320, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Graham Yuen
- Sapience
Therapeutics, Inc. 500
Mamaroneck Ave. Suite 320, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Claudio Scuoppo
- Sapience
Therapeutics, Inc. 500
Mamaroneck Ave. Suite 320, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Jim A. Rotolo
- Sapience
Therapeutics, Inc. 500
Mamaroneck Ave. Suite 320, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Barry J. Kappel
- Sapience
Therapeutics, Inc. 500
Mamaroneck Ave. Suite 320, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Jody M. Mason
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Niles J, Singh G, Storey KB. Role of unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation under freezing, anoxia, and dehydration stresses in the freeze-tolerant wood frogs. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:61-77. [PMID: 36346580 PMCID: PMC9877271 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The North American amphibian, wood frogs, Rana sylvatica are the most studied anuran to comprehend vertebrate freeze tolerance. Multiple adaptations support their survival in frigid temperatures during winters, particularly their ability to produce glucose as natural cryoprotectant. Freezing and its component consequences (anoxia and dehydration) induce multiple stresses on cells. Among these is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a condition spawned by buildup of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. The ER stress causes the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway that potentially could lead to apoptosis. Immunoblotting was used to assess the responses of major proteins of the UPR and ERAD under freezing, anoxia, and dehydration stresses in the liver and skeletal muscle of the wood frogs. Targets analyzed included activating transcription factors (ATF3, ATF4, ATF6), the growth arrest and DNA damage proteins (GADD34, GADD153), and EDEM (ERAD enhancing α-mannosidase-like proteins) and XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1) proteins. UPR signaling was triggered under all three stresses (freezing, anoxia, dehydration) in liver and skeletal muscle of wood frogs with most tissue/stress responses consistent with an upregulation of the primary targets of all three UPR pathways (ATF4, ATF6, and XBP-1) to enhance the protein folding/refolding capacity under these stress conditions. Only frozen muscle showed preference for proteasomal degradation of misfolded proteins via upregulation of EDEM (ERAD). The ERAD response of liver was downregulated across three stresses suggesting preference for more refolding of misfolded/unfolded proteins. Overall, we conclude that wood frog organs activate the UPR as a means of stabilizing and repairing cellular proteins to best survive freezing exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Niles
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Matrix metalloproteinase 2 is a target of the RAN-GTP pathway and mediates migration, invasion and metastasis in human breast cancer. Life Sci 2022; 310:121046. [PMID: 36209829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bartoszewska S, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. The Role of the Hypoxia-Related Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4870. [PMID: 36230792 PMCID: PMC9562011 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite our understanding of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, the crosstalk between the UPR and the complex signaling networks that different cancers utilize for cell survival remains to be, in most cases, a difficult research barrier. A major problem is the constant variability of different cancer types and the different stages of cancer as well as the complexity of the tumor microenvironments (TME). This complexity often leads to apparently contradictory results. Furthermore, the majority of the studies that have been conducted have utilized two-dimensional in vitro cultures of cancer cells that were exposed to continuous hypoxia, and this approach may not mimic the dynamic and cyclic conditions that are found in solid tumors. Here, we discuss the role of intermittent hypoxia, one of inducers of the UPR in the cellular component of TME, and the way in which intermittent hypoxia induces high levels of reactive oxygen species, the activation of the UPR, and the way in which cancer cells modulate the UPR to aid in their survival. Although the past decade has resulted in defining the complex, novel non-coding RNA-based regulatory networks that modulate the means by which hypoxia influences the UPR, we are now just to beginning to understand some of the connections between hypoxia, the UPR, and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Contreras L, Rodríguez-Gil A, Muntané J, de la Cruz J. Broad Transcriptomic Impact of Sorafenib and Its Relation to the Antitumoral Properties in Liver Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051204. [PMID: 35267509 PMCID: PMC8909169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While ablation, resection and orthotopic liver transplantation are indicated at an early stage of the disease, Sorafenib (Sfb) is the current most administrated first-line treatment for advanced HCC, even though its therapeutic benefit is limited due to the appearance of resistance. Deep knowledge on the molecular consequences of Sfb-treatment is essentially required for optimizing novel therapeutic strategies to improve the outcomes for patients with advanced HCC. In this study, we analyzed differential gene expression changes in two well characterized liver cancer cell lines upon a Sfb-treatment, demonstrating that both lines responded similarly to the treatment. Our results provide valuable information on the molecular action of Sfb on diverse cellular fundamental processes such as DNA repair, translation and proteostasis and identify rationalization issues that could provide a different therapeutic perspective to Sfb. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent and essentially incurable cancers in its advanced stages. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib (Sfb) remains the globally accepted treatment for advanced HCC. However, the extent of its therapeutic benefit is limited. Sfb exerts antitumor activity through its cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic roles in HCC cells. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, we used RNA sequencing to generate comprehensive transcriptome profiles of HepG2 and SNU423, hepatoblastoma- (HB) and HCC-derived cell lines, respectively, following a Sfb treatment at a pharmacological dose. This resulted in similar alterations of gene expression in both cell lines. Genes functionally related to membrane trafficking, stress-responsible and unfolded protein responses, circadian clock and activation of apoptosis were predominantly upregulated, while genes involved in cell growth and cycle, DNA replication and repair, ribosome biogenesis, translation initiation and proteostasis were downregulated. Our results suggest that Sfb causes primary effects on cellular stress that lead to upregulation of selective responses to compensate for its negative effect and restore homeostasis. No significant differences were found specifically affecting each cell line, indicating the robustness of the Sfb mechanism of action despite the heterogeneity of liver cancer. We discuss our results on terms of providing rationalization for possible strategies to improve Sfb clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Contreras
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Gil
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.d.l.C.); Tel.: +34-955-923-122 (J.M.); +34-923-126 (J.d.l.C.)
| | - Jesús de la Cruz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain; (L.C.); (A.R.-G.)
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.d.l.C.); Tel.: +34-955-923-122 (J.M.); +34-923-126 (J.d.l.C.)
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Li X, Gracilla D, Cai L, Zhang M, Yu X, Chen X, Zhang J, Long X, Ding HF, Yan C. ATF3 promotes the serine synthesis pathway and tumor growth under dietary serine restriction. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109706. [PMID: 34551291 PMCID: PMC8491098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine synthesis pathway (SSP) involving metabolic enzymes phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1), and phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH) drives intracellular serine biosynthesis and is indispensable for cancer cells to grow in serine-limiting environments. However, how SSP is regulated is not well understood. Here, we report that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is crucial for transcriptional activation of SSP upon serine deprivation. ATF3 is rapidly induced by serine deprivation via a mechanism dependent on ATF4, which in turn binds to ATF4 and increases the stability of this master regulator of SSP. ATF3 also binds to the enhancers/promoters of PHGDH, PSAT1, and PSPH and recruits p300 to promote expression of these SSP genes. As a result, loss of ATF3 expression impairs serine biosynthesis and the growth of cancer cells in the serine-deprived medium or in mice fed with a serine/glycine-free diet. Interestingly, ATF3 expression positively correlates with PHGDH expression in a subset of TCGA cancer samples. Activation of the serine synthesis pathway is important for cancer cell growth, but how this pathway is regulated is not well understood. Li et al. report that ATF3 is an important regulator of this pathway and can promote serine biosynthesis and tumor growth under serine-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Li
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Daniel Gracilla
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lun Cai
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Wang X, Zhao Y, Luo J, Xu L, Li X, Jin Y, Li C, Feng M, Wang Y, Chen J, Hou Y, Zhao Q, Zhao J, Ning B, Zheng Y, Yu D. MicroRNA hsa-miR-1301-3p Regulates Human ADH6, ALDH5A1 and ALDH8A1 in the Ethanol-Acetaldehyde-Acetate Metabolic Pathway. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:120-129. [PMID: 32499331 DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are vital enzymes involved in the metabolism of a variety of alcohols. Differences in the expression and enzymatic activity of human ADHs and ALDHs correlate with individual variability in metabolizing alcohols and drugs and in the susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as epigenetic modulators to regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. To characterize miRNAs that target ADHs and ALDHs in human liver cells, we carried out a systematic bioinformatics analysis to analyze free energies of the interaction between miRNAs and their cognate sequences in ADH and ALDH transcripts and then calculated expression correlations between miRNAs and their targeting ADH and ALDH genes using a public data base. Candidate miRNAs were selected to evaluate bioinformatic predictions using a series of biochemical assays. Our results showed that 11 miRNAs have the potential to modulate the expression of two ADH and seven ALDH genes in the human liver. We found that hsa-miR-1301-3p suppressed the expression of ADH6, ALDH5A1, and ALDH8A1 in liver cells and blocked their induction by ethanol. In summary, our results revealed that hsa-miR-1301-3p plays an important role in ethanol metabolism by regulating ADH and ALDH gene expression. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Systematic bioinformatics analysis showed that 11 microRNAs might play regulatory roles in the expression of two alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and seven aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes in the human liver. Experimental evidences proved that hsa-miR-1301-3p suppressed the expression of ADH6, ALDH5A1, and ALDH8A1 in liver cells and decreased their inducibility by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Xinmei Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Chuanhai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Meiyao Feng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Yufei Hou
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Jinquan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Baitang Ning
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China (X.W., Ya.Z., J.L., L.X., X.L., Y.J., C.L., M.F., Y.W., J.C., Y.H., Q.Z., J.Z., Yu.Z., D.Y.) and National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas (B.N.)
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Bartoszewska S, Collawn JF. Unfolded protein response (UPR) integrated signaling networks determine cell fate during hypoxia. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:18. [PMID: 32190062 PMCID: PMC7071609 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During hypoxic conditions, cells undergo critical adaptive responses that include the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible proteins (HIFs) and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). While their induced signaling pathways have many distinct targets, there are some important connections as well. Despite the extensive studies on both of these signaling pathways, the exact mechanisms involved that determine survival versus apoptosis remain largely unexplained and therefore beyond therapeutic control. Here we discuss the complex relationship between the HIF and UPR signaling pathways and the importance of understanding how these pathways differ between normal and cancer cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F. Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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9
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Ku HC, Cheng CF. Master Regulator Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Metabolic Homeostasis and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:556. [PMID: 32922364 PMCID: PMC7457002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor that plays vital roles in modulating metabolism, immunity, and oncogenesis. ATF3 acts as a hub of the cellular adaptive-response network. Multiple extracellular signals, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cytokines, chemokines, and LPS, are connected to ATF3 induction. The function of ATF3 as a regulator of metabolism and immunity has recently sparked intense attention. In this review, we describe how ATF3 can act as both a transcriptional activator and a repressor. We then focus on the role of ATF3 and ATF3-regulated signals in modulating metabolism, immunity, and oncogenesis. The roles of ATF3 in glucose metabolism and adipose tissue regulation are also explored. Next, we summarize how ATF3 regulates immunity and maintains normal host defense. In addition, we elaborate on the roles of ATF3 as a regulator of prostate, breast, colon, lung, and liver cancers. Further understanding of how ATF3 regulates signaling pathways involved in glucose metabolism, adipocyte metabolism, immuno-responsiveness, and oncogenesis in various cancers, including prostate, breast, colon, lung, and liver cancers, is then provided. Finally, we demonstrate that ATF3 acts as a master regulator of metabolic homeostasis and, therefore, may be an appealing target for the treatment of metabolic dyshomeostasis, immune disorders, and various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Ku
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ching-Feng Cheng
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10
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Zhang N, Yang X, Yuan F, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang L, Mao Z, Luo J, Zhang H, Zhu WG, Zhao Y. Increased Amino Acid Uptake Supports Autophagy-Deficient Cell Survival upon Glutamine Deprivation. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3006-3020. [PMID: 29874586 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protein degradation process by which intracellular materials are recycled for energy homeostasis. However, the metabolic status and energy source of autophagy-defective tumor cells are poorly understood. Here, our data show that amino acid uptake from the extracellular environment is increased in autophagy-deficient cells upon glutamine deprivation. This elevated amino acid uptake results from activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent upregulation of AAT (amino acid transporter) gene expression. Furthermore, we identify SIRT6, a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, as a corepressor of ATF4 transcriptional activity. In autophagy-deficient cells, activated NRF2 enhances ATF4 transcriptional activity by disrupting the interaction between SIRT6 and ATF4. In this way, autophagy-deficient cells exhibit increased AAT expression and show increased amino acid uptake. Notably, inhibition of amino acid uptake reduces the viability of glutamine-deprived autophagy-deficient cells, but not significantly in wild-type cells, suggesting reliance of autophagy-deficient tumor cells on extracellular amino acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengjie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zebin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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11
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ATF3 promotes erastin-induced ferroptosis by suppressing system Xc .. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:662-675. [PMID: 31273299 PMCID: PMC7206049 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid antiporter system Xc− is important for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) that functions to prevent lipid peroxidation and protect cells from nonapoptotic, iron-dependent death (i.e., ferroptosis). While the activity of system Xc− often positively correlates with the expression level of its light chain encoded by SLC7A11, inhibition of system Xc− activity by small molecules (e.g., erastin) causes a decrease in the intracellular GSH level, leading to ferroptotic cell death. How system Xc− is regulated during ferroptosis remains largely unknown. Here we report that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a common stress sensor, can promote ferroptosis induced by erastin. ATF3 suppressed system Xc−, depleted intracellular GSH, and thereby promoted lipid peroxidation induced by erastin. ATF3 achieved this activity through binding to the SLC7A11 promoter and repressing SLC7A11 expression in a p53-independent manner. These findings thus add ATF3 to a short list of proteins that can regulate system Xc− and promote ferroptosis repressed by this antiporter.
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12
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Li X, Song H, Kong F, Guo Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Gao D, Zhao X, Zhang H. Pemetrexed exerts anticancer effects by inducing G 0/G 1-phase cell cycle arrest and activating the NOXA/Mcl-1 axis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1851-1858. [PMID: 30675247 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dominant histological subtype of esophageal cancer with notably high incidence and mortality rates. Pemetrexed is a clinical antifolate therapeutic agent with anticancer properties. The present study aimed to understand whether pemetrexed is able to exert anticancer effects on ESCC cells, and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. ESCC cells were treated with pemetrexed and cell survival was assessed with MTT assays. The cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated using flow cytometry analysis, and proteins were detected using western blotting. It was demonstrated that pemetrexed inhibited cell survival and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human ESCC cells. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1/induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 axis is involved in intrinsic apoptosis induced by pemetrexed. The protein expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, binding immunoglobulin protein and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein were upregulated following treatment with pemetrexed. These results suggest that pemetrexed may induce an endoplasmic reticulum stress response while activating intrinsic apoptosis. The present study provided important mechanistic insights into potential cancer treatments involving pemetrexed and enhanced the understanding of human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Song
- Department of Ozone Treatment, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Guo
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Dongfang Gao
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China.,Department of Central Research Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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13
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Vastrad C, Vastrad B. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles to diagnose crucial and novel genes in glioblastoma multiform. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1395-1461. [PMID: 30097214 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therefore, the current study aimed to diagnose the genes associated in the pathogenesis of GBM. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were diagnosed using the limma software package. The ToppFun was used to perform pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network were used to obtain insight into the actions of DEGs. Survival analysis for DEGs carried out. A total of 701 DEGs, including 413 upregulated and 288 downregulated genes, were diagnosed between U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 1 h exposure) and U1118MG cell line (PK 11195 treated with 24 h exposure). The up-regulated genes were enriched in superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis, cell cycle, cell cycle process and chromosome. The down-regulated genes were enriched in folate transformations I, biosynthesis of amino acids, cellular amino acid metabolic process and vacuolar membrane. The current study screened the genes in PPI network, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and miRNA-target genes regulatory network with higher degrees as hub genes, which included MYC, TERF2IP, CDK1, EEF1G, TXNIP, SLC1A5, RGS4 and IER5L Survival suggested that low expressed NR4A2, SLC7 A5, CYR61 and ID1 in patients with GBM was linked with a positive prognosis for overall survival. In conclusion, the current study could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the progression of GBM, and these crucial as well as new molecular markers might be used as therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, 580001, Karanataka, India.
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SET`S College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580002, India
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14
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Regulation of the ATF3 gene by a single promoter in response to amino acid availability and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human primary hepatocytes and hepatoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:72-79. [PMID: 29413899 PMCID: PMC5830097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a highly regulated protein that is implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions including inflammation and transformation. Transcription from the ATF3 gene is induced by several stress-induced signaling pathways, including amino acid limitation (amino acid response, AAR) and ER stress (unfolded protein response, UPR). Induction of ATF3 transcription by these pathways is mediated by ATF4 and cJUN recruitment to enhancer elements within the ATF3 gene. Although a canonical promoter (promoter A) has been studied by numerous laboratories, a second promoter activity (promoter A1), 43 kb upstream of the first, has been reported to respond to stress-induced signaling and to be critical for ATF3 expression in certain transformed cells. The results of the present study show that in normal human hepatocytes and HepG2 human hepatoma cells both basal as well as AAR- and UPR-induced transcription occurs almost exclusively from promoter A. This selectivity between the two promoters correlated with increased binding of ATF4, recruitment of RNA polymerase II, and the expected histone modifications in the promoter A region of the gene. Time course studies of ATF3 transcription activity revealed that the temporal kinetics for ATF3 induction differ between the AAR and UPR, with the former being more transient than the latter. Collectively, the results document that ATF3 expression in normal and transformed human liver originates from the canonical promoter A that responds to multiple stress signals.
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15
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Ahsendorf T, Müller FJ, Topkar V, Gunawardena J, Eils R. Transcription factors, coregulators, and epigenetic marks are linearly correlated and highly redundant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186324. [PMID: 29216191 PMCID: PMC5720766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA microstates that regulate transcription include sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs), coregulatory complexes, nucleosomes, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and parts of the three-dimensional architecture of genomes, which could create an enormous combinatorial complexity across the genome. However, many proteins and epigenetic marks are known to colocalize, suggesting that the information content encoded in these marks can be compressed. It has so far proved difficult to understand this compression in a systematic and quantitative manner. Here, we show that simple linear models can reliably predict the data generated by the ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics consortia. Further, we demonstrate that a small number of marks can predict all other marks with high average correlation across the genome, systematically revealing the substantial information compression that is present in different cell lines. We find that the linear models for activating marks are typically cell line-independent, while those for silencing marks are predominantly cell line-specific. Of particular note, a nuclear receptor corepressor, transducin beta-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBLR1), was highly predictive of other marks in two hematopoietic cell lines. The methodology presented here shows how the potentially vast complexity of TFs, coregulators, and epigenetic marks at eukaryotic genes is highly redundant and that the information present can be compressed onto a much smaller subset of marks. These findings could be used to efficiently characterize cell lines and tissues based on a small number of diagnostic marks and suggest how the DNA microstates, which regulate the expression of individual genes, can be specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ahsendorf
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ved Topkar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard College, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Gunawardena
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hossain MI, Horie M, Yoshioka N, Kurose M, Yamamura K, Takebayashi H. Motoneuron degeneration in the trigeminal motor nucleus innervating the masseter muscle in Dystonia musculorum mice. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:159-170. [PMID: 29061384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum (dt) mice, which have a mutation in the Dystonin (Dst) gene, are used as animal models to investigate the human disease known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI. Massive neuronal cell death is observed, mainly in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of dt mice. We and others have recently reported a histopathological feature of these mice that neurofilament (NF) accumulates in various areas of the central nervous system (CNS), including motor pathways. Although dt mice show motor disorder and growth retardation, the causes for these are still unknown. Here we performed histopathological analyses on motor units of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5 nucleus), because they are a good system to understand neuronal responses in the mutant CNS, and abnormalities in this system may lead to problems in mastication, with subsequent growth retardation. We report that motoneurons with NF accumulation in the Mo5 nuclei of DstGt homozygous mice express the stress-induced genes CHOP, ATF3, and lipocalin 2 (Lcn2). We also show a reduced number of Mo5 motoneurons and a reduced size of Mo5 nuclei in DstGt homozygous mice, possibly due to apoptosis, given the presence of cleaved caspase 3-positive Mo5 motoneurons. In the mandibular (V3) branches of the trigeminal nerve, which contains axons of Mo5 motoneurons and trigeminal sensory neurons, there was infiltration of Iba1-positive macrophages. Finally, we report atrophy of the masseter muscles in DstGt homozygous mice, which showed abnormal nuclear localization of myofibrils and increased expression of atrogin-1 mRNA, a muscle atrophy-related gene and weaker masseter muscle strength with uncontrolled muscle activity by electromyography (EMG). Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that mastication in dt mice is affected due to abnormalities of Mo5 motoneurons and masseter muscles, leading to growth retardation at the post-weaning stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibrahim Hossain
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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17
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Zhang H, Liang S, Du Y, Li R, He C, Wang W, Liu S, Ye Z, Liang X, Shi W, Zhang B. Inducible ATF3-NFAT axis aggravates podocyte injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:53-64. [PMID: 29038896 PMCID: PMC5760612 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Podocyte injury and loss contribute to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and eventually kidney failure. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress inducible transcription factor that is transiently expressed following stimulation. However, we show for the first time an induction of ATF3 in podocytes from patients with chronic kidney disease, including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy. The role of ATF3 induction in podocytes under chronic conditions is currently unknown. Compared with the control (C57 or BKS), ATF3 expression was elevated in animal model of proteinuria (LPS-treated C57 mice) and the model of diabetic nephropathy (db/db mice). Similarly, ATF3 was increased in high glucose (HG)-treated, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated, or Ionomycin-treated podocytes in vitro. Overexpression of ATF3 increased podocyte apoptosis and decreased expression of podocin, the cell marker of podocyte; in contrast, ATF3–small interfering RNA knockdown reduced podocyte apoptosis and increased podocin expression. The translocation of ATF3 to the nucleus was increased upon stimulation. ATF3 directly modulates the regulation of NFATc1 gene promoter activity and alters the expression of Wnt6 and Fzd9, direct target genes of NFATc1 signaling. The ATF3 binding site of NFATc1 gene promoter is located at the region 671–775 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. These results indicate a novel inducible axis of ATF3–NFAT in podocyte injury and loss. Key messages • The stress factor ATF3 is induced in podocytes from proteinuric patients, including diabetes. • ATF3 increased podocyte apoptosis and injury. • ATF3 directly modulates the regulation of NFATc1 gene promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shun Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chaosheng He
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106# Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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18
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Jadhav K, Zhang Y. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:96-102. [PMID: 29242753 PMCID: PMC5724780 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors. In response to stress stimuli, ATF3 forms dimers to activate or repress gene expression. Further, ATF3 modulates the immune response, atherogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that ATF3 may also be involved in pathogenesis of other diseases. However, more studies are needed to determine the role of ATF3 in metabolic regulation.
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19
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Shen T, Li Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Guo Z, Wang P, Wu Q, Ba G, Fu Q. CHOP negatively regulates Polo-like kinase 2 expression via recruiting C/EBPα to the upstream-promoter in human osteosarcoma cell line during ER stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:207-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Jeong BC, Kim JH, Kim K, Kim I, Seong S, Kim N. ATF3 modulates calcium signaling in osteoclast differentiation and activity by associating with c-Fos and NFATc1 proteins. Bone 2017; 95:33-40. [PMID: 27829167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding protein family of transcription factors, has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. However, whether ATF3 is involved in osteoclast differentiation and activity has not been well-studied. In the present study, we examined the role of ATF3 in osteoclast differentiation and function. ATF3 expression was down-regulated during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Overexpression of ATF3 in bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophage lineage cells (BMMs) promoted osteoclast differentiation and activity and strongly induced the expression of osteoclast genes encoding nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) compared to that in the control group. In contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of ATF3 prevented the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and markedly abrogated the expression of osteoclast marker genes. Mechanistically, ATF3 synergistically enhanced c-Fos- or NFAT-mediated transcriptional activity of the NFATc1 or TRAP promoter, respectively. Furthermore, ATF3 physically interacted with c-Fos and NFATc1 and enhanced the binding affinity of c-Fos and NFATc1 to the promoters. Interestingly, ATF3 is involved in calcium signaling during osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that ATF3 is a new co-factor of c-Fos and NFATc1 to activate osteoclast differentiation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Seonam University Medical School, Namwon, Chonbuk 55724, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kabsun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Transforming growth factor-β1 regulation of ATF-3, c-Jun and JunB proteins for activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene in human breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:370-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Kato M, Wang M, Chen Z, Bhatt K, Oh HJ, Lanting L, Deshpande S, Jia Y, Lai JYC, O'Connor CL, Wu Y, Hodgin JB, Nelson RG, Bitzer M, Natarajan R. An endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated lncRNA hosting a microRNA megacluster induces early features of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12864. [PMID: 27686049 PMCID: PMC5553130 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to find better treatments for diabetic nephropathy (DN), a debilitating renal complication. Targeting early features of DN, including renal extracellular matrix accumulation (ECM) and glomerular hypertrophy, can prevent disease progression. Here we show that a megacluster of nearly 40 microRNAs and their host long non-coding RNA transcript (lnc-MGC) are coordinately increased in the glomeruli of mouse models of DN, and mesangial cells treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF- β1) or high glucose. Lnc-MGC is regulated by an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related transcription factor, CHOP. Cluster microRNAs and lnc-MGC are decreased in diabetic Chop-/- mice that showed protection from DN. Target genes of megacluster microRNAs have functions related to protein synthesis and ER stress. A chemically modified oligonucleotide targeting lnc-MGC inhibits cluster microRNAs, glomerular ECM and hypertrophy in diabetic mice. Relevance to human DN is also demonstrated. These results demonstrate the translational implications of targeting lnc-MGC for controlling DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kato
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Kirti Bhatt
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Hyung Jung Oh
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Linda Lanting
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Supriya Deshpande
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Ye Jia
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Jennifer Y C Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - YiFan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Hodgin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85014, USA
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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23
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Sunami Y, Ringelhan M, Kokai E, Lu M, O'Connor T, Lorentzen A, Weber A, Rodewald AK, Müllhaupt B, Terracciano L, Gul S, Wissel S, Leithäuser F, Krappmann D, Riedl P, Hartmann D, Schirmbeck R, Strnad P, Hüser N, Kleeff J, Friess H, Schmid RM, Geisler F, Wirth T, Heikenwalder M. Canonical NF-κB signaling in hepatocytes acts as a tumor-suppressor in hepatitis B virus surface antigen-driven hepatocellular carcinoma by controlling the unfolded protein response. Hepatology 2016; 63:1592-607. [PMID: 26892811 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the most common risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Efficient suppression of HBV viremia and necroinflammation as a result of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment is able to reduce HCC incidence; nevertheless, hepatocarcinogenesis can occur in the absence of active hepatitis, correlating with high HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) levels. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a central player in chronic inflammation and HCC development. However, in the absence of severe chronic inflammation, the role of NF-κB signaling in HCC development remains elusive. As a model of hepatocarcinogenesis driven by accumulation of HBV envelope polypeptides, HBsAg transgenic mice, which show no HBV-specific immune response, were crossed to animals with hepatocyte-specific inhibition of canonical NF-κB signaling. We detected prolonged, severe endoplasmic reticulum stress already at 20 weeks of age in NF-κB-deficient hepatocytes of HBsAg-expressing mice. The unfolded protein response regulator binding immunoglobulin protein/78-kDa glucose-regulated protein was down-regulated, activating transcription factor 6, and eIF2α were activated with subsequent overexpression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein. Notably, immune cell infiltrates and liver transaminases were unchanged. However, as a result of this increased cellular stress, insufficient hepatocyte proliferation due to G1 /S-phase cell cycle arrest with overexpression of p27 and emergence of ductular reactions was detected. This culminated in increased DNA damage already at 20 weeks of age and finally led to 100% HCC incidence due to NF-κB inhibition. CONCLUSION The role of canonical NF-κB signaling in HCC development depends on the mode of liver damage; in the case of HBsAg-driven hepatocarcinogenesis, NF-κB in hepatocytes acts as a critical tumor suppressor by augmenting the endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sunami
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Enikö Kokai
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miao Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy O'Connor
- Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Gul
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wissel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Leithäuser
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Riedl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schirmbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Geisler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to polymer-mediated transfection and profile comparison to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:33-53. [PMID: 25663627 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited by the rudimentary understanding of specific molecules that facilitate transfection. METHODS Polyplexes using 25-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to HEK 293T cells. After treating cells with polyplexes, microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h of exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. Differentially expressed genes in polyplex-mediated transfection were compared with those differentially expressed in lipoplex transfection to identify DNA carrier-dependent molecular factors. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes were RGS1, ARHGAP24, PDZD2, SNX24, GSN and IGF2BP1 after 2 h; RAP1A and ACTA1 after 8 h; RAP1A, WDR78 and ACTA1 after 16 h; and RAP1A, SCG5, ATF3, IREB2 and ACTA1 after 24 h. Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ARHGAP24, GSN, IGF2BP1, PDZD2 and RGS1 were able to increase or decrease transgene production. Comparing differentially expressed genes for polyplexes and lipoplexes, no common genes were identified at the 2-h time point, whereas, after the 8-h time point, RAP1A, ATF3 and HSPA6 were similarly expressed. SCG5 and PGAP1 were only upregulated in polyplex-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS The identified genes and pharmacologic agents provide targets for improving transfection systems, although polyplex or lipoplex dependencies must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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25
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Cohen DM, Won KJ, Nguyen N, Lazar MA, Chen CS, Steger DJ. ATF4 licenses C/EBPβ activity in human mesenchymal stem cells primed for adipogenesis. eLife 2015; 4:e06821. [PMID: 26111340 PMCID: PMC4501333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-established cascade of transcription factor (TF) activity orchestrates adipogenesis in response to chemical cues, yet how cell-intrinsic determinants of differentiation such as cell shape and/or seeding density inform this transcriptional program remain enigmatic. Here, we uncover a novel mechanism licensing transcription in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adipogenically primed by confluence. Prior to adipogenesis, confluency promotes heterodimer recruitment of the bZip TFs C/EBPβ and ATF4 to a non-canonical C/EBP DNA sequence. ATF4 depletion decreases both cell-density-dependent transcription and adipocyte differentiation. Global profiling in hMSCs and a novel cell-free assay reveals that ATF4 requires C/EBPβ for genomic binding at a motif distinct from that bound by the C/EBPβ homodimer. Our observations demonstrate that C/EBPβ bridges the transcriptional programs in naïve, confluent cells and early differentiating pre-adipocytes. Moreover, they suggest that homo- and heterodimer formation poise C/EBPβ to execute diverse and stage-specific transcriptional programs by exploiting an expanded motif repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Nha Nguyen
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - David J Steger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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26
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Tung YC, Tsai ML, Kuo FL, Lai CS, Badmaev V, Ho CT, Pan MH. Se-Methyl-L-selenocysteine Induces Apoptosis via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Death Receptor Pathway in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma COLO 205 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5008-16. [PMID: 25943382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Selenomethionine (SeMet) and Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine (MSeC) are natural organoselenium compounds found in garlic, onion, and broccoli. In addition, these compounds have lower toxicity and better anticancer activities than inorganic Se. This study investigated the effects of MSeC treatment on the growth of COLO 205 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and evaluated the mechanisms related to the MSeC-induced effects. When COLO 205 cells were treated with 200 μM MSeC for 24 h, MSeC caused 80% apoptosis in cells. MSeC increased the expression of Fas and FasL, followed by the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, DNA fragmentation factor (DFF45), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). MSeC also increased the levels of Bax protein and decreased the levels of Bid and Bcl-2 proteins. However, MSeC did not cause apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress but instead through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The cleavage of caspase-12 and caspase-9 was shown to increase the growth arrest and protein levels of DNA-damage inducible genes (GADD) 153 and 45. MSeC also downregulated the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT protein levels and upregulated the p38 and JNK protein levels in COLO 205 cells. These results showed that the mechanism by which MSeC induced apoptosis in COLO 205 cells involved caspase activation, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and the regulation of ER-stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chen Tung
- †Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- ‡Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ling Kuo
- ‡Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Lai
- §Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Vladimir Badmaev
- ∥American Medical Holdings Incorporated, 1440 Forest Hill Road, New York, New York 10314, United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- †Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- §Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- ⊥Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- #Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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27
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Ma S, Pang C, Song L, Guo F, Sun H. Activating transcription factor 3 is overexpressed in human glioma and its knockdown in glioblastoma cells causes growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1561-73. [PMID: 25872784 PMCID: PMC4432930 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are highly malignant gliomas that are extremely invasive with high rates of recurrence and mortality. It has been reported that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is expressed in elevated levels in multiple malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of ATF3 in the development of glioma and its clinical significance. Immunohistochemical staining, western blot analysis and RT-qPCR revealed that the mRNA and protein levels of ATF3 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) were higher in the glioma than in the normal human brain tissues, and that their levels were proportional to the pathological grades. By contrast, the mRNA and protein levels of mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin; SERPINB5) were significantly lower in the glioma than in the normal brain tissue, and maspin expression was inversely proportional to the glioma pathological grade. The transfection of U373MG glioblastoma cells with ATF3-siRNA induced a number of changes in cell behavior; the cell proliferative activity was decreased and flow cytometry revealed an increased proportion of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition, TUNEL staining indicated an increased proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis and Transwell assays revealed impaired cell mobility. The sizes of the tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice were also significantly reduced by treatment of host mice with ATF3-siRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that ATF3 promotes the progression of human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Changhe Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Laijun Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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28
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Hao ZF, Su YM, Wang CM, Yang RY. Activating transcription factor 3 interferes with p21 activation in histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced growth inhibition of epidermoid carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1471-6. [PMID: 25371069 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity by HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) results in cancer cell growth inhibition, and HDACis have been revealed as potential anti-skin cancer agents. p21 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and an essential regulator of growth inhibition. Recently, we reported that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) could significantly promote skin cancer cell growth. This study explored the relationship between ATF3 and HDACi-induced growth inhibition of epidermoid carcinoma cells. We found that trichostatin A (TSA) treatment inhibited cell growth in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneously, p21 and ATF3 expression levels were upregulated and downregulated upon TSA stimulation, respectively. ATF3 overexpression promoted cell growth and downregulated p21 expression. In contrast, ATF3 depletion resulted in cell growth reduction and p21 transcriptional upregulation. More importantly, ATF3 overexpression partially antagonized TSA-induced growth inhibition and p21 activation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ATF3 acts as an essential negative regulator of TSA-induced cell growth inhibition through interfering with TSA-induced p21 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Hao
- Institute of Skin Damage and Repair, General Hospital of Beijing Region of PLA, Beijing, 100700, China
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29
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Hao ZF, Ao JH, Zhang J, Su YM, Yang RY. ATF3 activates Stat3 phosphorylation through inhibition of p53 expression in skin cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7439-44. [PMID: 24460316 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM ATF3, a member of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors, has been found to be selectively induced by calcineurin/NFAT inhibition and to enhance keratinocyte tumor formation, although the precise role of ATF3 in human skin cancer and possible mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS In this study, clinical analysis of 30 skin cancer patients and 30 normal donors revealed that ATF3 was accumulated in skin cancer tissues. Functional assays demonstrated that ATF3 significantly promoted skin cancer cell proliferation. RESULTS Mechanically, ATF3 activated Stat3 phosphorylation in skin cancer cell through regulation of p53 expression. Moreover, the promotion effect of ATF3 on skin cancer cell proliferation was dependent on the p53-Stat3 signaling cascade. CONCLUSION Together, the results indicate that ATF3 might promote skin cancer cell proliferation and enhance skin keratinocyte tumor development through inhibiting p53 expression and then activating Stat3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Hao
- Graduate Management Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China E-mail :
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30
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Shan J, Balasubramanian MN, Donelan W, Fu L, Hayner J, Lopez MC, Baker HV, Kilberg MS. A mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-dependent transcriptional program controls activation of the early growth response 1 (EGR1) gene during amino acid limitation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24665-79. [PMID: 25028509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) limitation in mammalian cells triggers a collection of signaling cascades jointly referred to as the AA response (AAR). In human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, the early growth response 1 (EGR1) gene was induced by either AA deprivation or endoplasmic reticulum stress. AAR-dependent EGR1 activation was discovered to be independent of the well characterized GCN2-ATF4 pathway and instead dependent on MEK-ERK signaling, one of the MAPK pathways. ChIP showed that constitutively bound ELK1 at the EGR1 proximal promoter region was phosphorylated after AAR activation. Increased p-ELK1 binding was associated with increased de novo recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the EGR1 promoter. EGR1 transcription was not induced in HEK293T cells lacking endogenous MEK activity, but overexpression of exogenous constitutively active MEK in HEK293T cells resulted in increased basal and AAR-induced EGR1 expression. ChIP analysis of the human vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) gene, a known EGR1-responsive gene, revealed moderate increases in AAR-induced EGR1 binding within the proximal promoter and highly inducible binding to a site within the first intron. Collectively, these data document a novel AA-activated MEK-ERK-ELK1 signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiu Shan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences and
| | - Mukundh N Balasubramanian
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences and
| | - William Donelan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences and
| | - Lingchen Fu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences and
| | - Jaclyn Hayner
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences and
| | - Maria-Cecilia Lopez
- the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Henry V Baker
- the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences and
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31
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Edagawa M, Kawauchi J, Hirata M, Goshima H, Inoue M, Okamoto T, Murakami A, Maehara Y, Kitajima S. Role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced sensitization of p53-deficient human colon cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis through up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) by zerumbone and celecoxib. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21544-61. [PMID: 24939851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.558890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptor 5 (DR5) is a death domain-containing transmembrane receptor that triggers cell death upon binding to its ligand, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and a combination of TRAIL and agents that increase the expression of DR5 is expected to be a novel anticancer therapy. In this report, we demonstrate that the stress response gene ATF3 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated DR5 induction upon zerumbone (ZER) and celecoxib (CCB) in human p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Both agents activated PERK-eIF2α kinases and induced the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein, which were remarkably suppressed by reactive oxygen species scavengers. In the absence of ATF3, the induction of DR5 mRNA and protein was abrogated significantly, and this was associated with reduced cell death by cotreatment of TRAIL with ZER or CCB. By contrast, exogenous expression of ATF3 caused a more rapid and elevated expression of DR5, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to apoptotic cell death by TRAIL/ZER or TRAIL/CCB. A reporter assay demonstrated that at least two ATF/cAMP response element motifs as well as C/EBP homologous protein motif at the proximal region of the human DR5 gene promoter were required for ZER-induced DR5 gene transcription. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the role of ATF3 as an essential transcription factor for p53-independent DR5 induction upon both ZER and CCB treatment, and this may be a useful biomarker for TRAIL-based anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Edagawa
- From the Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan, the Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Junya Kawauchi
- From the Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Manabu Hirata
- From the Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroto Goshima
- From the Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- From the Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Okamoto
- the Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Akira Murakami
- the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- the Department of Surgery and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- From the Department of Biochemical Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan,
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ATF3 attenuates cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity by downregulating CHOP in HK-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Xiaoyan L, Shengbing Z, Yu Z, Lin Z, Chengjie L, Jingfeng L, Aimin H. Low expression of activating transcription factor 3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinicopathological significance. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:477-81. [PMID: 24906227 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To explore the expression and role of activating transcription factor 3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, Western blot assay and Real-time PCR were used to evaluate activating transcription factor 3 protein and gene level in HCC clinical samples. RESULTS Activating transcription factor 3 expression is lowest in HCC, and the protein level is lower in patients with capsule invasion, while there is no association with other main clinical pathological features. CONCLUSIONS Low expression of ATF3 may function as a tumor suppressor during human hepatocellular oncogenesis and targeting ATF3 pathway might be beneficial for anti-HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiaoyan
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zang Shengbing
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zhang Yu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Lin Chengjie
- Liver Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China
| | - Liu Jingfeng
- Liver Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China.
| | - Huang Aimin
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China.
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Brewer JW. Regulatory crosstalk within the mammalian unfolded protein response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1067-79. [PMID: 24135849 PMCID: PMC11113126 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased demands on the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). Comprised of a tripartite signaling system, the UPR regulates translation and gene transcription to manifest pro-adaptive and, if necessary, pro-apoptotic outcomes. The three UPR pathways, initiated by activating transcription factor 6, inositol requiring enzyme 1, and protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase (PERK), direct distinct downstream signaling events. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that interplay between the cascades is vital in shaping the UPR. In particular, recent discoveries have revealed that PERK-dependent signals mediate both inter- and intra-pathway regulation within the UPR, underscoring the critical role of the PERK pathway in the cellular response to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Liberty University, 1971 University Boulevard, Lynchburg, VA, 24515, USA,
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Dziunycz PJ, Lefort K, Wu X, Freiberger SN, Neu J, Djerbi N, Iotzowa-Weiss G, French LE, Dotto GP, Hofbauer GFL. The oncogene ATF3 is potentiated by cyclosporine A and ultraviolet light A. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1998-2004. [PMID: 24509533 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents the most important cutaneous complication following organ transplantation. It develops mostly on sun-exposed areas. A recent study showed the role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in SCC development following treatment with calcineurin inhibitors. It has been reported that ATF3, which may act as an oncogene, is under negative calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) control and is upregulated by calcineurin inhibitors. Still, these findings do not fully explain the preferential appearance of SCC on chronically sun-damaged skin. We analyzed the influence of UV radiation on ATF3 expression and its potential role in SCC development. We found that ATF3 is a specifically induced AP1 member in SCC of transplanted patients. Its expression was strongly potentiated by combination of cyclosporine A and UVA treatment. UVA induced ATF3 expression through reactive oxygen species-mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation independently of calcineurin/NFAT inhibition. Activated NRF2 directly binds to ATF3 promoter, thus inducing its expression. These results demonstrate two mechanisms that independently induce and, when combined together, potentiate the expression of ATF3, which may then force SCC development. Taking into account the previously defined role of ATF3 in the SCC development, these findings may provide an explanation and a mechanism for the frequently observed burden on SCCs on sun-exposed areas of the skin in organ transplant recipients treated by calcineurin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Dziunycz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Karine Lefort
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Johannes Neu
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Djerbi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Network analysis of endogenous gene expression profiles after polyethyleneimine-mediated DNA delivery. J Gene Med 2013; 15:142-54. [PMID: 23526566 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA delivery systems, which transport exogenous DNA to cells, have applications that include gene therapy, tissue engineering and medical devices. Although the cationic nonviral DNA carrier polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been widely studied, the molecular factors and pathways underlying PEI-mediated DNA transfer remain largely unknown, preventing the design of more efficient delivery systems. METHODS HEK 293 T cells were treated with polyplexes formed with PEI and pEGFPLuc encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transfected cells expressing GFP were flow-separated from treated, untransfected cells. Gene expression profiles were obtained using Affymetrix HG-U133 2.0 microarrays and differentially expressed genes were identified using R/Bioconductor. Gene network analysis using EGAN (exploratory gene association network) bioinformatics tools was then used to find interaction among genes and enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to transfection. Genes identified by this method were perturbed using pharmacologic activators or inhibitors to assess their effect on DNA transfer. RESULTS Microarray analysis comparing transfected cells to untransfected cells revealed 215 genes to be differentially expressed, with the majority enriched to GO processes including metabolism, response to stimulus, cell cycle, biological regulation and cellular component organization or biogenesis pathways. Gene network analysis revealed a coordinated induction of RAP1A, SCG5, PGAP1, ATF3 and NEB genes implicated in cell stress, cell cycle and cytoskeletal processes. Altering pathways with pharmacologic agents confirmed the potential role of RAP1A, SCG5 and ATF3 in transfection. CONCLUSIONS Microarray and gene network analyses of the sorted, transfected cell population can identify potential mediators of transfection, providing a basis for the design of improved delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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A Taiwanese Propolis Derivative Induces Apoptosis through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticular Stress and Activating Transcription Factor-3 in Human Hepatoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:658370. [PMID: 24222778 PMCID: PMC3814109 DOI: 10.1155/2013/658370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. NBM-TP-007-GS-002 (GS-002) is a Taiwanese propolin G (PPG) derivative. In this study, we examined the antitumor effects of GS-002 in human hepatoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells in vitro. First, we found that GS-002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in dose-dependent manners. Several main apoptotic indicators were found in GS-002-treated cells, such as the cleaved forms of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). GS-002 also induced endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress as evidenced by increases in ER stress-responsive proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), phosphorylated protein endoplasmic-reticular-resident kinase (PERK), and ATF-3. The induction of ATF-3 expression was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in GS-002-treated cells. Furthermore, we found that GS-002 induced more cell apoptosis in ATF-3-overexpressing cells. These results suggest that the induction of apoptosis by the propolis derivative, GS-002, is partially mediated through ER stress and ATF-3-dependent pathways, and GS-002 has the potential for development as an antitumor drug.
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Niknejad N, Gorn-Hondermann I, Ma L, Zahr S, Johnson-Obeseki S, Corsten M, Dimitroulakos J. Lovastatin-induced apoptosis is mediated by activating transcription factor 3 and enhanced in combination with salubrinal. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:268-79. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Niknejad
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Ivan Gorn-Hondermann
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Laurie Ma
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Stephanie Zahr
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | | | - Martin Corsten
- Department of Otolaryngology; The Ottawa Hospital; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Jim Dimitroulakos
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa ON Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
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Regulatory interplay of Cockayne syndrome B ATPase and stress-response gene ATF3 following genotoxic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2261-70. [PMID: 23733932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220071110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome type B ATPase (CSB) belongs to the SwItch/Sucrose nonfermentable family. Its mutations are linked to Cockayne syndrome phenotypes and classically are thought to be caused by defects in transcription-coupled repair, a subtype of DNA repair. Here we show that after UV-C irradiation, immediate early genes such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) are overexpressed. Although the ATF3 target genes, including dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), were unable to recover RNA synthesis in CSB-deficient cells, transcription was restored rapidly in normal cells. There the synthesis of DHFR mRNA restarts on the arrival of RNA polymerase II and CSB and the subsequent release of ATF3 from its cAMP response element/ATF target site. In CSB-deficient cells ATF3 remains bound to the promoter, thereby preventing the arrival of polymerase II and the restart of transcription. Silencing of ATF3, as well as stable introduction of wild-type CSB, restores RNA synthesis in UV-irradiated CSB cells, suggesting that, in addition to its role in DNA repair, CSB activity likely is involved in the reversal of inhibitory properties on a gene-promoter region. We present strong experimental data supporting our view that the transcriptional defects observed in UV-irradiated CSB cells are largely the result of a permanent transcriptional repression of a certain set of genes in addition to some defect in DNA repair.
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40
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Wang CM, Yang WH. Loss of SUMOylation on ATF3 inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells by modulating CCND1/2 activity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8367-80. [PMID: 23591848 PMCID: PMC3645748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation plays an important role in regulating a wide range of cellular processes. Previously, we showed that ATF3, a stress response mediator, can be SUMOylated and lysine 42 is the major SUMO site. However, the significance of ATF3 SUMOylation in biological processes is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of ATF3 SUMOylation on CCND activity and cellular proliferation in human prostate cancer cells. First, we showed that ATF3 can be SUMOylated endogenously in the overexpression system, and lysine 42 is the major SUMO site. Unlike normal prostate tissue and androgen-responsive LNCaP cancer cells, androgen-independent PC3 and DU145 cancer cells did not express ATF3 endogenously. Overexpression of ATF3 increased CCND1/2 expression in PC3 and DU145 cancer cells. Interestingly, we observed that SUMOylation is essential for ATF3-mediated CCND1/2 activation. Finally, we observed that SUMOylation plays a functional role in ATF3-mediated cellular proliferation in PC3 and DU145 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SUMO modification of ATF3 influences CCND1/2 activity and cellular proliferation of prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells and explains at least in part how ATF3 functions to regulate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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41
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Balasubramanian MN, Butterworth EA, Kilberg MS. Asparagine synthetase: regulation by cell stress and involvement in tumor biology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E789-99. [PMID: 23403946 PMCID: PMC3625782 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) catalyzes the conversion of aspartate and glutamine to asparagine and glutamate in an ATP-dependent reaction. The enzyme is ubiquitous in its organ distribution in mammals, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the exocrine pancreas. Human ASNS activity is highly regulated in response to cell stress, primarily by increased transcription from a single gene located on chromosome 7. Among the genomic elements that control ASNS transcription is the C/EBP-ATF response element (CARE) within the promoter. Protein limitation or an imbalanced dietary amino acid composition activate the ASNS gene through the amino acid response (AAR), a process that is replicated in cell culture through limitation for any single essential amino acid. Endoplasmic reticulum stress also increases ASNS transcription through the PERK-eIF2-ATF4 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both the AAR and UPR lead to increased synthesis of ATF4, which binds to the CARE and induces ASNS transcription. Elevated expression of ASNS protein is associated with resistance to asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may be a predictive factor in drug sensitivity for certain solid tumors as well. Activation of the GCN2-eIF2-ATF4 signaling pathway, leading to increased ASNS expression appears to be a component of solid tumor adaptation to nutrient deprivation and/or hypoxia. Identifying the roles of ASNS in fetal development, tissue differentiation, and tumor growth may reveal that ASNS function extends beyond asparagine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundh N Balasubramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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42
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Dynamic changes in genomic histone association and modification during activation of the ASNS and ATF3 genes by amino acid limitation. Biochem J 2013; 449:219-29. [PMID: 22978410 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid deprivation of mammalian cells triggers several signalling pathways, the AAR (amino acid response), that results in transcriptional activation. For the ASNS (asparagine synthetase) and ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) genes, increased transcription occurs in conjunction with recruitment of ATF4 to the gene. In HepG2 cells, analysis of the ASNS and ATF3 genes during AAR activation revealed increases in histone H3K4me3 (histone 3 trimethylated Lys4) and H4Ac (acetylated histone 4) levels, marks associated with active transcription, but a concurrent loss of total H3 protein near the promoter. The dynamic nature of AAR-regulated transcription was illustrated by a decline in ASNS transcription activity within minutes after removal of the AAR stress and a return to basal levels by 2 h. Reversal of ASNS transcription occurred in parallel with decreased promoter-associated H4Ac and ATF4 binding. However, the reduction in histone H3 and increase in H3K4me3 were not reversed. In yeast, persistence of H3K4me3 has been proposed to be a 'memory' mark of gene activity that alters the responsiveness of the gene, but the time course and magnitude of ASNS induction was unaffected when cells were challenged with a second round of AAR activation. The results of the present study document changes in gene-associated nucleosome abundance and histone modifications in response to amino-acid-dependent transcription.
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Chikka MR, McCabe DD, Tyra HM, Rutkowski DT. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) contributes to suppression of metabolic genes during endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4405-15. [PMID: 23281479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) senses stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and initiates signal transduction cascades that culminate in changes to gene regulation. Long recognized as a means for improving ER protein folding through up-regulation of ER chaperones, the UPR is increasingly recognized to play a role in the regulation of metabolic pathways. ER stress is clearly connected to altered metabolism in tissues such as the liver, but the mechanisms underlying this connection are only beginning to be elucidated. Here, working exclusively in vivo, we tested the hypothesis that the UPR-regulated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) participates in the transcriptional regulation of metabolism during hepatic ER stress. We found that metabolic dysregulation was associated with induction of eIF2α signaling and CHOP up-regulation during challenge with tunicamycin or Velcade. CHOP was necessary for suppression of genes encoding the transcriptional master regulators of lipid metabolism: Cebpa, Ppara, and Srebf1. This action of CHOP required a contemporaneous CHOP-independent stress signal. CHOP bound directly to C/EBP-binding regions in the promoters of target genes, whereas binding of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ to the same regions was diminished during ER stress. Our results thus highlight a role for CHOP in the transcriptional regulation of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudana R Chikka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine,Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Shan J, Fu L, Balasubramanian MN, Anthony T, Kilberg MS. ATF4-dependent regulation of the JMJD3 gene during amino acid deprivation can be rescued in Atf4-deficient cells by inhibition of deacetylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36393-403. [PMID: 22955275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following amino acid deprivation, the amino acid response (AAR) induces transcription from specific genes through a collection of signaling mechanisms, including the GCN2-eIF2-ATF4 pathway. The present report documents that the histone demethylase JMJD3 is an activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent target gene. The JMJD3 gene contains two AAR-induced promoter activities and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that the AAR leads to enhanced ATF4 recruitment to the C/EBP-ATF response element (CARE) upstream of Promoter-1. AAR-induced histone modifications across the JMJD3 gene locus occur upon ATF4 binding. Jmjd3 transcription is not induced in Atf4-knock-out cells, but the AAR-dependent activation was rescued by inhibition of histone deacetylation with trichostatin A (TSA). The TSA rescue of AAR activation in the absence of Atf4 also occurred for the Atf3 and C/EBP homology protein (Chop) genes, but not for the asparagine synthetase gene. ChIP analysis of the Jmjd3, Atf3, and Chop genes in Atf4 knock-out cells documented that activation of the AAR in the presence of TSA led to specific changes in acetylation of histone H4. The results suggest that a primary function of ATF4 is to recruit histone acetyltransferase activity to a sub-set of AAR target genes. Thus, absolute binding of ATF4 to these particular genes is not required and no ATF4 interaction with the general transcription machinery is necessary. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ATF4 functions as a pioneer factor to alter chromatin structure and thus, enhance transcription in a gene-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiu Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Genetics Institute, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Xu L, Su L, Liu X. PKCδ regulates death receptor 5 expression induced by PS-341 through ATF4-ATF3/CHOP axis in human lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2174-82. [PMID: 22848091 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PS-341 (bortezomib), a proteasome inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Our previous work has shown that PS-341 induces death receptor 5 (DR5)-dependent apoptosis and enhances the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. However, the definite mechanism remains undefined. In the present study, we reveal that PKCδ and RSK2 mediate PS-341-induced DR5 upregulation, involving coactivation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We discovered that PS-341 activated ER stress through elevating the expression of BiP, p-eIF2α, IRE1α, ATF4, ATF3, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Further study showed that DR5 upregulation was dependent on ATF4, ATF3, and CHOP expression. Silencing either one of the ATF4, ATF3, and CHOP expression decreased DR5 upregulation and subsequent apoptosis. We determined that ATF4 regulated ATF3 and CHOP expression. Thereafter, ATF3 and CHOP formed a complex and regulated DR5 expression. In addition, we discovered that the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and RSK2 were elevated after PS-341 treatment and inhibition of their phosphorylation using MAP-ERK kinase 1/2 inhibitor decreased the DR5 level, indicating that ERK/RSK2 signaling is involved in DR5 upregulation. Furthermore, we detected the cleavage of PKCδ, and the blockage of PKCδ expression cut down DR5 upregulation and apoptosis. Importantly, knockdown of PKCδ expression decreased the induction of ER stress and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and RSK2, suggesting that PKCδ regulates DR5 expression through ERK/RSK2 signaling and ATF4-CHOP/ATF3 axis. Collectively, we show that PS-341 induces PKCδ-dependent DR5 expression through activation of ERK/RSK2 and ER stress signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Xu
- Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Room 103, South Building, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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46
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Kilberg MS, Balasubramanian M, Fu L, Shan J. The transcription factor network associated with the amino acid response in mammalian cells. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:295-306. [PMID: 22585903 PMCID: PMC3649461 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals exhibit multiple adaptive mechanisms that sense and respond to fluctuations in dietary nutrients. Consumption of reduced total dietary protein or a protein diet that is deficient in 1 or more of the essential amino acids triggers wide-ranging changes in feeding behavior and gene expression. At the level of individual cells, dietary protein deficiency is manifested as amino acid (AA) deprivation, which activates the AA response (AAR). The AAR is composed of a collection of signal transduction pathways that terminate in specific transcriptional programs designed to catalyze adaptation to the nutrient stress or, ultimately, undergo apoptosis. Independently of the AAR, endoplasmic reticulum stress activates 3 signaling pathways, collectively referred to as the unfolded protein response. The transcription factor activating transcription factor 4 is one of the terminal transcriptional mediators for both the AAR and the unfolded protein response, leading to a significant degree of overlap with regard to the target genes for these stress pathways. Over the past 5 y, research has revealed that the basic leucine zipper superfamily of transcription factors plays the central role in the AAR. Formation of both homo- and heterodimers among the activating transcription factor, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein, and FOS/JUN families of basic leucine zipper proteins forms the nucleus of a highly integrated transcription factor network that determines the initiation, magnitude, and duration of the cellular response to dietary protein or AA limitation.
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Hunt D, Raivich G, Anderson PN. Activating transcription factor 3 and the nervous system. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:7. [PMID: 22347845 PMCID: PMC3278981 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) belongs to the ATF/cyclic AMP responsive element binding family of transcription factors and is often described as an adaptive response gene whose activity is usually regulated by stressful stimuli. Although expressed in a number of splice variants and generally recognized as a transcriptional repressor, ATF3 has the ability to interact with a number of other transcription factors including c-Jun to form complexes which not only repress, but can also activate various genes. ATF3 expression is modulated mainly at the transcriptional level and has markedly different effects in different types of cell. The levels of ATF3 mRNA and protein are normally very low in neurons and glia but their expression is rapidly upregulated in response to injury. ATF3 expression in neurons is closely linked to their survival and the regeneration of their axons following axotomy, and that in peripheral nerves correlates with the generation of a Schwann cell phenotype that is conducive to axonal regeneration. ATF3 is also induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands but acts as a negative regulator of TLR signaling, suppressing the innate immune response which is involved in immuno-surveillance and can enhance or reduce the survival of injured neurons and promote the regeneration of their axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hunt
- Medical Education Centre, Newham University Hospital London, UK
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Duprez J, Jonas JC. Role of activating transcription factor 3 in low glucose- and thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in cultured mouse islets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:294-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cheng CF, Lin H. Acute kidney injury and the potential for ATF3-regulated epigenetic therapy. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:362-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.557876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ATF3-induced mammary tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16515. [PMID: 21304988 PMCID: PMC3031586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Female transgenic mice that constitutively overexpress the transcription factor ATF3 in the basal epithelium of the mammary gland develop mammary carcinomas with high frequency, but only if allowed to mate and raise pups early in life. This transgenic mouse model system reproduces some features of human breast cancer in that about 20% of human breast tumor specimens exhibit overexpression of ATF3 in the tumor cells. The ATF3-induced mouse tumors are phenotypically similar to mammary tumors induced by overexpression of activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes. We now show that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is indeed activated in ATF3-induced tumors. β-catenin is transcriptionally up-regulated in the tumors, and high levels of nuclear β-catenin are seen in tumor cells. A reporter gene for Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity, TOPGAL, is up-regulated in the tumors and several downstream targets of Wnt signaling, including Ccnd1, Jun, Axin2 and Dkk4, are also expressed at higher levels in ATF3-induced tumors compared to mammary glands of transgenic females. Several positive-acting ligands for this pathway, including Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt7b, and Wnt5a, are significantly overexpressed in tumor tissue, and mRNA for Wnt3 is about 5-fold more abundant in transgenic mammary tissue than in non-transgenic mammary tissue. Two known transcriptional targets of ATF3, Snai1 and Snai2, are also overexpressed in the tumors, and Snail and Slug proteins are found to be located primarily in the nuclei of tumor cells. In vitro knockdown of Atf3 expression results in significant decreases in expression of Wnt7b, Tcf7, Snai2 and Jun, suggesting that these genes may be direct transcriptional targets of ATF3 protein. By chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, both ATF3 and JUN proteins appear to bind to a particular subclass of AP-1 sites upstream of the transcriptional start sites of each of these genes.
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