1
|
DeAngelis MW, McGhie EW, Coolon JD, Johnson RI. Mask, a component of the Hippo pathway, is required for Drosophila eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2020; 464:53-70. [PMID: 32464117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling is an important regulator of tissue size, but it also has a lesser-known role in tissue morphogenesis. Here we use the Drosophila pupal eye to explore the role of the Hippo effector Yki and its cofactor Mask in morphogenesis. We found that Mask is required for the correct distribution and accumulation of adherens junctions and appropriate organization of the cytoskeleton. Accordingly, disrupting mask expression led to severe mis-patterning and similar defects were observed when yki was reduced or in response to ectopic wts. Further, the patterning defects generated by reducing mask expression were modified by Hippo pathway activity. RNA-sequencing revealed a requirement for Mask for appropriate expression of numerous genes during eye morphogenesis. These included genes implicated in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization, a comprehensive set of genes that promote cell survival, and numerous signal transduction genes. To validate our transcriptome analyses, we then considered two loci that were modified by Mask activity: FER and Vinc, which have established roles in regulating adhesion. Modulating the expression of either locus modified mask mis-patterning and adhesion phenotypes. Further, expression of FER and Vinc was modified by Yki. It is well-established that the Hippo pathway is responsive to changes in cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton, but our data indicate that Hippo signaling also regulates these structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles W DeAngelis
- Wesleyan University Department of Biology, Middletown CT, 06457, USA.
| | - Emily W McGhie
- Wesleyan University Department of Biology, Middletown CT, 06457, USA.
| | - Joseph D Coolon
- Wesleyan University Department of Biology, Middletown CT, 06457, USA.
| | - Ruth I Johnson
- Wesleyan University Department of Biology, Middletown CT, 06457, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsuura Y. High-resolution structural analysis shows how different crystallographic environments can induce alternative modes of binding of a phosphotyrosine peptide to the SH2 domain of Fer tyrosine kinase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:2011-2019. [PMID: 31441171 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fes and Fes-related (Fer) protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) comprise a subfamily of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases characterized by a unique multidomain structure composed of an N-terminal Fer/CIP4 homology-Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (F-BAR) domain, a central Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, and a C-terminal PTK domain. Fer is ubiquitously expressed, and upregulation of Fer has been implicated in various human cancers. The PTK activity of Fes has been shown to be positively regulated by the binding of phosphotyrosine-containing ligands to the SH2 domain. Here, the X-ray crystal structure of human Fer SH2 domain bound to a phosphopeptide that has D-E-pY-E-N-V-D sequence is reported at 1.37 å resolution. The asymmetric unit (ASU) contains six Fer-phosphopeptide complexes, and the structure reveals three distinct binding modes for the same phosphopeptide. At four out of the six binding sites in the ASU, the phosphopeptide binds to Fer SH2 domain in a type I β-turn conformation, and this could be the optimal binding mode of this phosphopeptide. At the other two binding sites in the ASU, it appears that spatial proximity of neighboring SH2 domains in the crystal induces alternative modes of binding of this phosphopeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Matsuura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dual Roles of Fer Kinase Are Required for Proper Hematopoiesis and Vascular Endothelium Organization during Zebrafish Development. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6040040. [PMID: 29168762 PMCID: PMC5745445 DOI: 10.3390/biology6040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fer kinase, a protein involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and proliferation, has been shown to be required during invertebrate development and has been implicated in leukemia, gastric cancer, and liver cancer. However, in vivo roles for Fer during vertebrate development have remained elusive. In this study, we bridge the gap between the invertebrate and vertebrate realms by showing that Fer kinase is required during zebrafish embryogenesis for normal hematopoiesis and vascular organization with distinct kinase dependent and independent functions. In situ hybridization, quantitative PCR and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses revealed an increase in both erythrocyte numbers and gene expression patterns as well as a decrease in the organization of vasculature endothelial cells. Furthermore, rescue experiments have shown that the regulation of hematopoietic proliferation is dependent on Fer kinase activity, while vascular organizing events only require Fer in a kinase-independent manner. Our data suggest a model in which separate kinase dependent and independent functions of Fer act in conjunction with Notch activity in a divergent manner for hematopoietic determination and vascular tissue organization.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitsunari K, Miyata Y, Watanabe SI, Asai A, Yasuda T, Kanda S, Sakai H. Stromal expression of Fer suppresses tumor progression in renal cell carcinoma and is a predictor of survival. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:834-840. [PMID: 28356966 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fps/Fes related (Fer) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in fibroblasts, immune cells and endothelial cells. Fer serves an important pathological role in cell survival, angiogenesis and the immune system. However, the pathological role of Fer expression in the stromal cells surrounding renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been previously investigated. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis of Fer was performed using the formalin-fixed tissue samples of 152 patients with RCC. The proliferative and apoptotic indices were used to represent the percentage of proliferation marker protein Ki-67- and cleaved caspase-3-positive cells, respectively. The microvessel density was defined as the number of cluster of differentiation (CD) 31-positively stained vessels/mm2. In addition, CD57+ and CD68+ cells were counted using semi-quantification of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Fer expression in stromal cells was negatively associated with Fuhrman grade, pathological tumor stage and metastasis (P<0.001). Fer expression in stromal cells was negatively associated with CD68+ macrophage density, whereas it was positively associated with CD57+ NK cell density. Kaplan-Meier estimators indicated that decreased stromal Fer expression was a predictive marker of decreased cause-specific survival rate (P<0.001). Furthermore, low expression of Fer was identified as being an independent marker of decreased cause-specific survival using multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 7.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-33.0; P<0.001). The results of the present study suggested that low Fer expression in stromal cells is associated with increased malignant aggressiveness and decreased survival in patients with RCC. CD57+ NK cell and CD68+ macrophage regulation in cancer-stromal tissue is considered to affect RCC pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Yasuda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kanda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maiden SL, Petrova YI, Gumbiner BM. Microtubules Inhibit E-Cadherin Adhesive Activity by Maintaining Phosphorylated p120-Catenin in a Colon Carcinoma Cell Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148574. [PMID: 26845024 PMCID: PMC4742228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions is critical to both tissue morphogenesis during development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Cell surface expression of the cadherin-catenin complex is often directly correlated with the level of adhesion, however, examples exist where cadherin appears to be inactive and cells are completely non-adhesive. The state of p120-catenin phosphorylation has been implicated in regulating the adhesive activity of E-cadherin but the mechanism is currently unclear. We have found that destabilization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, independent of microtubule plus-end dynamics, dephosphorylates p120-catenin and activates E-cadherin adhesion in Colo 205 cells. Through chemical screening, we have also identified several kinases as potential regulators of E-cadherin adhesive activity. Analysis of several p120-catenin phosphomutants suggests that gross dephosphorylation of p120-catenin rather than that of specific amino acids may trigger E-cadherin adhesion. Uncoupling p120-catenin binding to E-cadherin at the membrane causes constitutive adhesion in Colo 205 cells, further supporting an inhibitory role of phosphorylated p120-catenin on E-cadherin activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Maiden
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuliya I. Petrova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barry M. Gumbiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hong JY, Oh IH, McCrea PD. Phosphorylation and isoform use in p120-catenin during development and tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:102-14. [PMID: 26477567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P120-catenin is essential to vertebrate development, modulating cadherin and small-GTPase functions, and growing evidence points also to roles in the nucleus. A complexity in addressing p120-catenin's functions is its many isoforms, including optional splicing events, alternative points of translational initiation, and secondary modifications. In this review, we focus upon how choices in the initiation of protein translation, or the earlier splicing of the RNA transcript, relates to primary sequences that harbor established or putative regulatory phosphorylation sites. While certain p120 phosphorylation events arise via known kinases/phosphatases and have defined outcomes, in most cases the functional consequences are still to be established. In this review, we provide examples of p120-isoforms as they relate to phosphorylation events, and thereby to isoform dependent protein-protein associations and downstream functions. We also provide a view of upstream pathways that determine p120's phosphorylation state, and that have an impact upon development and disease. Because other members of the p120 subfamily undergo similar processing and phosphorylation, as well as related catenins of the plakophilin subfamily, what is learned regarding p120 will by extension have wide relevance in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- The Catholic University of Korea, Catholic High Performance Cell Therapy Center, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monga SP. β-Catenin Signaling and Roles in Liver Homeostasis, Injury, and Tumorigenesis. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1294-310. [PMID: 25747274 PMCID: PMC4494085 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β-catenin (encoded by CTNNB1) is a subunit of the cell surface cadherin protein complex that acts as an intracellular signal transducer in the WNT signaling pathway; alterations in its activity have been associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver diseases. Other than WNT, additional signaling pathways also can converge at β-catenin. β-catenin also interacts with transcription factors such as T-cell factor, forkhead box protein O, and hypoxia inducible factor 1α to regulate the expression of target genes. We discuss the role of β-catenin in metabolic zonation of the adult liver. β-catenin also regulates the expression of genes that control metabolism of glucose, nutrients, and xenobiotics; alterations in its activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Alterations in β-catenin signaling may lead to activation of hepatic stellate cells, which is required for fibrosis. Many hepatic tumors such as hepatocellular adenomas, hepatocellular cancers, and hepatoblastomas have mutations in CTNNB1 that result in constitutive activation of β-catenin, so this molecule could be a therapeutic target. We discuss how alterations in β-catenin activity contribute to liver disease and how these might be used in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as in the development of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satdarshan Pal Monga
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Volckaert T, De Langhe SP. Wnt and FGF mediated epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk during lung development. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:342-66. [PMID: 25470458 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptation to terrestrial life required the development of an organ capable of efficient air-blood gas exchange. To meet the metabolic load of cellular respiration, the mammalian respiratory system has evolved from a relatively simple structure, similar to the two-tube amphibian lung, to a highly complex tree-like system of branched epithelial airways connected to a vast network of gas exchanging units called alveoli. The development of such an elaborate organ in a relatively short time window is therefore an extraordinary feat and involves an intimate crosstalk between mesodermal and endodermal cell lineages. RESULTS This review describes the molecular processes governing lung development with an emphasis on the current knowledge on the role of Wnt and FGF signaling in lung epithelial differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt and FGF signaling pathways are crucial for the dynamic and reciprocal communication between epithelium and mesenchyme during lung development. In addition, some of this developmental crosstalk is reemployed in the adult lung after injury to drive regeneration, and may, when aberrantly or chronically activated, result in chronic lung diseases. Novel insights into how the Wnt and FGF pathways interact and are integrated into a complex gene regulatory network will not only provide us with essential information about how the lung regenerates itself, but also enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, as well as improve the controlled differentiation of lung epithelium from pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volckaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; The Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yaffe E, Hikri E, Elkis Y, Cohen O, Segal A, Makovski A, Varvak A, Shpungin S, Nir U. Oncogenic properties of a spermatogenic meiotic variant of fer kinase expressed in somatic cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6474-85. [PMID: 25237066 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The kinase Fer and its spermatogenic meiotic variant, FerT, are coexpressed in normal testes and cancerous tumors, but whether they exert related roles in spermatogenic or malignant cells has not been known. Here, we show that Fer and FerT reside in the mitochondria of spermatogenic cells and are harnessed to the reprogrammed mitochondria of colon carcinoma cells. Both kinases bound complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in spermatogenic and in colon carcinoma cells, and silencing of either Fer or FerT was sufficient to impair the activity of this complex. Directed mitochondrial accumulation of FerT in nonmalignant NIH3T3 cells increased their ETC complex I activity, ATP production, and survival, contingent upon stress conditions caused by nutrient and oxygen deprivation. Strikingly, directed mitochondrial accumulation of FerT endowed nonmalignant cells with tumor-forming ability. Thus, recruitment of a meiotic mitochondrial component to cancer cell mitochondria highlights a pivotal role for reprogrammed mitochondria in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etai Yaffe
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Elad Hikri
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yoav Elkis
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ortal Cohen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ariela Segal
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adar Makovski
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Alexander Varvak
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sally Shpungin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Nir
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shin DH, Lee HJ, Cho S, Kim HJ, Hwang JY, Lee CK, Jeong J, Yoon D, Kim H. Deleted copy number variation of Hanwoo and Holstein using next generation sequencing at the population level. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:240. [PMID: 24673797 PMCID: PMC4051123 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variation (CNV), a source of genetic diversity in mammals, has been shown to underlie biological functions related to production traits. Notwithstanding, there have been few studies conducted on CNVs using next generation sequencing at the population level. RESULTS Illumina NGS data was obtained for ten Holsteins, a dairy cattle, and 22 Hanwoo, a beef cattle. The sequence data for each of the 32 animals varied from 13.58-fold to almost 20-fold coverage. We detected a total of 6,811 deleted CNVs across the analyzed individuals (average length = 2732.2 bp) corresponding to 0.74% of the cattle genome (18.6 Mbp of variable sequence). By examining the overlap between CNV deletion regions and genes, we selected 30 genes with the highest deletion scores. These genes were found to be related to the nervous system, more specifically with nervous transmission, neuron motion, and neurogenesis. We regarded these genes as having been effected by the domestication process. Further analysis of the CNV genotyping information revealed 94 putative selected CNVs and 954 breed-specific CNVs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful information for assessing the impact of CNVs on cattle traits using NGS at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal science, Rural Development Administration, #564 Omockchun-dong, Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Mt.4-2, Main Bldg. #514, SNU Research Park, NakSeoungDae, Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Mt.4-2, Main Bldg. #514, SNU Research Park, NakSeoungDae, Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - JinYoung Jeong
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal science, Rural Development Administration, #564 Omockchun-dong, Suwon 441-706, Korea
| | - Duhak Yoon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Mt.4-2, Main Bldg. #514, SNU Research Park, NakSeoungDae, Gwanakgu, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kawakami M, Ishikawa R, Amano Y, Sunohara M, Watanabe K, Ohishi N, Yatomi Y, Nakajima J, Fukayama M, Nagase T, Takai D. Detection of novel paraja ring finger 2-fer tyrosine kinase mRNA chimeras is associated with poor postoperative prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1447-54. [PMID: 23931849 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the overexpression of fer tyrosine kinase (FER), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is correlated with poor postoperative prognosis and cancer-cell survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we further analyzed FER-overexpressed NSCLC cases and identified various patterns of chimeric mRNAs, composed of paraja ring finger 2 (PJA2) and FER. We detected no genomic rearrangements between PJA2 and FER and attributed these chimeric mRNAs to alterations at the transcriptome level: i.e., trans-splicing. Several chimeric patterns were detected concurrently in each patient, and the pattern sets varied among patients, although the pattern in which PJA2 exon 1 was fused to FER exon 3 (designated as Pe1-Fe3 mRNA) was detected constantly. Therefore, in a wide screening for PJA2-FER mRNAs in NSCLC, we focused on this chimeric pattern as a representative chimera. In analyses of 167 NSCLC samples, Pe1-Fe3 mRNA was identified in about 10% of the patients, and the presence of chimeric mRNA was significantly correlated with a high expression level of parental FER mRNA. Furthermore, we found that the detection of Pe1-Fe3 mRNA was correlated with poor postoperative survival periods in NSCLC, consistent with a previous finding in which FER overexpression was correlated with poor postoperative prognosis in NSCLC. This report is the first to suggest a correlation between chimeric mRNA and the expression level of parental mRNA. Furthermore, our findings may be clinically beneficial, suggesting that PJA2-FER mRNAs might serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ivanova IA, Vermeulen JF, Ercan C, Houthuijzen JM, Saig FA, Vlug EJ, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Vooijs M, Derksen PWB. FER kinase promotes breast cancer metastasis by regulating α6- and β1-integrin-dependent cell adhesion and anoikis resistance. Oncogene 2013; 32:5582-92. [PMID: 23873028 PMCID: PMC3898493 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer cannot be treated successfully. Currently, the targeted therapies for metastatic disease are limited to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and hormone receptor antagonists. Understanding the mechanisms of breast cancer growth and metastasis is therefore crucial for the development of new intervention strategies. Here, we show that FER kinase (FER) controls migration and metastasis of invasive human breast cancer cell lines by regulating α6- and β1-integrin-dependent adhesion. Conversely, the overexpression of FER in non-metastatic breast cancer cells induces pro-invasive features. FER drives anoikis resistance, regulates tumour growth and is necessary for metastasis in a mouse model of human breast cancer. In human invasive breast cancer, high FER expression is an independent prognostic factor that correlates with high-grade basal/triple-negative tumours and worse overall survival, especially in lymph node-negative patients. These findings establish FER as a promising target for the prevention and inhibition of metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Ivanova
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J F Vermeulen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Ercan
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J M Houthuijzen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F A Saig
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E J Vlug
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E van der Wall
- 1] Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Vooijs
- 1] Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miyata Y, Kanda S, Sakai H, Greer PA. Feline sarcoma-related protein expression correlates with malignant aggressiveness and poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:681-6. [PMID: 23445469 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline sarcoma-related protein (Fer) is a ubiquitously expressed non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase associated with proliferation in various cancer cells. However, no reports have described the pathological roles and prognostic value of Fer expression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We investigated Fer expression in three RCC cell lines (ACHN, Caki-1, and Caki-2) and in normal tubule cells (HK-2) by immunoblotting. Fer expression was highest in ACHN cells, with Caki-1 showing intermediate levels and Caki-2 showing low levels, and was undetectable in HK-2. RNA interference was therefore used to assess the effects of Fer knockdown in ACHN. Knockdown of Fer expression was found to inhibit RCC cell proliferation and colony formation. Immunohistochemical analysis of 131 human RCC tissues (110 conventional, 11 chromophobe, and 10 papillary) investigated relationships between Fer expression and clinicopathological features, including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and prognostic value for survival. In human tissues, Fer expression was significantly higher in cancer cells than in normal tubules. In addition, expression levels correlated with cancer cell proliferation, but not with apoptosis. Multivariate analysis indicated associations of Fer expression with pT stage, tumor grade, and metastasis (P < 0.001). Fer expression was also prognostic for cause-specific survival according to multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 3.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-14.84, P = 0.047). Fer expression correlates with RCC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, and with tumor progression and survival. This represents useful information for discussing the pathological and clinical significance of Fer in RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lennartsson J, Ma H, Wardega P, Pelka K, Engström U, Hellberg C, Heldin CH. The Fer tyrosine kinase is important for platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein phosphorylation, colony formation in soft agar, and tumor growth in vivo. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15736-44. [PMID: 23589302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fer is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is activated in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation. In the present report, we show that Fer associates with the activated PDGF β-receptor (PDGFRβ) through multiple autophosphorylation sites, i.e. Tyr-579, Tyr-581, Tyr-740, and Tyr-1021. Using low molecular weight inhibitors, we found that PDGF-BB-induced Fer activation is dependent on PDGFRβ kinase activity, but not on the enzymatic activity of Src or Jak kinases. In cells in which Fer was down-regulated using siRNA, PDGF-BB was unable to induce phosphorylation of STAT3, whereas phosphorylations of STAT5, ERK1/2, and Akt were unaffected. PDGF-BB-induced activation of STAT3 occurred also in cells expressing kinase-dead Fer, suggesting a kinase-independent adaptor role of Fer. Expression of Fer was dispensable for PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration but essential for colony formation in soft agar. Tumor growth in vivo was delayed in cells depleted of Fer expression. Our data suggest a critical role of Fer in PDGF-BB-induced STAT3 activation and cell transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kawakami M, Morita S, Sunohara M, Amano Y, Ishikawa R, Watanabe K, Hamano E, Ohishi N, Nakajima J, Yatomi Y, Nagase T, Fukayama M, Takai D. FER overexpression is associated with poor postoperative prognosis and cancer-cell survival in non-small cell lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:598-612. [PMID: 23573306 PMCID: PMC3606849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we show that overexpression of fer tyrosine kinase (FER), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, predicts poor postoperative outcome and might be involved in cancer-cell survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Systematic screening using in silico analyses and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that FER was overexpressed in about 10% of NSCLC patients. Evaluation of FER expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays was consistent with the mRNA level detected using quantitative RT-PCR. In analyses of 135 NSCLC patients who had undergone potential curative resection, we found that FER overexpression detected using IHC had no association with clinicopathological features such as age, sex, smoking history, histological type, disease stage, T factor, N factor, adjuvant chemotherapy history, or EGFR mutation, but was correlated with poor postoperative survival periods. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that this prognostic impact was independent of other clinicopathological features. In functional analyses of FER in vitro, FER exhibited a transforming activity, suggesting that it possesses oncogenic functions. We also found that human lung cancer NCI-H661 cells, which exhibited FER-outlier expression, were led to apoptosis by the knockdown of FER using RNA interference. FER overexpression might serve as a prognostic biomarker and be involved in cancer-cell survival in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeki Morita
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yosuke Amano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rie Ishikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kousuke Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Emi Hamano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuya Ohishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daiya Takai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyo 113-8655, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cadherins and their partners in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:239-62. [PMID: 23481198 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extreme simplicity of Caenorhabditis elegans makes it an ideal system to study the basic principles of cadherin function at the level of single cells within the physiologically relevant context of a developing animal. The genetic tractability of C. elegans also means that components of cadherin complexes can be identified through genetic modifier screens, allowing a comprehensive in vivo characterization of the macromolecular assemblies involved in cadherin function during tissue formation and maintenance in C. elegans. This work shows that a single cadherin system, the classical cadherin-catenin complex, is essential for diverse morphogenetic events during embryogenesis through its interactions with a range of mostly conserved proteins that act to modulate its function. The role of other members of the cadherin family in C. elegans, including members of the Fat-like, Flamingo/CELSR and calsyntenin families is less well characterized, but they have clear roles in neuronal development and function.
Collapse
|
17
|
Regulation of adherens junction dynamics by phosphorylation switches. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:125295. [PMID: 22848810 PMCID: PMC3403498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/125295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions connect the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through transmembrane cadherin receptors and a network of adaptor proteins. The interactions between these adaptors and cadherin as well as the activity of actin regulators localized to adherens junctions are tightly controlled to facilitate cell junction assembly or disassembly in response to changes in external or internal forces and/or signaling. Phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues acts as a switch on the majority of adherens junction proteins, turning "on" or "off" their interactions with other proteins and/or their enzymatic activity. Here, we provide an overview of the kinases and phosphatases regulating phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and bring examples of phosphorylation events leading to the assembly or disassembly of adherens junctions, highlighting the important role of phosphorylation switches in regulating their dynamics.
Collapse
|
18
|
Robanus-Maandag E, Bosch C, Amini-Nik S, Knijnenburg J, Szuhai K, Cervera P, Poon R, Eccles D, Radice P, Giovannini M, Alman BA, Tejpar S, Devilee P, Fodde R. Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated desmoids display significantly more genetic changes than sporadic desmoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24354. [PMID: 21931686 PMCID: PMC3170296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoid tumours (also called deep or aggressive fibromatoses) are potentially life-threatening fibromatous lesions. Hereditary desmoid tumours arise in individuals affected by either familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary desmoid disease (HDD) carrying germline mutations in APC. Most sporadic desmoids carry somatic mutations in CTNNB1. Previous studies identified losses on 5q and 6q, and gains on 8q and 20q as recurrent genetic changes in desmoids. However, virtually all genetic changes were derived from sporadic tumours. To investigate the somatic alterations in FAP-associated desmoids and to compare them with changes occurring in sporadic tumours, we analysed 17 FAP-associated and 38 sporadic desmoids by array comparative genomic hybridisation and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification. Overall, the desmoids displayed only a limited number of genetic changes, occurring in 44% of cases. Recurrent gains at 8q (7%) and 20q (5%) were almost exclusively found in sporadic tumours. Recurrent losses were observed for a 700 kb region at 5q22.2, comprising the APC gene (11%), a 2 Mb region at 6p21.2-p21.1 (15%), and a relatively large region at 6q15-q23.3 (20%). The FAP-associated desmoids displayed a significantly higher frequency of copy number abnormalities (59%) than the sporadic tumours (37%). As predicted by the APC germline mutations among these patients, a high percentage (29%) of FAP-associated desmoids showed loss of the APC region at 5q22.2, which was infrequently (3%) seen among sporadic tumours. Our data suggest that loss of region 6q15-q16.2 is an important event in FAP-associated as well as sporadic desmoids, most likely of relevance for desmoid tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Els Robanus-Maandag
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Niessen CM, Leckband D, Yap AS. Tissue organization by cadherin adhesion molecules: dynamic molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenetic regulation. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:691-731. [PMID: 21527735 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cadherin-based tissue morphogenesis. Tissue physiology is profoundly influenced by the distinctive organizations of cells in organs and tissues. In metazoa, adhesion receptors of the classical cadherin family play important roles in establishing and maintaining such tissue organization. Indeed, it is apparent that cadherins participate in a range of morphogenetic events that range from support of tissue integrity to dynamic cellular rearrangements. A comprehensive understanding of cadherin-based morphogenesis must then define the molecular and cellular mechanisms that support these distinct cadherin biologies. Here we focus on four key mechanistic elements: the molecular basis for adhesion through cadherin ectodomains, the regulation of cadherin expression at the cell surface, cooperation between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton, and regulation by cell signaling. We discuss current progress and outline issues for further research in these fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carien M Niessen
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fei F, Kweon SM, Haataja L, De Sepulveda P, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. The Fer tyrosine kinase regulates interactions of Rho GDP-Dissociation Inhibitor α with the small GTPase Rac. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 11:48. [PMID: 21122136 PMCID: PMC3009610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background RhoGDI proteins are important regulators of the small GTPase Rac, because they shuttle Rac from the cytoplasm to membranes and also protect Rac from activation, deactivation and degradation. How the binding and release of Rac from RhoGDI is regulated is not precisely understood. Results We report that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fer is able to phosphorylate RhoGDIα and form a direct protein complex with it. This interaction is mediated by the C-terminal end of RhoGDIα. Activation of Fer by reactive oxygen species caused increased phosphorylation of RhoGDIα and pervanadate treatment further augmented this. Tyrosine phosphorylation of RhoGDIα by Fer prevented subsequent binding of Rac to RhoGDIα, but once a RhoGDIα-Rac complex was formed, the Fer kinase was not able to cause Rac release through tyrosine phosphorylation of preformed RhoGDIα-Rac complexes. Conclusions These results identify tyrosine phosphorylation of RhoGDIα by Fer as a mechanism to regulate binding of RhoGDIα to Rac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Repression of Wnt signaling by a Fer-type nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16154-9. [PMID: 20805471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway must be properly modulated to ensure an appropriate output: pathological conditions result from either insufficient or excessive levels of Wnt signal. For example, hyperactivation of the Wnt pathway is associated with various cancers and subnormal Wnt signaling can lead to increased invasiveness of tumor cells. We found that the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the Fer nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, FRK-1, limits Wnt signaling by preventing the adhesion complex-associated β-catenin, HMP-2, from participating in Wnt-dependent specification of the endoderm during embryogenesis. Removal of FRK-1 function results in relocalization of HMP-2 to the nucleus of epidermal cells, and allows it to substitute for WRM-1, the nuclear β-catenin that normally transduces the Wnt signal during endoderm development. APR-1, the C. elegans APC ortholog, is similarly required to prevent HMP-2 relocalization and keeps it from participating in Wnt signal transduction; this finding partially explains the paradoxical observation that APR-1 acts either negatively or positively in Wnt signaling, depending on context. The apparent hyperactivation of the Wnt response in the absence of FRK-1 leads to hyperproliferation in the endoderm, as is also seen when WRM-1 is overexpressed in wild-type embryos. The specification and proliferation activities of Wnt signaling are separable: although the Tcf/Lef factor POP-1 acts in Wnt-dependent endoderm specification, it is not apparently required for hyperproliferation resulting from excessive Wnt signaling. These findings highlight a role for a Fer-type kinase in setting the proper levels of Wnt signaling and demonstrate the importance of this modulation in ensuring appropriate cell division.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang SX, Whitehead S, Aylsworth A, Slinn J, Zurakowski B, Chan K, Li J, Hou ST. Neuropilin 1 directly interacts with Fer kinase to mediate semaphorin 3A-induced death of cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9908-9918. [PMID: 20133938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are receptors for the major chemorepulsive axonal guidance cue semaphorins (Sema). The interaction of Sema3A/NRP1 during development leads to the collapse of growth cones. Here we show that Sema3A also induces death of cultured cortical neurons through NRP1. A specific NRP1 inhibitory peptide ameliorated Sema3A-evoked cortical axonal retraction and neuronal death. Moreover, Sema3A was also involved in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Expression levels of Sema3A and NRP1, but not NRP2, were significantly increased early during brain reperfusion following transient focal cerebral ischemia. NRP1 inhibitory peptide delivered to the ischemic brain was potently neuroprotective and prevented the loss of motor functions in mice. The integrity of the injected NRP1 inhibitory peptide into the brain remained unchanged, and the intact peptide permeated the ischemic hemisphere of the brain as determined using MALDI-MS-based imaging. Mechanistically, NRP1-mediated axonal collapse and neuronal death is through direct and selective interaction with the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Fer. Fer RNA interference effectively attenuated Sema3A-induced neurite retraction and neuronal death in cortical neurons. More importantly, down-regulation of Fer expression using Fer-specific RNA interference attenuated cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. Together, these studies revealed a previously unknown function of NRP1 in signaling Sema3A-evoked neuronal death through Fer in cortical neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan X Jiang
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Shawn Whitehead
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Amy Aylsworth
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Slinn
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Bogdan Zurakowski
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chan
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jianjun Li
- Mass Spectrometry Glycoanalysis Laboratory, National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Biological Sciences, NRC Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sheng T Hou
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
fps/fes knockout mice display a lactation defect and the fps/fes tyrosine kinase is a component of E-cadherin-based adherens junctions in breast epithelial cells during lactation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2929-40. [PMID: 19732771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fps/fes proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase implicated in vesicular trafficking and cytokine and growth factor signaling in hematopoietic, neuronal, vascular endothelial and epithelial lineages. Genetic evidence has suggested a tumor suppressor role for Fps/Fes in breast and colon. Here we used fps/fes knockout mice to investigate potential roles for this kinase in development and function of the mammary gland. Fps/Fes expression was induced during pregnancy and lactation, and its kinase activity was dramatically enhanced. Milk protein and fat composition from nursing fps/fes-null mothers was normal; however, pups reared by them gained weight more slowly than pups reared by wild-type mothers. Fps/Fes displayed a predominantly dispersed punctate intracellular distribution which was consistent with vesicles within the luminal epithelial cells of lactating breast, while a small fraction co-localized with beta-catenin and E-cadherin on their basolateral surfaces. Fps/Fes was found to be a component of the E-cadherin adherens junction (AJ) complex; however, the phosphotyrosine status of beta-catenin and core AJ components in fps/fes-null breast tissue was unaltered, and epithelial cell AJs and gland morphology were intact. We conclude that Fps/Fes is not essential for the maintenance of epithelial cell AJs in the lactating breast but may instead play important roles in vesicular trafficking and milk secretion.
Collapse
|
24
|
Popoff MR, Geny B. Multifaceted role of Rho, Rac, Cdc42 and Ras in intercellular junctions, lessons from toxins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:797-812. [PMID: 19366594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) are dynamic structures linked to the actin cytoskeleton, which control the paracellular permeability of epithelial and endothelial barriers. TJs and AJs are strictly regulated in a spatio-temporal manner by a complex signaling network, including Rho/Ras-GTPases, which have a pivotal role. Rho preferentially regulates TJs by controlling the contraction of apical acto-myosin filaments, whereas Rac/Cdc42 mainly coordinate the assembly-disassembly of AJ components. However, a subtle balance of Rho/Ras-GTPase activity and interplay between these molecules is required to maintain an optimal organization and function of TJs and AJs. Conversely, integrity of intercellular junctions generates signals through Rho-GTPases, which are involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. Rho/Ras-GTPases and the control of intercellular junctions are the target of various bacterial toxins responsible for severe diseases in man and animals, and are part of their mechanism of action. This review focuses on the regulation of TJs and AJs by Rho/Ras-GTPases through molecular approaches and bacterial toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 75724 Paris cedex151, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Among an increasing number of lipid-binding domains, a group that not only binds to membrane lipids but also changes the shape of the membrane has been found. These domains are characterized by their strong ability to transform globular liposomes as well as flat plasma membranes into elongated membrane tubules both in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical studies on the structures of these proteins have revealed the importance of the amphipathic helix, which potentially intercalates into the lipid bilayer to induce and/or sense membrane curvature. Among such membrane-deforming domains, BAR and F-BAR/EFC domains form crescent-shaped dimers, suggesting a preference for a curved membrane, which is important for curvature sensing. Bioinformatics in combination with structural analyses has been identifying an increasing number of novel families of lipid-binding domains. This review attempts to summarize the evidence obtained by recent studies in order to gain general insights into the roles of membrane-deforming domains in a variety of biological events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oh MA, Choi S, Lee MJ, Choi MC, Lee SA, Ko W, Cance WG, Oh ES, Buday L, Kim SH, Lee JW. Specific tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase mediated by Fer tyrosine kinase in suspended hepatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:781-91. [PMID: 19339212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) can activate signaling via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) leading to dynamic regulation of cellular morphology. Mechanistic basis for the lack of effective intracellular signaling by non-attached epithelial cells is poorly understood. To examine whether signaling in suspended cells is regulated by Fer cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, we investigated the effect of ectopic Fer expression on signaling in suspended or adherent hepatocytes. We found that ectopic Fer expression in Huh7 hepatocytes in suspension or on non-permissive poly-lysine caused significant phosphorylation of FAK Tyr577, Tyr861, or Tyr925, but not Tyr397 or Tyr576. Fer-mediated FAK phosphorylation in suspended cells was independent of c-Src activity or growth factor stimulation, but dependent of cortactin expression. Consistent with these results, complex formation between FAK, Fer, and cortactin was observed in suspended cells. The Fer-mediated effect correlated with multiple membrane protrusions, even on poly-lysine. Together, these observations suggest that Fer may allow a bypass of anchorage-dependency for intracellular signal transduction in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-A Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Cell Dynamics Research Center, Department of Tumor Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101, Daehangro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Protein kinase C-Fyn kinase cascade mediates the oleic acid-induced disassembly of neonatal rat cardiomyocyte adherens junctions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1536-46. [PMID: 19166962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oleic acid (OA) affects assembly of gap junctions in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Adherens junction (AJ) regulates the stability of gap junction integrity; however, the effect of OA on AJ remains largely unexplored. The distribution of N-cadherin and catenins at cell-cell junction was decreased by OA. OA induced activation of protein kinase C(PKC)-alpha and -epsilon and Src family kinase, and all three kinases were involved in the oleic acid-induced disassembly of the adherens junction, since it was blocked by pretreatment with Gö6976 (a PKCalpha inhibitor), epsilonV1-2 (a PKCepsilon inhibitor), or PP2 (a Src family kinase inhibitor). Src family kinase appeared to be the downstream of PKC-alpha and -epsilon, as blockade of either PKC-alpha or -epsilon activity prevented the OA-induced activation of Src family kinase. Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that OA activated Fyn and Fer. OA promoted the association of p120 catenin/beta-catenin with Fyn and Fer and caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin and beta-catenin, resulting in decreased binding of the former to N-cadherin and of the latter to alpha-catenin. Pretreatment with PP2 abrogated this OA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p120 catenin and beta-catenin and restored the association of N-cadherin with p120 catenin and that of beta-catenin with alpha-catenin. In conclusion, these results show that OA activates the PKC-Fyn signaling pathway, leading to the disassembly of the AJ. Therefore, inhibitors of PKC-alpha/-epsilon and Src family kinase are potential candidates as cardioprotection agents against OA-induced heart injury during ischemia-reperfusion.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hsp90 and a tyrosine embedded in the Hsp90 recognition loop are required for the Fer tyrosine kinase activity. Cell Signal 2008; 21:588-96. [PMID: 19159681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a key regulator of tyrosine kinases activity and is therefore considered as a promising target for intervention with deregulated signaling pathways in malignant cells. Here we describe a novel Hsp90 client - the intracellular tyrosine kinase, Fer, which is subjected to a unique regulatory regime by this chaperone. Inhibition of Hsp90 activity led to proteasomal degradation of the Fer enzyme. However, circumventing the dependence of Fer accumulation on Hsp90, revealed the dependence of the Fer kinase activity and its ability to phosphorylate Stat3 on the chaperone, expressing the necessity of Hsp90 for its function. Mutation analysis unveiled a tyrosine (Tyr(616)) embedded in the Hsp90 recognition loop, which is required for the kinase activity of Fer. Replacement of this tyrosine by phenylalanine (Y616F) disabled the auto-phosphorylation activity of Fer and abolished its ability to phosphorylate Stat3. Notably, surrounding the replaced Y616F with subtle mutations restored the auto and trans-phosphorylation activities of Fer suggesting that Y(616) is not itself an essential auto-phosphorylation site of the kinase. Taken together, our results portray Hsp90 and its recognition loop as novel positive regulators of the Fer tyrosine kinase stability and activity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang RYJ, Wang SM, Hsieh CY, Wu JC. Lysophosphatidic acid induces ovarian cancer cell dispersal by activating Fyn kinase associated with p120-catenin. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:801-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
30
|
Götz R. Inter-cellular adhesion disruption and the RAS/RAF and beta-catenin signalling in lung cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2008; 8:7. [PMID: 18492263 PMCID: PMC2427011 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin cell adhesion molecules play an essential role in creating tight intercellular association and their loss has been correlated with poor prognosis in human cancer. Mutational activation of protein kinases and loss of cell adhesion occur together in human lung adenocarcinoma but how these two pathways interconnect is only poorly understood. Mouse models of human lung adenocarcinoma with oncogene expression targeted to subtypes of lung epithelial cells led to formation of adenomas or adenocarcinomas that lacked metastatic potential. Conditional genetic abrogation of epithelial tumour cell adhesion in mice with benign lung tumours induced by oncogenic RAF kinase has been demonstrated to induce intratumourous vascularization (angiogenic switch), progression to invasive adenocarcinoma and micrometastasis. Importantly, breaking cell adhesion in benign oncogene-driven lung tumour cells activated beta-catenin signalling and induced the expression of several genes that are normally expressed in intestine rather than the lung. I will discuss potential routes to nuclear beta-catenin signalling in cancer and how nuclear beta-catenin may epigenetically alter the plasticity of tumour cells during malignant progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Götz
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), Universität Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The Fer tyrosine kinase regulates an axon retraction response to Semaphorin 3A in dorsal root ganglion neurons. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:133. [PMID: 18053124 PMCID: PMC2217550 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Fps/Fes and Fer are the only two members of a distinct subclass of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. Fps/Fes was previously implicated in Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A)-induced growth cone collapse signaling in neurons from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) through interaction with and phosphorylation of the Sema3A receptor component PlexinA1, and members of the collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP) family of microtubule regulators. However, the potential role of the closely related Fer kinase has not been examined. Results Here we provide novel biochemical and genetic evidence that Fer plays a prominent role in microtubule regulation in DRG neurons in response to Sema3A. Although Fps/Fes and Fer were both expressed in neonatal brains and isolated DRGs, Fer was expressed at higher levels; and Fer, but not Fps/Fes kinase activity was detected in vivo. Fer also showed higher in vitro kinase activity toward tubulin, as an exogenous substrate; and this activity was higher when the kinases were isolated from perinatal relative to adult brain stages. CRMP2 was a substrate for both kinases in vitro, but both CRMP2 and PlexinA1 inhibited their autophosphorylation activities. Cultured mouse DRG neurons retracted their axons upon exposure to Sema3A, and this response was significantly diminished in Fer-deficient, but only slightly attenuated in Fps/Fes-deficient DRG neurons. Conclusion Fps/Fes and Fer are both capable of phosphorylating tubulin and the microtubule regulator CRMP2 in vitro; and their in vitro kinase activities were both inhibited by CRMP2 or PlexinA1, suggesting a possible regulatory interaction. Furthermore, Fer plays a more prominent role than Fps/Fes in regulating the axon retraction response to Sema3A in DRG neurons. Therefore, Fps/Fes and Fer may play important roles in developmental or regenerative axon pathfinding through signaling from Sema3A to the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Collapse
|
32
|
McLachlan RW, Yap AS. Not so simple: the complexity of phosphotyrosine signaling at cadherin adhesive contacts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:545-54. [PMID: 17429596 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin cell-cell adhesion critically determines tissue organization and integrity in many organs of the body. Cadherin function influences patterning and morphogenesis while cadherin dysfunction contributes to disease, notably tumor invasion and metastasis. Cell signaling events are intimately linked with cadherin function; it is increasingly apparent that not only do cellular signals regulate cadherin function, but cadherins can also, in turn, modulate cell signaling itself. In this review, we discuss the complex interrelationship between phosphotyrosine-based cell signaling and cadherin adhesion. We focus on the interplay of events that occur at the cell surface and address three issues: the diverse mechanisms that activate phosphotyrosine signaling at cadherin cell-cell contacts, the functional impact of such signaling for cadherin adhesion, and the emerging capacity for cadherins to regulate growth factor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W McLachlan
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Parsons SA, Greer PA. The Fps/Fes kinase regulates the inflammatory response to endotoxin through down-regulation of TLR4, NF-kappaB activation, and TNF-alpha secretion in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1522-8. [PMID: 16959897 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fps/Fes and Fer are members of a distinct subfamily of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases that have recently been implicated in the regulation of innate immunity. Previous studies showed that mice lacking Fps/Fes are hypersensitive to systemic LPS challenge, and Fer-deficient mice displayed enhanced recruitment of leukocytes in response to local LPS challenge. This study identifies physiological, cellular, and molecular defects that contribute to the hyperinflammatory phenotype in Fps/Fes null mice. Plasma TNF-alpha levels were elevated in LPS challenged Fps/Fes null mice as compared with wild-type mice and cultured Fps/Fes null peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS showed increased TNF-alpha production. Cultured Fps/Fes null macrophages also displayed prolonged LPS-induced degradation of IkappaB-alpha, increased phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB, and defective TLR4 internalization, compared with wild-type macrophages. Together, these observations provide a likely mechanistic basis for elevated proinflammatory cytokine secretion by Fps/Fes null macrophages and the increased sensitivity of Fps/Fes null mice to endotoxin. We posit that Fps/Fes modulates the innate immune response of macrophages to LPS, in part, by regulating internalization and down-regulation of the TLR4 receptor complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Parsons
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Botterell Hall, Room A309, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Murray MJ, Davidson CM, Hayward NM, Brand AH. The Fes/Fer non-receptor tyrosine kinase cooperates with Src42A to regulate dorsal closure in Drosophila. Development 2006; 133:3063-73. [PMID: 16831834 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fes/Fer non-receptor tyrosine kinases regulate cell adhesion and cytoskeletal reorganisation through the modification of adherens junctions. Unregulated Fes/Fer kinase activity has been shown to lead to tumours in vivo. Here, we show that Drosophila Fer localises to adherens junctions in the dorsal epidermis and regulates a major morphological event, dorsal closure. Mutations in Src42A cause defects in dorsal closure similar to those seen in dfer mutant embryos. Furthermore, Src42A mutations enhance the dfer mutant phenotype, suggesting that Src42A and DFer act in the same cellular process. We show that DFer is required for the formation of the actin cable in leading edge cells and for normal rates of dorsal closure. We have isolated a gain-of-function mutation in dfer (dfergof) that expresses an N-terminally fused form of the protein, similar to oncogenic forms of vertebrate Fer. dfergof blocks dorsal closure and causes axon misrouting. We find that in dfer loss-of-function mutants beta-catenin is hypophosphorylated, whereas in dfergof beta-catenin is hyperphosphorylated. Phosphorylated beta-catenin is removed from adherens junctions and degraded, thus implicating DFer in the regulation of adherens junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Murray
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Marrs GS, Honda T, Fuller L, Thangavel R, Balsamo J, Lilien J, Dailey ME, Arregui C. Dendritic arbors of developing retinal ganglion cells are stabilized by beta 1-integrins. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:230-41. [PMID: 16757177 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture of dendritic arbors is a defining characteristic of neurons and is established through a sequential but overlapping series of events involving process outgrowth and branching, stabilization of the global pattern, and synapse formation. To investigate the roles of cadherins and beta1-integrins in maintaining the global architecture of the arbor, we used membrane permeable peptides and transfection with dominant-negative constructs to disrupt adhesion molecule function in intact chick neural retina at a stage when the architecture of the ganglion cell (RGC) arbor is established but synapse formation is just beginning. Inactivation of beta1-integrins induces rapid dendrite retraction, with loss of dynamic terminal filopodia followed by resorption of major branches. Disruption of N-cadherin-beta-catenin interactions has no effect; however, dendrites do retract following perturbation of the juxtamembrane region of N-cadherin, which disrupts N-cadherin-mediated adhesion and initiates a beta1-integrin inactivating signal. Thus, developing RGC dendritic arbors are stabilized by beta1-integrin-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen S Marrs
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pasder O, Shpungin S, Salem Y, Makovsky A, Vilchick S, Michaeli S, Malovani H, Nir U. Downregulation of Fer induces PP1 activation and cell-cycle arrest in malignant cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:4194-206. [PMID: 16732323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fer is a nuclear and cytoplasmic intracellular tyrosine kinase. Herein we show that Fer is required for cell-cycle progression in malignant cells. Decreasing the level of Fer using the RNA interference (RNAi) approach impeded the proliferation of prostate and breast carcinoma cells and led to their arrest at the G0/G1 phase. At the molecular level, knockdown of Fer resulted in the activation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), and this was reflected by profound hypo-phosphorylation of pRB on both cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4 and CDK2 phosphorylation sites. Dephosphorylation of pRB was not seen upon the direct targeting of either CDK4 or CDK2 expression, and was only partially achieved by the simultaneous depletion of these two kinases. Amino-acid sequence analysis revealed two protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding motifs in the kinase domain of Fer and the association of Fer with the pRB phosphatase PP1alpha was verified using co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Downregulation of Fer potentiated the activation of PP1alpha and overexpression of Fer decreased the enzymatic activity of that phosphatase. Our findings portray Fer as a regulator of cell-cycle progression in malignant cells and as a potential target for cancer intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Pasder
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vermeer PD, Panko L, Welsh MJ, Zabner J. erbB1 Functions as a Sensor of Airway Epithelial Integrity by Regulation of Protein Phosphatase 2A Activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:1725-30. [PMID: 16293617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506933200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two enzymes, protein phosphatase 2A and atypical protein kinase C, are associated with the tight junction and regulate its function. For example, phosphorylation of the tight junction protein occludin is required for its incorporation into the junction. The association of a kinase and phosphatase with the tight junction suggests that a balance between their activities exists and is required for normal tight junction function. This hypothesis predicts that loss of epithelial integrity may disrupt this balance in such a way as to facilitate restoration of epithelial integrity. Our previous data have shown that apically localized growth factors segregate from their basolaterally localized erbB receptors. Loss of epithelial integrity allows ligand access to the basolateral membrane where it immediately binds to and activates erbB receptors. We found that activation of erbB1 leads to phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 2A, inhibiting its activity. Importantly, this phosphorylation event was dependent on factors in the overlying airway surface liquid; washing away this liquid prevented phosphorylation. erbB1-mediated inhibition of phosphatase activity would shift the balance in favor of the kinase such that tight junction proteins would regain their phosphorylation, allowing for their incorporation into the junction complex. This mechanism provides a rapid means of sensing the loss of epithelial integrity and subsequently restoring barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola D Vermeer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tsuji E, Tsuji Y, Fujiwara T, Ogata S, Tsukamoto K, Saku K. Splicing variant of Cdc42 interacting protein-4 disrupts beta-catenin-mediated cell-cell adhesion: expression and function in renal cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:1083-8. [PMID: 16343437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified an alternative splicing variant in the Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4) gene in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC); almost 50% of the RCCs examined showed an aberrant splicing event in reverse transcription-PCR and the insertion of 19 nucleotides derived from intron9 based on a sequence analysis. This variant (CIP4-V) encodes a premature stop codon, resulting in the loss of a tyrosine phosphorylation site, the Cdc42 binding domain, and the SH3 domain. In this report, we show that overexpression of CIP4-V causes the formation of ubiquitinated aggresomes and a loss of cell-cell adhesion. We determined that CIP4-V increased the beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation levels that mediate Fer/Fyn tyrosine kinases and induced beta-catenin mistrafficking from cell membrane to cytoplasmic aggresome. These results indicate that CIP4 is critical for beta-catenin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and may be an important aspect of its functional contribution to RCC, especially with regard to metastasis and invasiveness.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pacquelet A, Rørth P. Regulatory mechanisms required for DE-cadherin function in cell migration and other types of adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 170:803-12. [PMID: 16129787 PMCID: PMC2171345 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200506131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-mediated adhesion can be regulated at many levels, as demonstrated by detailed analysis in cell lines. We have investigated the requirements for Drosophila melanogaster epithelial (DE) cadherin regulation in vivo. Investigating D. melanogaster oogenesis as a model system allowed the dissection of DE-cadherin function in several types of adhesion: cell sorting, cell positioning, epithelial integrity, and the cadherin-dependent process of border cell migration. We generated multiple fusions between DE-cadherin and α-catenin as well as point-mutated β-catenin and analyzed their ability to support these types of adhesion. We found that (1) although linking DE-cadherin to α-catenin is essential, regulation of the link is not required in any of these types of adhesion; (2) β-catenin is required only to link DE-cadherin to α-catenin; and (3) the cytoplasmic domain of DE-cadherin has an additional specific function for the invasive migration of border cells, which is conserved to other cadherins. The nature of this additional function is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pacquelet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
El Sayegh TY, Arora PD, Fan L, Laschinger CA, Greer PA, McCulloch CA, Kapus A. Phosphorylation of N-cadherin-associated cortactin by Fer kinase regulates N-cadherin mobility and intercellular adhesion strength. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:5514-27. [PMID: 16176974 PMCID: PMC1289398 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-05-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin regulates the strength of nascent N-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions through a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. Currently, the functional significance of cortactin phosphorylation and the kinases responsible for the regulation of adhesion strength are not defined. We show that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Fer phosphorylates cadherin-associated cortactin and that this process is involved in mediating intercellular adhesion strength. In wild-type fibroblasts N-cadherin ligation-induced transient phosphorylation of Fer, indicating that junction formation activates Fer kinase. Tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin after N-cadherin ligation was strongly reduced in fibroblasts expressing only catalytically inactive Fer (D743R), compared with wild-type cells. In wild-type cells, N-cadherin-coated bead pull-off assays induced fourfold greater endogenous N-cadherin association than in D743R cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that GFP-N-cadherin mobility at nascent contacts was 50% faster in wild-type than D743R cells. In shear wash-off assays, nascent intercellular adhesion strength was twofold higher in wild-type than D743R cells. Cortactin recruitment to adhesions was independent of Fer kinase activity, but was impacted by N-cadherin ligation-provoked Rac activation. We conclude that N-cadherin ligation induces Rac-dependent cortactin recruitment and Fer-dependent cortactin phosphorylation, which in turn promotes enhanced mobilization and interaction of surface expressed N-cadherin in contacting cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Y El Sayegh
- CIHR Group in Matrix Dynamics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Qi W, Ebbert KVJ, Craig AWB, Greer PA, McCafferty DM. Absence of Fer protein tyrosine kinase exacerbates endotoxin induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vivo. Gut 2005; 54:1091-7. [PMID: 16009680 PMCID: PMC1774871 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.061887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fer kinase is activated by a number of growth factors and cytokines, and phosphorylates cortactin during cell shape change induced cortical actin reorganisation. In addition, Fer participates in cytoskeletal interactions mediated by cadherins, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), and integrins, and has recently been implicated in limiting the innate immune response. Here we examined the role of Fer in modulating leucocyte recruitment and epithelial barrier function in the gut in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Mice targeted with a kinase inactivating mutation (FerDR) or strain matched wild-type (129Sv/J) mice were studied after intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Intravital microscopy was used to examine intestinal leucocyte kinetics, and leucocyte infiltration was assessed by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Systemic inflammation was assessed by measuring lung myeloperoxidase activity. Epithelial barrier function was assessed in vivo using blood to lumen 51Cr-EDTA clearance, with or without antibody based depletion of circulating neutrophils. RESULTS LPS induced a significant increase in leucocyte adhesion and neutrophil infiltration into the intestinal tissue, and increased blood to lumen 51Cr-EDTA clearance. Pretreatment with neutrophil depleting antibody completely abrogated this response in wild-type mice. In FerDR mice, LPS induced leucocyte adhesion within the intestinal venules was exacerbated and associated with a trend towards increased neutrophil transmigration relative to wild-type mice. Surprisingly, LPS induced epithelial barrier permeability was increased 2.5-fold in FerDR mice relative to wild-type mice, and this barrier defect was only partly attenuated by depleting circulating neutrophils by >93 %. CONCLUSIONS Fer plays a role in regulating LPS induced epithelial barrier dysfunction in vivo through both neutrophil dependent and neutrophil independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Qi
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Putzke AP, Hikita ST, Clegg DO, Rothman JH. Essential kinase-independent role of a Fer-like non-receptor tyrosine kinase inCaenorhabditis elegansmorphogenesis. Development 2005; 132:3185-95. [PMID: 15958510 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires coordination of cell surface activity and cytoskeletal architecture. During the initial stage of morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans, the concerted movement of surface epithelial cells results in enclosure of the embryo by the epidermis. We report that Fer-related kinase-1 (FRK-1), an ortholog of the mammalian non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fer, is necessary for embryonic enclosure and morphogenesis in C. elegans. Expression of FRK-1 in epidermal cells is sufficient to rescue a chromosomal deficiency that removes the frk-1locus, demonstrating its autonomous requirement in the epidermis. The essential function of FRK-1 is independent of its kinase domain, suggesting a non-enzymatic role in morphogenesis. Localization of FRK-1 to the plasma membrane requires β-catenin, but not cadherin or α-catenin, and muscle-expressed β-integrin is non-autonomously required for this localization; in the absence of these components FRK-1 becomes nuclear. Mouse FerT rescues the morphogenetic defects of frk-1 mutants and expression of FRK-1 in mammalian cells results in loss of adhesion, implying a conserved function for FRK-1/FerT in cell adhesion and morphogenesis. Thus,FRK-1 performs a kinase-independent function in differentiation and morphogenesis of the C. elegans epidermis during embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Putzke
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Verras M, Sun Z. Roles and regulation of Wnt signaling and beta-catenin in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:22-32. [PMID: 16023783 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway and its key component beta-catenin play critical roles in embryonic development as well as in human diseases, including various malignancies. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated a significant role for the Wnt pathway in the development and progression of human prostate cancer. The recent discovery of an interaction between beta-catenin and the androgen receptor (AR) suggests a possible mechanism of cross talk between Wnt and androgen signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses in this interesting and growing field. Particularly, we focus on the observation that the activation of the Wnt-mediated signal occurs in a different manner in prostate cancer than in colorectal cancer or other human malignancies. Since mutations in Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), beta-catenin, and other components of the beta-catenin destruction complex are rare in prostate cancer cells, other regulatory mechanisms appear to play dominant roles in the activation of beta-catenin, such as loss or reduction of E-cadherin, a component of cell adhesion complex, and abnormal expression of Wnt ligands, receptors, inhibitors, and other co-regulators. Understanding the role and regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells may help identify new targets for the prostate cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meletios Verras
- Department of Urology and Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Grant Bldg. S287, Stanford, CA 94305-5328, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Salem Y, Shpungin S, Pasder O, Pomp O, Taler M, Malovani H, Nir U. Fer kinase sustains the activation level of ERK1/2 and increases the production of VEGF in hypoxic cells. Cell Signal 2005; 17:341-53. [PMID: 15567065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fer is a nuclear and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells. Herein we show that Fer sustains a key signaling step in hypoxic cells. Knock-down of the Fer protein using a specific siRNA decreased the production of VEGF by the hypoxic cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of this kinase led to an elevated production of VEGF under hypoxia. At the molecular level, Fer was found to associate with ERK1/2 and this interaction was intensified under hypoxia. Moreover, Fer increased the activation levels of ERK1/2, and reducing the level of Fer, impaired the activation of ERK1/2 in hypoxic cells. Blocking the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway with the MEK inhibitors U0126, or PD98059 led to the abrogation of ERK1/2 activity in hypoxic cells, an effect that was counteracted by Fer. Hence, Fer sustains the activation of ERK1/2 and increases the production of VEGF in hypoxic cells, without affecting the MEK-ERK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Salem
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Geha Road, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xu G, Craig AWB, Greer P, Miller M, Anastasiadis PZ, Lilien J, Balsamo J. Continuous association of cadherin with beta-catenin requires the non-receptor tyrosine-kinase Fer. J Cell Sci 2005; 117:3207-19. [PMID: 15226396 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Type 1, classic cadherins depends on their association with the actin cytoskeleton, a connection mediated by alpha- and beta-catenin. The phosphorylation state of beta-catenin is crucial for its association with cadherin and thus the association of cadherin with the cytoskeleton. We now show that the phosphorylation of beta-catenin is regulated by the combined activities of the tyrosine kinase Fer and the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B. Fer phosphorylates PTP1B at tyrosine 152, regulating its binding to cadherin and the continuous dephosphorylation of beta-catenin at tyrosine 654. Fer interacts with cadherin indirectly, through p120ctn. We have mapped the interaction domains of Fer and p120ctn and peptides corresponding to these sequences release Fer from p120ctn in vitro and in live cells, resulting in loss of cadherin-associated PTP1B, an increase in the pool of tyrosine phosphorylated beta-catenin and loss of cadherin adhesion function. The effect of the peptides is lost when a beta-catenin mutant with a substitution at tyrosine 654 is introduced into cells. Thus, Fer phosphorylates PTP1B at tyrosine 152 enabling it to bind to the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin, where it maintains beta-catenin in a dephosphorylated state. Cultured fibroblasts from mouse embryos targeted with a kinase-inactivating ferD743R mutation have lost cadherin-associated PTP1B and beta-catenin, as well as localization of cadherin and beta-catenin in areas of cell-cell contacts. Expression of wild-type Fer or culture in epidermal growth factor restores the cadherin complex and localization at cell-cell contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Moran AE, Carothers AM, Weyant MJ, Redston M, Bertagnolli MM. Carnosol Inhibits β-Catenin Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Prevents Adenoma Formation in the C57BL/6J/Min/+ (Min/+) Mouse. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1097.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carnosol, a constituent of the herb, rosemary, has shown beneficial medicinal and antitumor effects. Using the C57BL/6J/Min/+ (Min/+) mouse, a model of colonic tumorigenesis, we found that dietary administration of 0.1% carnosol decreased intestinal tumor multiplicity by 46%. Previous studies showed that tumor formation in the Min/+ mouse was associated with alterations in the adherens junctions, including an increased expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated β-catenin, dissociation of β-catenin from E-cadherin, and strongly reduced amounts of E-cadherin located at lateral plasma membranes of histologically normal enterocytes. Here, we confirm these findings and show that treatment of Min/+ intestinal tissue with carnosol restored both E-cadherin and β-catenin to these enterocyte membranes, yielding a phenotype similar to that of the Apc+/+ wild-type (WT) littermate. Moreover, treatment of WT intestine with the phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, removed E-cadherin and β-catenin from the lateral membranes of enterocytes, mimicking the appearance of the Min/+ tissue. Pretreatment of WT tissue with carnosol inhibited the pervanadate-inducible expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated β-catenin. Thus, the ApcMin allele produces adhesion defects that involve up-regulated expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including β-catenin. Moreover, these data suggest that carnosol prevents Apc-associated intestinal tumorigenesis, potentially via its ability to enhance E-cadherin-mediated adhesion and suppress β-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adelaide M. Carothers
- 1Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University and
- 2Strang Cancer Prevention Center, New York, New York and Departments of
| | - Michael J. Weyant
- 1Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University and
| | - Mark Redston
- 4Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Perry E, Tsruya R, Levitsky P, Pomp O, Taller M, Weisberg S, Parris W, Kulkarni S, Malovani H, Pawson T, Shpungin S, Nir U. TMF/ARA160 is a BC-box-containing protein that mediates the degradation of Stat3. Oncogene 2004; 23:8908-19. [PMID: 15467733 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
TMF/ARA160 is a Golgi resident protein whose cellular functions have not been conclusively revealed. Herein we show that TMF/ARA160 can direct the proteasomal degradation of the key cell growth regulator - Stat3. TMF/ARA160 was dispersed in the cytoplasm of myogenic C2C12 cells that were grown under low-serum conditions. The cytoplasmic distribution of TMF/ARA160 was accompanied by its transient association with the tyrosine kinase Fer and with Stat3, which underwent proteasomal degradation under those conditions. Moreover, serum deprivation induced the association of ubiquitinated proteins, with the TMF/ARA160 complex. However, TMF/ARA160 did not bind Stat1, whose cellular levels were increased in serum-starved C2C12 cells. Amino-acid sequence analysis identified a BC-box element in TMF/ARA160 that mediated the binding of this protein to elongin C. Ectopic expression of TMF/ARA160 in serum-starved C2C12 cells drove the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Stat3, an effect that was not caused by TMF/ARA160 devoid of the BC-box motif. Thus, the Golgi apparatus harbors a novel BC-box-containing protein that can direct Stat3 to proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, the level of TMF/ARA160 was significantly decreased in malignant brain tumors, implying a suppressive role of that protein in tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erez Perry
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fan L, Di Ciano-Oliveira C, Weed SA, Craig AWB, Greer PA, Rotstein OD, Kapus A. Actin depolymerization-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin: the role of Fer kinase. Biochem J 2004; 380:581-91. [PMID: 15030313 PMCID: PMC1224196 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The F-actin-binding protein cortactin is an important regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, and a prominent target of various tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin has been suggested to reduce its F-actin cross-linking capability. In the present study, we investigated whether a reciprocal relationship exists, i.e. whether the polymerization state of actin impacts on the cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation. Actin depolymerization by LB (latrunculin B) induced robust phosphorylation of C-terminal tyrosine residues of cortactin. In contrast, F-actin stabilization by jasplakinolide, which redistributed cortactin to F-actin-containing patches, prevented cortactin phosphorylation triggered by hypertonic stress or LB. Using cell lines deficient in candidate tyrosine kinases, we found that the F-actin depolymerization-induced cortactin phosphorylation was mediated by the Fyn/Fer kinase pathway, independent of Src and c-Abl. LB caused modest Fer activation and strongly facilitated the association between Fer and cortactin. Interestingly, the F-actin-binding region within the cortactin N-terminus was essential for the efficient phosphorylation of C-terminal tyrosine residues. Investigating the structural requirements for the Fer-cortactin association, we found that (i) phosphorylation-incompetent cortactin still bound to Fer; (ii) the isolated N-terminus associated with Fer; and (iii) the C-terminus alone was insufficient for binding. Thus the cortactin N-terminus participates in the Fer-cortactin interaction, which cannot be fully due to the binding of the Fer Src homology 2 domain to C-terminal tyrosine residues of cortactin. Taken together, F-actin stabilization prevents cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas depolymerization promotes it. Depolymerization-induced phosphorylation is mediated by Fer, and requires the actin-binding domain of cortactin. These results define a novel F-actin-dependent pathway that may serve as a feedback mechanism during cytoskeleton remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Fan
- Department of Surgery, The Toronto General Hospital and University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The specification and proper arrangements of new cell types during tissue differentiation require the coordinated regulation of gene expression and precise interactions between neighboring cells. Of the many growth factors involved in these events, Wnts are particularly interesting regulators, because a key component of their signaling pathway, beta-catenin, also functions as a component of the cadherin complex, which controls cell-cell adhesion and influences cell migration. Here, we assemble evidence of possible interrelations between Wnt and other growth factor signaling, beta-catenin functions, and cadherin-mediated adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chauvet N, Privat A, Prieto M. Differential expression of p120 catenin in glial cells of the adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2004; 479:15-29. [PMID: 15389614 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
p120 catenin (p120ctn) is involved in the regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion and the dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton by modulating RhoGTPase activity. We have previously described the distribution of p120ctn during rat brain development and provided substantial evidence for the potential involvement of p120ctn in morphogenetic events and plasticity in the central nervous system. Here, we analyzed the cellular and ultrastructural distribution of p120ctn in glial cells of the adult rat forebrain. The highest intensity of immunostaining for p120ctn was found in cells of the choroid plexus and ependyma and was mainly restricted to the plasma membrane. However, p120ctn was almost absent from astrocytes. In contrast, in tanycytes, a particular glial cell exhibiting remarkable morphological plasticity, p120ctn, was localized at the plasma membrane and also in the cytoplasm. We show that a large subpopulation of oligodendrocytes expressed multiple isoforms, whereas other neural cells predominantly expressed isoform 1, and that p120ctn immunoreactivity was distributed through the cytoplasm and at certain portions of the plasma membrane. Finally, p120ctn was expressed by a small population of cortical NG2-expressing cells, whereas it was expressed by a large population of these cells in the white matter. However, in both regions, proliferating NG2-positive cells consistently expressed p120ctn. The expression of p120ctn by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suggests that p120ctn may participate in oligodendrogenesis and myelination. Moreover, the expression of p120ctn by various cell types and its differential subcellular distribution strongly suggest that p120ctn may serve multiple functions in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Chauvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U583, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|