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Datta B, Min W, Burma S, Lengyel P. Increase in p202 expression during skeletal muscle differentiation: inhibition of MyoD protein expression and activity by p202. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:1074-83. [PMID: 9448005 PMCID: PMC108820 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.2.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1997] [Accepted: 11/13/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
p202 is a primarily nuclear, interferon-inducible murine protein that is encoded by the Ifi 202 gene. Overexpression of p202 in transfected cells retards cell proliferation. p202 modulates the pattern of gene expression by inhibiting the activity of various transcription factors including NF-kappaB, c-Fos, c-Jun, E2F-1, and p53. Here we report that p202 was constitutively expressed in mouse skeletal muscle and that the levels of 202 RNA and p202 greatly increased during the differentiation of cultured C2C12 myoblasts to myotubes. When overexpressed in transfected myoblasts, p202 inhibited the expression of one muscle protein (MyoD) without affecting the expression of a second one (myogenin). Thus, the decrease in the level of MyoD (but not of myogenin) during muscle differentiation may be the consequence of the increase in p202 level. Overexpressed p202 also inhibited the transcriptional activity of both MyoD and myogenin. This inhibition was correlated with an interaction of p202 with both proteins, as well as the inhibition by p202 of the sequence-specific binding of both proteins to DNA. This inhibition of the expression of MyoD and of the transcriptional activity of MyoD and myogenin may account for the inhibition of the induction of myoblast differentiation by premature overexpression of p202.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Datta
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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2
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Shan B, Vazquez E, Lewis JA. Interferon selectively inhibits the expression of mitochondrial genes: a novel pathway for interferon-mediated responses. EMBO J 1990; 9:4307-14. [PMID: 2176148 PMCID: PMC552214 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As an approach to identifying genes involved in physiological actions of interferons we used differential probes to screen a cDNA library from mouse L-929 cells treated with interferon alpha/beta. We identified two negatively regulated mRNA species which have been examined by analysis of the corresponding mRNAs and by DNA sequencing. Comparison with the GenBank database showed that these cDNA clones corresponded to mitochondrially encoded genes for cytochrome b and subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase. A further cDNA encompassing three mitochondrial genes was used as a probe to show that a third mRNA, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5, was also down-regulated by interferon while a fourth, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6, was unaffected. Expression of cytochrome b was also inhibited in mouse NIH 3T3 cells treated with interferon alpha/beta and in human Daudi lymphoblastoid cells treated with interferon alpha. The ability of interferon to reduce mitochondrial mRNA levels could be blocked by cycloheximide suggesting that these effects are mediated by an interferon-responsive nuclear gene which encodes a product capable of regulating mitochondrial gene expression. Analysis of proteins synthesized in the presence of emetine, a specific inhibitor of cytoplasmic translation, showed that the synthesis of several mitochondrial translation products, including cytochrome b, was reduced after treatment with interferon. Our results reveal a novel effect of interferon on cellular physiology which could have important consequences for understanding the effects of interferons as well as suggesting new mechanisms for the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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3
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Lewis JA, Huq A, Shan B. Beta and gamma interferons act synergistically to produce an antiviral state in cells resistant to both interferons individually. J Virol 1989; 63:4569-78. [PMID: 2552141 PMCID: PMC251090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4569-4578.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that the mouse fibroblastoid cell line Ltk-aprt- is resistant to the antiviral effects of beta interferon. This lack of response reflects a partial sensitivity to the interferon that is accompanied by a failure to activate expression of several interferon-regulated genes, although certain other genes respond in a normal manner. We show here that Ltk-aprt- cells were also unable to establish an antiviral state and to activate expression of 2,5-oligo(A) synthetase when treated with gamma interferon. Strikingly, however, treatment with a combination of beta interferon and gamma interferon provided complete protection against viral replication. Although the cells were completely insensitive to up to 250 U of the interferons per ml added singly, essentially complete protection from viral cytopathic effects was achieved when as little as 10 U of each of the interferons per ml were combined. Expression of 2,5-oligo(A) synthetase was also sensitive to this synergistic effect. Activation of an antiviral state could also be achieved by sequential treatment, first with gamma interferon and then with beta interferon. Partial protection against viral replication could be achieved by pretreatment with gamma interferon for as little as 1 h before incubation with beta interferon and could be blocked by the addition of specific antibodies or by cycloheximide, indicating that gamma interferon induces the synthesis of a protein which can act synergistically with a signal produced by the beta-interferon receptor. We suggest that Ltk-aprt- cells suffer from defects in one or more components of the gene activation pathways for both type I and type II interferons. Nonetheless, gamma interferon is able to activate the expression of a gene encoding a protein required for signal transduction. This protein acts synergistically with a transient signal produced in response to beta interferon, thereby activating the expression of a further group of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lewis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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4
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Activation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity on induction of HL-60 leukemia cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2476665 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.9.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-fold increase in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity, an enzyme associated with the antiproliferative actions of interferon (IFN), was observed after treatment of HL-60 human leukemia cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an inducer of granulocytic differentiation of the cells. Enzyme activity was elevated after 24 h of exposure to DMSO, was maximal at 48 hours, and declined thereafter. A comparable increase was observed after treatment with 1 U of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) per ml or 8 U of beta interferon (IFN-beta) per ml. Elevated levels of expression of other IFN-inducible genes, including type I histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B) mRNA and 2',5'-oligoadenylate phosphodiesterase activity, were also observed with DMSO treatment. DMSO-treated HL-60 cells had an increased amount of a 1.8-kilobase mRNA for oligoadenylate [oligo(A)] synthetase when compared with that of control cells; both DMSO- and IFN-treated HL-60 cells also expressed 1.6-, 3.4-, and 4.3-kilobase mRNA. The increase in both oligo(A) synthetase activity and mRNA levels was inhibited by polyclonal antiserum to human IFN-alpha; however, no IFN-alpha mRNA could be detected in the cells. Antiserum to IFN-beta or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) had no effect on oligo(A) synthetase expression or activity nor was there any detectable IFN-beta 1 or IFN-beta 2 mRNA in the cells. The anti-IFN-alpha serum did not block the elevation of HLA-B mRNA in DMSO-treated cells. These observations suggest that the increased expression of oligo(A) synthetase in DMSO-treated cells may be mediated by the release of an IFN-alpha-like factor; however, the levels of any IFN-alpha mRNA produced in the cells were extremely low.
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5
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Tumor necrosis factor acts synergistically with autocrine interferon-β and increases interferon-β mRNA levels in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Schwartz EL, Nilson LA. Activation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity on induction of HL-60 leukemia cell differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:3897-903. [PMID: 2476665 PMCID: PMC362451 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.9.3897-3903.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 27-fold increase in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity, an enzyme associated with the antiproliferative actions of interferon (IFN), was observed after treatment of HL-60 human leukemia cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an inducer of granulocytic differentiation of the cells. Enzyme activity was elevated after 24 h of exposure to DMSO, was maximal at 48 hours, and declined thereafter. A comparable increase was observed after treatment with 1 U of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) per ml or 8 U of beta interferon (IFN-beta) per ml. Elevated levels of expression of other IFN-inducible genes, including type I histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B) mRNA and 2',5'-oligoadenylate phosphodiesterase activity, were also observed with DMSO treatment. DMSO-treated HL-60 cells had an increased amount of a 1.8-kilobase mRNA for oligoadenylate [oligo(A)] synthetase when compared with that of control cells; both DMSO- and IFN-treated HL-60 cells also expressed 1.6-, 3.4-, and 4.3-kilobase mRNA. The increase in both oligo(A) synthetase activity and mRNA levels was inhibited by polyclonal antiserum to human IFN-alpha; however, no IFN-alpha mRNA could be detected in the cells. Antiserum to IFN-beta or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) had no effect on oligo(A) synthetase expression or activity nor was there any detectable IFN-beta 1 or IFN-beta 2 mRNA in the cells. The anti-IFN-alpha serum did not block the elevation of HLA-B mRNA in DMSO-treated cells. These observations suggest that the increased expression of oligo(A) synthetase in DMSO-treated cells may be mediated by the release of an IFN-alpha-like factor; however, the levels of any IFN-alpha mRNA produced in the cells were extremely low.
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MESH Headings
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Exoribonucleases/metabolism
- HLA-B Antigens/genetics
- Humans
- Interferons/antagonists & inhibitors
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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7
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Autocrine induction of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression results from induction of beta interferon in oncogene-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2664464 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.5.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By varying growth conditions, we identified a novel mechanism of autocrine regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene expression by induction of beta interferon gene expression in transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Low-serum conditions enhanced MHC class I antigen expression in v-rasKi- and v-mos-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells but not in untransformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Transformed and untransformed cells grown under standard serum conditions (10% bovine calf serum) expressed similar cell surface levels of MHC class I antigens. However, low-serum conditions (0.5% bovine calf serum) induced four- to ninefold increases in cell surface levels of MHC class I antigens in both v-rasKi- and v-mos-transformed cells but not in untransformed cells. These increases in MHC class I gene expression were seen at both the mRNA and cell surface protein levels and involved not only the heavy-chain component of the class I antigens but also beta 2 microglobulin. Beta 1 interferon mRNA and beta interferon-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNA were induced by growth under low-serum conditions in transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells, and antibodies to beta interferon blocked the induction of MHC class I antigen expression by serum deprivation in these cells. These results demonstrate that growth under low-serum conditions leads to induction of beta interferon expression in oncogene-transformed cells which then directly mediates autocrine enhancement of MHC class I gene expression.
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8
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Regulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by interferons and platelet-derived growth factor. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2542764 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.3.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine BALB/c 3T3 cell cultures, either beta interferon or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) enhanced expression of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNA and protein. The time course of induction in response to beta interferon was similar to that in response to PDGF. Of several growth factors known to be present in clotted blood serum (i.e., epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, and PDGF), only PDGF enhanced expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase. The linkage of an interferon response element-containing segment from the 5'-flanking region of a human or murine 2',-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene made a heterologous gene responsive to interferon. The expression of such a gene construct in transfected cells was also induced by PDGF. Induction by PDGF was inhibited by mono- or polyclonal antibodies to murine interferon, which suggested that induction by PDGF requires interferon. Both PDGF and interferon induced nuclear factors that bound to this interferon response element-containing segment in vitro.
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9
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Offermann MK, Faller DV. Autocrine induction of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression results from induction of beta interferon in oncogene-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:1969-77. [PMID: 2664464 PMCID: PMC362989 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.5.1969-1977.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
By varying growth conditions, we identified a novel mechanism of autocrine regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene expression by induction of beta interferon gene expression in transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Low-serum conditions enhanced MHC class I antigen expression in v-rasKi- and v-mos-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells but not in untransformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. Transformed and untransformed cells grown under standard serum conditions (10% bovine calf serum) expressed similar cell surface levels of MHC class I antigens. However, low-serum conditions (0.5% bovine calf serum) induced four- to ninefold increases in cell surface levels of MHC class I antigens in both v-rasKi- and v-mos-transformed cells but not in untransformed cells. These increases in MHC class I gene expression were seen at both the mRNA and cell surface protein levels and involved not only the heavy-chain component of the class I antigens but also beta 2 microglobulin. Beta 1 interferon mRNA and beta interferon-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNA were induced by growth under low-serum conditions in transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells, and antibodies to beta interferon blocked the induction of MHC class I antigen expression by serum deprivation in these cells. These results demonstrate that growth under low-serum conditions leads to induction of beta interferon expression in oncogene-transformed cells which then directly mediates autocrine enhancement of MHC class I gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Offermann
- Division of Medicine, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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10
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Garcia-Blanco MA, Lengyel P, Morrison E, Brownlee C, Stiles CD, Rutherford M, Hannigan G, Williams BR. Regulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by interferons and platelet-derived growth factor. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:1060-8. [PMID: 2542764 PMCID: PMC362696 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.3.1060-1068.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In murine BALB/c 3T3 cell cultures, either beta interferon or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) enhanced expression of the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNA and protein. The time course of induction in response to beta interferon was similar to that in response to PDGF. Of several growth factors known to be present in clotted blood serum (i.e., epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, and PDGF), only PDGF enhanced expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase. The linkage of an interferon response element-containing segment from the 5'-flanking region of a human or murine 2',-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene made a heterologous gene responsive to interferon. The expression of such a gene construct in transfected cells was also induced by PDGF. Induction by PDGF was inhibited by mono- or polyclonal antibodies to murine interferon, which suggested that induction by PDGF requires interferon. Both PDGF and interferon induced nuclear factors that bound to this interferon response element-containing segment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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11
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Recessive genetic deregulation abrogates c-myc suppression by interferon and is implicated in oncogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3043196 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we demonstrated that many hematopoietic tumor cells are resistant to the inhibitory effects that interferon exerts on c-myc mRNA expression without losing other receptor-mediated intracellular responses (M. Einat, D. Resnitzky, and A. Kimchi, Nature [London] 313:597-600). We report here that this partial resistance was overridden in two independent stable somatic cell hybrids prepared by fusion between sensitive and resistant cells. The c-myc mRNA transcribed from the active allele of the resistant parent cell was reduced by interferon within the context of the cell hybrid. It was therefore concluded that changes in the cis-acting sequences of c-myc were not involved in this type of relaxed regulation and that resistance resulted rather from inactivation or loss of postreceptor elements which operate in trans. The growth-stimulating effect that this genetic deregulation might have on cells was tested in experimental systems of cell differentiation in which an autocrine interferon is produced. For that purpose we isolated variant clones of M1 myeloid cells which were partially resistant to alpha and beta interferons and tested their growth behavior during in vitro-induced differentiation. The resistant clones displayed higher proliferative activity on days 2 and 3 of differentiation than did the sensitive clones, which stopped proliferating. The loss of c-myc responses to the self-produced interferon disrupted the normal cessation of growth during differentiation and therefore might lead cells along the pathway of neoplasia.
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12
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Kimchi A, Resnitzky D, Ber R, Gat G. Recessive genetic deregulation abrogates c-myc suppression by interferon and is implicated in oncogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:2828-36. [PMID: 3043196 PMCID: PMC363502 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2828-2836.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we demonstrated that many hematopoietic tumor cells are resistant to the inhibitory effects that interferon exerts on c-myc mRNA expression without losing other receptor-mediated intracellular responses (M. Einat, D. Resnitzky, and A. Kimchi, Nature [London] 313:597-600). We report here that this partial resistance was overridden in two independent stable somatic cell hybrids prepared by fusion between sensitive and resistant cells. The c-myc mRNA transcribed from the active allele of the resistant parent cell was reduced by interferon within the context of the cell hybrid. It was therefore concluded that changes in the cis-acting sequences of c-myc were not involved in this type of relaxed regulation and that resistance resulted rather from inactivation or loss of postreceptor elements which operate in trans. The growth-stimulating effect that this genetic deregulation might have on cells was tested in experimental systems of cell differentiation in which an autocrine interferon is produced. For that purpose we isolated variant clones of M1 myeloid cells which were partially resistant to alpha and beta interferons and tested their growth behavior during in vitro-induced differentiation. The resistant clones displayed higher proliferative activity on days 2 and 3 of differentiation than did the sensitive clones, which stopped proliferating. The loss of c-myc responses to the self-produced interferon disrupted the normal cessation of growth during differentiation and therefore might lead cells along the pathway of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kimchi
- Department of Virology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Taylor JL, Samuel CE, Grossberg SE. Antiviral and antidifferentiative activities of interferon beta and gamma in relation to their induction of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activity in 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Defilippi P, Poupart P, Tavernier J, Fiers W, Content J. Induction and regulation of mRNA encoding 26-kDa protein in human cell lines treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:4557-61. [PMID: 3496595 PMCID: PMC305129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.13.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 26-kDa protein, originally described in human fibroblasts superinduced for interferon beta (IFN-beta) production, and termed IFN-beta 2 by other investigators, is induced by cycloheximide and by a 22-kDa, interleukin 1 (IL-1)-related factor. Although the structure and sequence of the corresponding gene show nonhomology with the IFN-beta gene, the gene is identical to that of B-cell stimulatory factor 2, a human interleukin, and displays a very potent growth and differentiation factor activity for B lymphocytes. In this work we show that IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) strongly induce the 26-kDa protein in FS-4 fibroblasts and in some transformed cell lines. Addition of cycloheximide to recombinant (r)IL-1 beta and rTNF further enhances the level of 26-kDa-protein mRNA. We determined the kinetics of induction and the amounts of rTNF and rIL-1 beta required for optimal induction of this mRNA in FS-4 cells and in HeLa H21 cells and found that rIL-1 beta is a more efficient inducer of 26-kDa protein mRNA than is TNF. By analyzing the inducibility of the 26-kDa protein gene by rTNF and rIL-1 beta in a series of transformed cell lines that differ in their sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of TNF, we report a direct correlation between the 26-kDa protein mRNA expression and the resistance of these cells to the cytotoxic effect of TNF.
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15
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Michalevicz R, Revel M. Interferons regulate the in vitro differentiation of multilineage lympho-myeloid stem cells in hairy cell leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:2307-11. [PMID: 3104912 PMCID: PMC304639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.8.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro 14-day cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hairy cell leukemia patients consistently showed the presence of hematopoietic stem cells giving rise to multilineage colonies containing a high proportion of lymphoid cells associated with the myeloid and erythroid progenitors. These stem cells are not the hairy cells but appear to be pluripotent lymphomyeloid primitive stem cells persisting in this leukemia. Interferon alpha c or beta 1 did not inhibit the growth of these colonies, as they did the growth of colonies of normal hematopoietic progenitors, but markedly decreased the ratio of lymphoid to myelomonocytic cells, by increasing the formation of monocytes and other nonlymphoid cell types in these multilineage colonies. Interferon gamma did not have the same effects on differentiation.
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16
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Krönke M, Schlüter C, Pfizenmaier K. Tumor necrosis factor inhibits MYC expression in HL-60 cells at the level of mRNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:469-73. [PMID: 3099296 PMCID: PMC304229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly purified, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor type alpha (rTNF-alpha) exerts cytostatic activity on the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60. Between 4 and 10 hr after treatment with rTNF-alpha, HL-60 cells start to exhibit phagocytic activity, indicating the induction of a differentiation process, and show a marked decline in steady-state levels of MYC mRNA. In vitro transcription assays reveal that rTNF-alpha inhibits MYC gene expression at the level of transcription. rTNF-alpha has little or no effect on the half-life of MYC mRNA, indicating that the decreased MYC mRNA level is primarily due to reduced transcription, and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide does not prevent rTNF-alpha-mediated inhibition of MYC gene expression, suggesting that rTNF-alpha action is independent of de novo protein synthesis. In contrast to MYC, HLA-A, -B, -C mRNA levels are slightly increased in rTNF-alpha-treated HL-60 cells. Recombinant interferon-gamma, which also enhances HLA gene transcription in HL-60 cells, fails to reduce MYC mRNA levels and lacks cytostatic activity. Attenuation of HL-60 cell proliferation occurs as a late response to treatment with rTNF-alpha and thus may be secondary to both MYC inhibition and induction of cell differentiation.
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17
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Yarden A, Kimchi A. Tumor necrosis factor reduces c-myc expression and cooperates with interferon-gamma in HeLa cells. Science 1986; 234:1419-21. [PMID: 3097823 DOI: 10.1126/science.3097823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The suppression of the c-myc nuclear oncogene is associated with growth arrest and may therefore be directly controlled by naturally occurring growth inhibitors. The effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on c-myc expression was investigated in HeLa cells, which respond to these cytokines by a specific arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Northern blot and nuclear transcription analyses indicated that each cytokine reduced within 1 to 3 hours the c-myc messenger RNA levels as a result of transcriptional inhibition. Adding the two cytokines together at saturating levels resulted in enhanced inhibition of c-myc transcription and of the c-myc messenger RNA steady-state levels. While the reduction of c-myc messenger RNA by IFN-gamma was dependent on new protein synthesis, the inhibitory effect of TNF on c-myc messenger RNA was direct and was not abrogated by cycloheximide. The differential effect of the protein synthesis inhibitor and the cooperative inhibitory effects of the two cytokines when added together suggest that IFN-gamma and TNF reduce c-myc transcription through different molecular mechanisms.
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18
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Zilberstein A, Ruggieri R, Korn JH, Revel M. Structure and expression of cDNA and genes for human interferon-beta-2, a distinct species inducible by growth-stimulatory cytokines. EMBO J 1986; 5:2529-37. [PMID: 3023045 PMCID: PMC1167149 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced human fibroblasts produce several mRNAs encoding interferon (IFN) activity. We previously cloned cDNA for a 1.3-kb RNA designated IFN-beta 2 and distinct from the 0.9-kb IFN-beta 1 mRNA. In vitro transcription--translation mapping of the full-length IFN-beta 2 cDNA sequence, shows that it encodes a 23.7-kd protein of 212 amino acids. This cDNA, fused to the SV40 early gene promoter, was transfected and amplified in Chinese hamster ovary cells and clones were obtained which constitutively produce human interferon activity. Two IFN-beta 2 genomic clones were isolated and their expression in hamster and mouse cells also produces biologically active rIFN-beta 2. Specific immunoassays show that IFN-beta 2 secreted by DNA-transformed rodent cells is a processed 21-kd protein, whose activity is cross-neutralized by antibodies to human IFN-beta 1 but not to IFN-alpha or gamma. The immunoassay also demonstrates the induction of IFN-beta 2 secretion by fibroblasts in response to growth-regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. The function of this IFN-beta 2 as an autoregulatory inhibitor of cell growth is discussed.
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Inhibitory effects of interferon on the expression of genes regulated by platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:7608-12. [PMID: 2415966 PMCID: PMC391382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.22.7608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G0/G1 to S transition in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells stimulated by serum growth factors can be specifically blocked by the administration of interferon (IFN) to the system. In the present communication, we studied whether IFN inhibits the early events in the G0/G1 phase that are initiated by the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The results show that IFN inhibits most of the PDGF-mediated increase of c-myc, ornithine decarboxylase, and beta-actin mRNAs measured 3 hr after stimulation. c-fos mRNA levels are reduced by IFN as early as 20 min after exposure of the quiescent cells to PDGF. The expression of several genes that belong to the competence gene family is, therefore, inhibited by IFN and this could account for the failure of the IFN-treated cells to enter into the S phase when growth factors present in the platelet-poor plasma are added. We also report that the PDGF-mediated increase in the uptake of deoxyglucose is not impaired by IFN, thus suggesting that the early effects of IFN on gene expression do not result from inhibition of binding of PDGF to its cell-surface receptors. Unlike the direct stimulatory effect of PDGF, which is not sensitive to cycloheximide, the inhibitory effect of IFN on c-myc mRNA levels depends in part on protein synthesis. We propose that a putative product of one of the IFN-induced genes could mediate the decrease in expression of the PDGF-regulated gene family.
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Clemens MJ, McNurlan MA. Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by interferons. Biochem J 1985; 226:345-60. [PMID: 2581554 PMCID: PMC1144719 DOI: 10.1042/bj2260345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Benech P, Merlin G, Revel M, Chebath J. 3' end structure of the human (2'-5') oligo A synthetase gene: prediction of two distinct proteins with cell type-specific expression. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:1267-81. [PMID: 2860635 PMCID: PMC341071 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the sizes of the (2'-5') oligo A synthetase polyadenylated transcripts in various human cell lines by hybridization with a cDNA probe revealed that the pattern of the transcripts was cell-type specific. In order to investigate whether the 1.6 Kb, 1.8 Kb and 3.6 Kb mRNA, which are predominantly expressed in different cell-lines, encode different proteins or could differ in the size of their 3' or 5' untranslated sequences, the corresponding gene was isolated. On Southern blots of human genomic RNA, the cDNA probe hybridize to a 3.1 Kb EcoRI fragment. Three overlapping genomic clones were isolated which contain the same 3.1 Kb EcoRI fragment. Transcriptional mapping of the 3' end of the gene by Northern blots, hybridization translation experiments and sequencing showed that the 1.6 and 1.8 Kb mRNA are produced by a differential processing at the 3' end of the primary transcript of the same gene. The polyadenylation site of the 1.6 Kb mRNA is located 1.9 Kb upstream to the one of the 1.8 Kb mRNA. To produce the latter transcript, a portion of the last exon of the 1.6 Kb mRNA (including a segment coding for a very hydrophobic sequence of 18 amino acids and 3' untranslated sequence) is spliced out. The two mRNAs thus encode two different proteins which could have different affinity for cellular elements. The 3.6 Kb transcript has the same polyadenylation site as the 1.8 Kb mRNA, but contains additional unspliced 3' intron sequences.
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Mechti N, Affabris E, Romeo G, Lebleu B, Rossi GB. Role of interferon and 2‘,5‘-oligoadenylate synthetase in erythroid differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. Studies with interferon-sensitive and -resistant variants. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Merlin G, Chebath J, Benech P, Metz R, Revel M. Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4904-8. [PMID: 6348777 PMCID: PMC384155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.16.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
By using a translation assay in oocytes, a 17S RNA fraction coding for the interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase was purified from human cells. A cDNA library was prepared by cloning in Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 and screened by positive hybridization-translation in oocytes. A cDNA clone corresponding to the (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA was identified. In SV80 cells, this E cDNA recognizes three RNAs of 1.65, 1.85, and 3.6 kilobases, which are present only after interferon treatment of the cells. In Namalva cells, mainly one RNA of 1.8 kilobases is seen.
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