Two structurally and functionally different forms of the transforming protein of PRC II avian sarcoma virus

Dephosphorylation of a major sperm membrane protein is induced by egg jelly during sea urchin fertilization

A 160-kilodalton (kDa) protein of Arbacia punctulata sperm is constitutively phosphorylated on serine residues, as shown by in vivo(32)PO(4) (3-) labeling. Exposure of sperm to solubilized egg jelly results in the immediate dephosphorylation (within 5 sec) of this protein and a simultaneous increase in its electrophoretic mobility (to an apparent molecular mass of 150 kDa). In its dephosphorylated form (150 kDa), the protein is a major component of the flagellar plasma membrane. In fact, silver-stained polyacrylamide gels show the 160/150-kDa protein to be the third most abundant protein in the whole flagellum. The spermatozoan must pass through the egg jelly layer on its way to the egg surface. The jelly-induced dephosphorylation of such an abundant sperm membrane protein may be an important event in the successful interaction of sperm and egg during fertilization.

Detection of c-abl tyrosine kinase activity in vitro permits direct comparison of normal and altered abl gene products

The v-abl transforming protein P160v-abl and the P210c-abl gene product of the translocated c-abl gene in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia cells have tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. Under similar assay conditions the normal c-abl gene products, murine P150c-abl and human P145c-abl, lacked detectable kinase activity. Reaction conditions were modified to identify conditions which would permit the detection of c-abl tyrosine kinase activity. It was found that the Formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus formerly used for immunoprecipitation inhibits in vitro abl kinase activity. In addition, the sodium dodecyl sulfate and deoxycholate detergents formerly used in the cell lysis buffer were found to decrease recovered abl kinase activity. The discovery of assay conditions for c-abl kinase activity now makes it possible to compare P150c-abl and P145c-abl kinase activity with the altered abl proteins P160v-abl and P210c-abl. Although all of the abl proteins have in vitro tyrosine kinase activity, they differ in the way they utilize themselves as substrates in vitro. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation sites of the abl proteins suggests that they function differently in vivo. The development of c-abl kinase assay conditions should be useful in elucidating c-abl function.

Phosphorylation of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase of sea urchin spermatozoa

When Arbacia punctulata spermatozoa are incubated in seawater containing ammonium hydroxide (pH 8.8), the sperm plasma membrane-bound guanylate cyclase is dephosphorylated, its electrophoretic mobility increases (from an apparent molecular mass of 160 to 150 kD), and its enzymatic activity decreases 3.5-fold. Transfer of these cells into ammonium-free seawater (pH 7.4) results in the rephosphorylation of the cyclase, its reconversion to 160 kD, and recovery of the enzymatic activity lost upon dephosphorylation. This is the first direct demonstration that the activity of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase can be regulated by phosphorylation. A plasma membrane preparation is described that specifically supports the in vitro phosphorylation of the guanylate cyclase. This preparation will be useful in more detailed studies on the relationship between phosphorylation state and enzymatic activity of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase.

Detection of c-abl tyrosine kinase activity in vitro permits direct comparison of normal and altered abl gene products

The v-abl transforming protein P160v-abl and the P210c-abl gene product of the translocated c-abl gene in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia cells have tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. Under similar assay conditions the normal c-abl gene products, murine P150c-abl and human P145c-abl, lacked detectable kinase activity. Reaction conditions were modified to identify conditions which would permit the detection of c-abl tyrosine kinase activity. It was found that the Formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus formerly used for immunoprecipitation inhibits in vitro abl kinase activity. In addition, the sodium dodecyl sulfate and deoxycholate detergents formerly used in the cell lysis buffer were found to decrease recovered abl kinase activity. The discovery of assay conditions for c-abl kinase activity now makes it possible to compare P150c-abl and P145c-abl kinase activity with the altered abl proteins P160v-abl and P210c-abl. Although all of the abl proteins have in vitro tyrosine kinase activity, they differ in the way they utilize themselves as substrates in vitro. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation sites of the abl proteins suggests that they function differently in vivo. The development of c-abl kinase assay conditions should be useful in elucidating c-abl function.

src- and fps-containing avian sarcoma viruses transform chicken erythroid cells

We report here that several oncogene-transducing avian sarcoma virus strains, namely Rous sarcoma virus (src), Fujinami sarcoma virus (fps), and PRCII (fps), transform avian erythroid cells in vitro and in vivo. The src- and fps-transformed erythroblasts grow in vitro for 20-30 generations, require special growth conditions, and tend to differentiate spontaneously. In these properties, they resemble erythroid cells transformed with the erbB-containing H strain of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV-H) but differ from those transformed with AEV-ES4 (erbA, erbB), which grow under standard culture conditions and rarely differentiate spontaneously. Erythroblasts transformed with viruses carrying temperature-sensitive mutations in the src or fps oncogene and then shifted to the nonpermissive temperature in the presence of anemic serum (as a source of an erythropoietin-like factor) differentiate terminally into erythrocytes. These results demonstrate that several members of the src gene family other than erbB have the capacity to transform erythroid cells.

Cytoplasmic localization of the transforming protein of Fujinami sarcoma virus: salt-sensitive association with subcellular components

Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV) encodes a transforming protein of 130,000 daltons (P130) which is associated with a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. To elucidate mechanisms involved in cell transformation by FSV, we have studied the intracellular location of P130 in rat cells nonproductively infected with FSV. Immunofluorescent staining of several FSV-transformed rat cell lines with a tumor regressor antiserum specific against the fps sequences of P130 showed that the major staining was localized in the cytoplasm. Staining was also seen in cell ruffles and in some cases at areas of cell contact. The cytoplasmic location of P130 staining in cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of FSV was unchanged when they were grown at permissive or nonpermissive temperature. Cell fractionation of FSV-transformed cells under various conditions showed that the ionic strength used during cell fractionation had a striking effect on the distribution of P130. At 10 mM NaCl, 70% of P130 sedimented in the large granule fraction, whereas at 500 mM NaCl 70 to 90% of P130 was recovered in the cytosol fraction. Furthermore, a combination of ionic and nonionic detergents that effectively solubilized subcellular membranes was insufficient to solubilize P130 unless the salt concentration was raised. We conclude that the majority of P130 and its associated protein kinase activity are localized in the cytoplasm and that P130 is not an integral membrane protein.