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Sakai K, Aoki K, Goto Y. Live-cell fluorescence imaging and optogenetic control of PKA kinase activity in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 2024; 41:349-363. [PMID: 38583078 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-PKA signaling pathway plays a crucial role in sensing and responding to nutrient availability in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This pathway monitors external glucose levels to control cell growth and sexual differentiation. However, the temporal dynamics of the cAMP-PKA pathway in response to external stimuli remains unclear mainly due to the lack of tools to quantitatively visualize the activity of the pathway. Here, we report the development of the kinase translocation reporter (KTR)-based biosensor spPKA-KTR1.0, which allows us to measure the dynamics of PKA activity in fission yeast cells. The spPKA-KTR1.0 is derived from the transcription factor Rst2, which translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon PKA activation. We found that spPKA-KTR1.0 translocates between the nucleus and cytoplasm in a cAMP-PKA pathway-dependent manner, indicating that the spPKA-KTR1.0 is a reliable indicator of the PKA activity in fission yeast cells. In addition, we implemented a system that simultaneously visualizes and manipulates the cAMP-PKA signaling dynamics by introducing bPAC, a photoactivatable adenylate cyclase, in combination with spPKA-KTR1.0. This system offers an opportunity for investigating the role of the signaling dynamics of the cAMP-PKA pathway in fission yeast cells with higher temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Sakai
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Living Systems Information Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Department of Gene Mechanisms, Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhei Goto
- Quantitative Biology Research Group, Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Quantitative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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2
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Kawamukai M. Regulation of sexual differentiation initiation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:475-492. [PMID: 38449372 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent model organism to explore cellular events owing to rich tools in genetics, molecular biology, cellular biology, and biochemistry. Schizosaccharomyces pombe proliferates continuously when nutrients are abundant but arrests in G1 phase upon depletion of nutrients such as nitrogen and glucose. When cells of opposite mating types are present, cells conjugate, fuse, undergo meiosis, and finally form 4 spores. This sexual differentiation process in S. pombe has been studied extensively. To execute sexual differentiation, the glucose-sensing cAMP-PKA (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A) pathway, nitrogen-sensing TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway, and SAPK (stress-activating protein kinase) pathway are crucial, and the MAPK (mitogen-activating protein kinase) cascade is essential for pheromone sensing. These signals regulate ste11 at the transcriptional and translational levels, and Ste11 is modified in multiple ways. This review summarizes the initiation of sexual differentiation in S. pombe based on results I have helped to obtain, including the work of many excellent researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawamukai
- D epartment of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Japan
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3
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Naozuka G, Kawamukai M, Matsuo Y. Pps1, phosphatidylserine synthase, regulates the salt stress response in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:43. [PMID: 38598031 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is important for maintaining growth, cytoskeleton, and various functions in yeast; however, its role in stress responses is poorly understood. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the PS synthase deletion (pps1∆) mutant shows defects in growth, morphology, cytokinesis, actin cytoskeleton, and cell wall integrity, and these phenotypes are rescued by ethanolamine supplementation. Here, we evaluated the role of Pps1 in the salt stress response in S. pombe. We found that pps1∆ cells are sensitive to salt stresses such as KCl and CaCl2 even in the presence of ethanolamine. Loss of the functional cAMP-dependent protein kinase (git3∆ or pka1∆) or phospholipase B Plb1 (plb1∆) enhanced the salt stress-sensitive phenotype in pps1∆ cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Pps1 was localized at the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum regardless of the stress conditions. In pka1∆ cells, GFP-Pps1 was accumulated around the nucleus under the KCl stress. Pka1 was localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm under normal conditions and transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under salt-stress conditions. Pka1 translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during CaCl2 stress in the wild-type cells, while it remained localized in the nucleus in pps1∆ cells. Expression and phosphorylation of Pka1-GFP were not changed in pps1∆ cells. Our results demonstrate that Pps1 plays an important role in the salt stress response in S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohki Naozuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
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Ibisoglu MS, Tan M, Yilmazer M, Yilmaz S, Uzuner SK, Topal-Sarikaya A, Palabiyik B. Effects of ScRgt1-Like DNA-binding transcription factor SpRgt1 (SPCC320.03) on Hexose transporters gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:155. [PMID: 38480568 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucose, which plays an essential role in carbon and energy metabolism in eukaryotes, is vital in directing various energy-consuming cellular processes. In S. cerevisiae, transcription factors involved in regulating hexose transporters and their mechanisms of action under different carbon sources were revealed in detail. However, there is limited information on these processes in S. pombe. In this study, the effect of SPCC320.03 (named SpRgt1), the ortholog of ScRgt1 whose molecular mechanism is known in detail in S. cerevisiae, on the transcriptional regulation of hexose transporters (ght1-8) dependent on different carbon sources was investigated. We measured the transcript levels of ght1-8 using the qPCR technique and performed relative evaluation in S. pombe strains (parental, rgt1 deleted mutant, rgt1 overexpressed, and vectoral rgt1 carrying mutant). We aimed to investigate the transcriptional changes caused by the protein product of the rgt1 (SPCC320.03) gene in terms of ght1-8 genes in strains that are grown in different carbon sources (2% glucose, 2% glycerol + 0.1% glucose, and 2% gluconate). Here, we show that SpRgt1 is involved in the regulation of the ght3, ght4, ght6, and ght7 genes but that the ght1, ght2, ght5, and ght8 gene expression vary depending on carbon sources, independently of SpRgt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Seda Ibisoglu
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Medet Tan
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Yilmazer
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Yilmaz
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semian Karaer Uzuner
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Topal-Sarikaya
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bedia Palabiyik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ohshima T, Jiajun Z, Fukamachi T, Ohno Y, Senoo H, Matsuo Y, Kawamukai M. A dominant negative 14-3-3 mutant in Schizosaccharomyces pombe distinguishes the binding proteins involved in sexual differentiation and check point. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291524. [PMID: 37788281 PMCID: PMC10547172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The homothallic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoes sexual differentiation when starved, but sam (skips the requirement of starvation for mating) mutants such as those carrying mutations in adenylate cyclase (cyr1) or protein kinase A (pka1) mate without starvation. Here, we identified sam3, a dominant negative allele of rad24, encoding one of two 14-3-3 proteins. Genetic mapping and whole-genome sequencing showed that the sam3 mutation comprises a change in nucleotide at position 959 from guanine to adenine, which switches the amino acid at position 185 from glutamic acid to lysine (E185K). We generated the rad24-E185K integrated mutant and its phenotype was similar to that of the sam3 mutant, including calcium sensitivity and UV non-sensitivity, but the phenotype is different from that of the Δrad24 strain. While the UV-sensitive phenotype was observed in the Δrad24 mutant, it was not observed in the sam3 and rad24-E185K mutants. The expression of the rad24-E185K gene in wild type cells induced spore formation in the nutrient rich medium, confirming rad24-E185K is dominant. This dominant effect of rad24-E185K was also observed in Δras1 and Δbyr2 diploid mutants, indicating that rad24-E185K generate stronger phenotype than rad24 null mutants. Ste11, the key transcription factor for sexual differentiation was expressed in sam3 mutants without starvation and it predominantly localized to the nucleus. The Rad24-E185K mutant protein retained its interaction with Check point kinase1 (Chk1), whereas it reduced interaction with Ste11, an RNA binding protein Mei2, and a MAPKKK Byr2, freeing these proteins from negative regulation by Rad24, that account for the sam phenotype and UV non-sensitive phenotype. Glucose depletion in rad24-E185K or Δpka1 Δrad24 double mutation induced haploid meiosis, leading to the formation of spores in haploid. The position of glutamic acid 185 is conserved in all major 14-3-3s; hence, our finding of a dominant negative allele of 14-3-3 is useful for understanding 14-3-3s in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Ohshima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Zhang Jiajun
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Takuki Fukamachi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hiroko Senoo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Takenaka K, Nishioka S, Nishida Y, Kawamukai M, Matsuo Y. Tfs1, transcription elongation factor TFIIS, has an impact on chromosome segregation affected by pka1 deletion in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Genet 2023; 69:115-125. [PMID: 37052630 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway in Schizosaccharomyces pombe plays an important role in microtubule organization and chromosome segregation. Typically, loss of functional Pka1 induces sensitivity to the microtubule-destabilizing drug thiabendazole (TBZ) and chromosome mis-segregation. To determine the mechanism via which Pka1 is involved in these events, we explored the relevance of transcription factors by creating a double-deletion strain of pka1 and 102 individual genes encoding transcription factors. We found that rst2∆, tfs1∆, mca1∆, and moc3∆ suppressed the TBZ-sensitive phenotype of the pka1∆ strain, among which tfs1∆ was the strongest suppressor. All single mutants (rst2∆, tfs1∆, mca1∆, and moc3∆) showed a TBZ-tolerant phenotype. Tfs1 has two transcriptional domains (TFIIS and Zn finger domains), both of which contributed to the suppression of the pka1∆-induced TBZ-sensitive phenotype. pka1∆-induced chromosome mis-segregation was rescued by tfs1∆ in the presence of TBZ. tfs1 overexpression induced the TBZ-sensitive phenotype and a high frequency of chromosome mis-segregation, suggesting that the amount of Tfs1 must be strictly controlled. However, Tfs1-expression levels did not differ between the wild-type and pka1∆ strains, and the Tfs1-GFP protein was localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm in both strains, which excludes the direct regulation of expression and localization of Tfs1 by Pka1. Growth inhibition by TBZ in pka1∆ strains was notably rescued by double deletion of rst2 and tfs1 rather than single deletion of rst2 or tfs1, indicating that Rst2 and Tfs1 contribute independently to counteract TBZ toxicity. Our findings highlight Tfs1 as a key transcription factor for proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Takenaka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Shiho Nishioka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
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Pérez-Díaz AJ, Vázquez-Marín B, Vicente-Soler J, Prieto-Ruiz F, Soto T, Franco A, Cansado J, Madrid M. cAMP-Protein kinase A and stress-activated MAP kinase signaling mediate transcriptional control of autophagy in fission yeast during glucose limitation or starvation. Autophagy 2023; 19:1311-1331. [PMID: 36107819 PMCID: PMC10012941 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2125204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential adaptive physiological response in eukaryotes induced during nutrient starvation, including glucose, the primary immediate carbon and energy source for most cells. Although the molecular mechanisms that induce autophagy during glucose starvation have been extensively explored in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, little is known about how this coping response is regulated in the evolutionary distant fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we show that S. pombe autophagy in response to glucose limitation relies on mitochondrial respiration and the electron transport chain (ETC), but, in contrast to S. cerevisiae, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and DNA damage response pathway components do not modulate fission yeast autophagic flux under these conditions. In the presence of glucose, the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway constitutively represses S. pombe autophagy by downregulating the transcription factor Rst2, which promotes the expression of respiratory genes required for autophagy induction under limited glucose availability. Furthermore, the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) signaling pathway, and its central mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Sty1, positively modulate autophagy upon glucose limitation at the transcriptional level through its downstream effector Atf1 and by direct in vivo phosphorylation of Rst2 at S292. Thus, our data indicate that the signaling pathways that govern autophagy during glucose shortage or starvation have evolved differently in S. pombe and uncover the existence of sophisticated and multifaceted mechanisms that control this self-preservation and survival response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Jesús Pérez-Díaz
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vázquez-Marín
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Prieto-Ruiz
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group. Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Comparative Research: Regulatory Mechanisms of Ribosomal Gene Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020288. [PMID: 36830657 PMCID: PMC9952952 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Restricting ribosome biosynthesis and assembly in response to nutrient starvation is a universal phenomenon that enables cells to survive with limited intracellular resources. When cells experience starvation, nutrient signaling pathways, such as the target of rapamycin (TOR) and protein kinase A (PKA), become quiescent, leading to several transcription factors and histone modification enzymes cooperatively and rapidly repressing ribosomal genes. Fission yeast has factors for heterochromatin formation similar to mammalian cells, such as H3K9 methyltransferase and HP1 protein, which are absent in budding yeast. However, limited studies on heterochromatinization in ribosomal genes have been conducted on fission yeast. Herein, we shed light on and compare the regulatory mechanisms of ribosomal gene transcription in two species with the latest insights.
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Asada R, Hirota K. Multi-Layered Regulations on the Chromatin Architectures: Establishing the Tight and Specific Responses of Fission Yeast fbp1 Gene Transcription. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1642. [PMID: 36358992 PMCID: PMC9687179 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is pivotal for all living organisms and is required for adequate response to environmental fluctuations and intercellular signaling molecules. For precise regulation of transcription, cells have evolved regulatory systems on the genome architecture, including the chromosome higher-order structure (e.g., chromatin loops), location of transcription factor (TF)-binding sequences, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcription, chromatin configuration (e.g., nucleosome positioning and histone modifications), and the topological state of the DNA double helix. To understand how these genome-chromatin architectures and their regulators establish tight and specific responses at the transcription stage, the fission yeast fbp1 gene has been analyzed as a model system for decades. The fission yeast fbp1 gene is tightly repressed in the presence of glucose, and this gene is induced by over three orders of magnitude upon glucose starvation with a cascade of multi-layered regulations on various levels of genome and chromatin architecture. In this review article, we summarize the multi-layered transcriptional regulatory systems revealed by the analysis of the fission yeast fbp1 gene as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Asada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Matsuo Y, Marcus S, Kawamukai M. Synergistic roles of the phospholipase B homolog Plb1 and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase Pka1 in the hypertonic stress response of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Genet 2022; 68:661-674. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-022-01253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ohtsuka H, Imada K, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Sporulation: A response to starvation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1303. [PMID: 35765188 PMCID: PMC9214231 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe employs two main strategies to adapt to the environment and survive when starved for nutrients. The strategies employ sporulation via sexual differentiation and extension of the chronological lifespan. When a cell is exposed to nutrient starvation in the presence of a cell of the opposite sex, the cells undergo fusion through conjugation and sporulation through meiosis. S. pombe spores are highly resistant to diverse stresses and may survive for a very long time. In this minireview, among the various sexual differentiation processes induced by starvation, we focused on and summarized the findings of the molecular mechanisms of spore formation in fission yeast. Furthermore, comparative measurements of the chronological lifespan of stationary phase cells and G0 cells and the survival period of spore cells revealed that the spore cells survived for a long period, indicating the presence of an effective mechanism for survival. Currently, many molecules involved in sporulation and their functions are being discovered; however, our understanding of these is not complete. Further understanding of spores may not only deepen our comprehension of sexual differentiation but may also provide hints for sustaining life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Imada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Protacio RU, Mukiza TO, Davidson MK, Wahls WP. Molecular mechanisms for environmentally induced and evolutionarily rapid redistribution (plasticity) of meiotic recombination. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab212. [PMID: 34888655 PMCID: PMC9097252 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known (circa 1917) that environmental conditions, as well as speciation, can affect dramatically the frequency distribution of Spo11/Rec12-dependent meiotic recombination. Here, by analyzing DNA sequence-dependent meiotic recombination hotspots in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we reveal a molecular basis for these phenomena. The impacts of changing environmental conditions (temperature, nutrients, and osmolarity) on local rates of recombination are mediated directly by DNA site-dependent hotspots (M26, CCAAT, and Oligo-C). This control is exerted through environmental condition-responsive signal transduction networks (involving Atf1, Pcr1, Php2, Php3, Php5, and Rst2). Strikingly, individual hotspots modulate rates of recombination over a very broad dynamic range in response to changing conditions. They can range from being quiescent to being highly proficient at promoting activity of the basal recombination machinery (Spo11/Rec12 complex). Moreover, each different class of hotspot functions as an independently controlled rheostat; a condition that increases the activity of one class can decrease the activity of another class. Together, the independent modulation of recombination rates by each different class of DNA site-dependent hotspots (of which there are many) provides a molecular mechanism for highly dynamic, large-scale changes in the global frequency distribution of meiotic recombination. Because hotspot-activating DNA sites discovered in fission yeast are conserved functionally in other species, this process can also explain the previously enigmatic, Prdm9-independent, evolutionarily rapid changes in hotspot usage between closely related species, subspecies, and isolated populations of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reine U Protacio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
| | - Tresor O Mukiza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
| | - Mari K Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
| | - Wayne P Wahls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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13
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Cansado J, Soto T, Franco A, Vicente-Soler J, Madrid M. The Fission Yeast Cell Integrity Pathway: A Functional Hub for Cell Survival upon Stress and Beyond. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010032. [PMID: 35049972 PMCID: PMC8781887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of eukaryotic organisms during environmental changes is largely dependent on the adaptive responses elicited by signal transduction cascades, including those regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. The Cell Integrity Pathway (CIP), one of the three MAPK pathways found in the simple eukaryote fission of yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, shows strong homology with mammalian Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs). Remarkably, studies over the last few decades have gradually positioned the CIP as a multi-faceted pathway that impacts multiple functional aspects of the fission yeast life cycle during unperturbed growth and in response to stress. They include the control of mRNA-stability through RNA binding proteins, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and modulation of cell wall integrity and cytokinesis. Moreover, distinct evidence has disclosed the existence of sophisticated interplay between the CIP and other environmentally regulated pathways, including Stress-Activated MAP Kinase signaling (SAPK) and the Target of Rapamycin (TOR). In this review we present a current overview of the organization and underlying regulatory mechanisms of the CIP in S. pombe, describe its most prominent functions, and discuss possible targets of and roles for this pathway. The evolutionary conservation of CIP signaling in the dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus will also be addressed.
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14
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Meiosis initiation: a story of two sexes in all creatures great and small. Biochem J 2021; 478:3791-3805. [PMID: 34709374 PMCID: PMC8589329 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis facilitates diversity across individuals and serves as a major driver of evolution. However, understanding how meiosis begins is complicated by fundamental differences that exist between sexes and species. Fundamental meiotic research is further hampered by a current lack of human meiotic cells lines. Consequently, much of what we know relies on data from model organisms. However, contextualising findings from yeast, worms, flies and mice can be challenging, due to marked differences in both nomenclature and the relative timing of meiosis. In this review, we set out to combine current knowledge of signalling and transcriptional pathways that control meiosis initiation across the sexes in a variety of organisms. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging links between meiosis initiation and oncogenesis, which might explain the frequent re-expression of normally silent meiotic genes in a variety of human cancers.
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15
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Koda W, Senmatsu S, Abe T, Hoffman CS, Hirota K. Reciprocal stabilization of transcription factor binding integrates two signaling pathways to regulate fission yeast fbp1 transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9809-9820. [PMID: 34486060 PMCID: PMC8464077 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation, a pivotal biological process by which cells adapt to environmental fluctuations, is achieved by the binding of transcription factors to target sequences in a sequence-specific manner. However, how transcription factors recognize the correct target from amongst the numerous candidates in a genome has not been fully elucidated. We here show that, in the fission-yeast fbp1 gene, when transcription factors bind to target sequences in close proximity, their binding is reciprocally stabilized, thereby integrating distinct signal transduction pathways. The fbp1 gene is massively induced upon glucose starvation by the activation of two transcription factors, Atf1 and Rst2, mediated via distinct signal transduction pathways. Atf1 and Rst2 bind to the upstream-activating sequence 1 region, carrying two binding sites located 45 bp apart. Their binding is reciprocally stabilized due to the close proximity of the two target sites, which destabilizes the independent binding of Atf1 or Rst2. Tup11/12 (Tup-family co-repressors) suppress independent binding. These data demonstrate a previously unappreciated mechanism by which two transcription-factor binding sites, in close proximity, integrate two independent-signal pathways, thereby behaving as a hub for signal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Koda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Satoshi Senmatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takuya Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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16
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Inamura SI, Tanabe T, Kawamukai M, Matsuo Y. Expression of Mug14 is regulated by the transcription factor Rst2 through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Genet 2021; 67:807-821. [PMID: 34086083 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (Pka1) regulates many cellular events, including sexual development and glycogenesis, and response to the limitation of glucose, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Despite its importance in many cellular events, the targets of the cAMP/PKA pathway have not been fully investigated. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of mug14 is induced by downregulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway and limitation of glucose. This regulation is dependent on the function of Rst2, a transcription factor that regulates transition from mitosis to meiosis. The loss of the C2H2-type zinc finger domain in Rst2, termed Rst2 (C2H2∆), abolished the induction of Mug14 expression. Upon deletion of the stress starvation response element of the S. pombe (STREP: CCCCTC) sequence, which is a potential binding site of Rst2 on mug14, in the pka1∆ strain, its induction was abolished. The expression of Mug14 was significantly reduced and delayed by the limitation of glucose and also by nitrogen starvation in the rst2∆ strain. Mug14 is known to share a common function with Mde1 and Mta3 in the methionine salvage pathway, but the expression of mde1 and mta3 mRNAs was not enhanced by pka1 deletion and limitation of glucose. We conclude that the expression of Mug14 is upregulated by Rst2 under the control of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, which senses the limitation of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ich Inamura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takuma Tanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.,Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan. .,Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
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17
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lncRNA transcription induces meiotic recombination through chromatin remodelling in fission yeast. Commun Biol 2021; 4:295. [PMID: 33674718 PMCID: PMC7935937 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes, including gene expression, development, and disease. Here, we identify a novel consensus sequence of a cis-element involved in long ncRNA (lncRNA) transcription and demonstrate that lncRNA transcription from this cis-element activates meiotic recombination via chromatin remodeling. In the fission yeast fbp1 gene, glucose starvation induces a series of promoter-associated lncRNAs, referred to as metabolic-stress-induced lncRNAs (mlonRNAs), which contribute to chromatin remodeling and fbp1 activation. Translocation of the cis-element required for mlonRNA into a well-characterized meiotic recombination hotspot, ade6-M26, further stimulates transcription and meiotic recombination via local chromatin remodeling. The consensus sequence of this cis-element (mlon-box) overlaps with meiotic recombination sites in the fission yeast genome. At one such site, the SPBC24C6.09c upstream region, meiotic double-strand break (DSB) formation is induced in an mlon-box-dependent manner. Therefore, mlonRNA transcription plays a universal role in chromatin remodeling and the regulation of transcription and recombination.
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18
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Jiang G, Liu Q, Kato T, Miao H, Gao X, Liu K, Chen S, Sakamoto N, Kuno T, Fang Y. Role of mitochondrial complex III/IV in the activation of transcription factor Rst2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:1323-1338. [PMID: 33400299 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential roles in eukaryotic cells for glucose metabolism to produce ATP. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, transcription factor Rst2 can be activated upon glucose deprivation. However, the link between Rst2 and mitochondrial function remains elusive. Here, we monitored Rst2 transcriptional activity in living cells using a Renilla luciferase reporter system, and found that inhibition of mitochondrial complex III/IV caused cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), which in turn activated Rst2. Furthermore, Rst2-GFP was observed to translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus upon mitochondrial complex III/IV inhibitors treatment, and deletion of genes associated with complex III/IV resulted in delayed process of Rst2-GFP nuclear exportation under glucose-rich condition. In particular, we found that Rst2 was phosphorylated following the treatment of complex III/IV inhibitors or SNAP. Altogether, our findings suggest that mitochondrial complex III/IV participates in the activation of Rst2 through ROS and NO generation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglie Jiang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Toshiaki Kato
- Division of Food and Drug Evaluation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hao Miao
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Norihiro Sakamoto
- Division of Food and Drug Evaluation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kuno
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Division of Food and Drug Evaluation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yue Fang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Vještica A, Bérard M, Liu G, Merlini L, Nkosi PJ, Martin SG. Cell cycle-dependent and independent mating blocks ensure fungal zygote survival and ploidy maintenance. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001067. [PMID: 33406066 PMCID: PMC7815208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure genome stability, sexually reproducing organisms require that mating brings together exactly 2 haploid gametes and that meiosis occurs only in diploid zygotes. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, fertilization triggers the Mei3-Pat1-Mei2 signaling cascade, which represses subsequent mating and initiates meiosis. Here, we establish a degron system to specifically degrade proteins postfusion and demonstrate that mating blocks not only safeguard zygote ploidy but also prevent lysis caused by aberrant fusion attempts. Using long-term imaging and flow-cytometry approaches, we identify previously unrecognized and independent roles for Mei3 and Mei2 in zygotes. We show that Mei3 promotes premeiotic S-phase independently of Mei2 and that cell cycle progression is both necessary and sufficient to reduce zygotic mating behaviors. Mei2 not only imposes the meiotic program and promotes the meiotic cycle, but also blocks mating behaviors independently of Mei3 and cell cycle progression. Thus, we find that fungi preserve zygote ploidy and survival by at least 2 mechanisms where the zygotic fate imposed by Mei2 and the cell cycle reentry triggered by Mei3 synergize to prevent zygotic mating. During sexual reproduction, fertilization must happen between exactly two gametes to ensure genome stability. This study shows that two mechanisms – establishment of zygotic fate and re-entry to the cell cycle – combine to prevent fission yeast zygotes fusing with further gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Vještica
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AV); (SGM)
| | - Melvin Bérard
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaowen Liu
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Merlini
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Junior Nkosi
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G. Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AV); (SGM)
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20
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Senmatsu S, Hirota K. Roles of lncRNA transcription as a novel regulator of chromosomal function. Genes Genet Syst 2020; 95:213-223. [PMID: 33028747 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many transcriptome analyses have revealed that numerous noncoding RNAs are transcribed in eukaryotic cells. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which consist of over 200 nucleotides, are considered to be key players in a variety of biological processes and structures including gene expression, differentiation and nuclear architecture. Many studies on individual lncRNAs have identified their molecular functions as decoys, recruiters and scaffolds, which arise through interactions with proteins and the construction of ribonucleoproteins. In addition to the roles played by transcribed lncRNA molecules, several studies have indicated the important functions of nascent lncRNA transcription processes. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the important roles of lncRNA transcription processes in the regulation of chromosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Senmatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
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21
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Matsuda S, Kikkawa U, Uda H, Nakashima A. The S. pombe CDK5 ortholog Pef1 regulates sexual differentiation through control of the TORC1 pathway and autophagy. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247817. [PMID: 32788233 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a general strategy for survival in response to environmental changes is sexual differentiation, which is triggered by TORC1 inactivation. However, mechanisms of TORC1 regulation in fission yeast remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that Pef1, which is an ortholog of mammalian CDK5, regulates the initiation of sexual differentiation through positive regulation of TORC1 activity. Conversely, deletion of pef1 leads to activation of autophagy and subsequent excessive TORC1 reactivation during the early phases of the nitrogen starvation response. This excessive TORC1 reactivation results in the silencing of the Ste11-Mei2 pathway and mating defects. Additionally, we found that pef1 genetically interacts with tsc1 and tsc2 for TORC1 regulation, and physically interacts with three cyclins, Clg1, Pas1 and Psl1. The double deletion of clg1 and pas1 promotes activation of autophagy and TORC1 during nitrogen starvation, similar to what is seen in pef1Δ cells. Overall, our work suggests that Pef1-Clg1 and Pef1-Pas1 complexes regulate initiation of sexual differentiation through control of the TSC-TORC1 pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Matsuda
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ushio Kikkawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Uda
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Nakashima
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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22
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Byrne DP, Shrestha S, Galler M, Cao M, Daly LA, Campbell AE, Eyers CE, Veal EA, Kannan N, Eyers PA. Aurora A regulation by reversible cysteine oxidation reveals evolutionarily conserved redox control of Ser/Thr protein kinase activity. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaax2713. [PMID: 32636306 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are physiological mediators of cellular signaling and play potentially damaging roles in human diseases. In this study, we found that the catalytic activity of the Ser/Thr kinase Aurora A was inhibited by the oxidation of a conserved cysteine residue (Cys290) that lies adjacent to Thr288, a critical phosphorylation site in the activation segment. Cys is present at the equivalent position in ~100 human Ser/Thr kinases, a residue that we found was important not only for the activity of human Aurora A but also for that of fission yeast MAPK-activated kinase (Srk1) and PKA (Pka1). Moreover, the presence of this conserved Cys predicted biochemical redox sensitivity among a cohort of human CAMK, AGC, and AGC-like kinases. Thus, we predict that redox modulation of the conserved Cys290 of Aurora A may be an underappreciated regulatory mechanism that is widespread in eukaryotic Ser/Thr kinases. Given the key biological roles of these enzymes, these findings have implications for understanding physiological and pathological responses to ROS and highlight the importance of protein kinase regulation through multivalent modification of the activation segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Safal Shrestha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Martin Galler
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Min Cao
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Leonard A Daly
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Amy E Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Veal
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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23
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Adaptation to Industrial Stressors Through Genomic and Transcriptional Plasticity in a Bioethanol Producing Fission Yeast Isolate. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1375-1391. [PMID: 32086247 PMCID: PMC7144085 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a model unicellular eukaryote with ties to the basic research, oenology and industrial biotechnology sectors. While most investigations into S. pombe cell biology utilize Leupold’s 972h- laboratory strain background, recent studies have described a wealth of genetic and phenotypic diversity within wild populations of S. pombe including stress resistance phenotypes which may be of interest to industry. Here we describe the genomic and transcriptomic characterization of Wilmar-P, an S. pombe isolate used for bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses at industrial scale. Novel sequences present in Wilmar-P but not in the laboratory S. pombe genome included multiple coding sequences with near-perfect nucleotide identity to Schizosaccharomyces octosporus sequences. Wilmar-P also contained a ∼100kb duplication in the right arm of chromosome III, a region harboring ght5+, the predominant hexose transporter encoding gene. Transcriptomic analysis of Wilmar-P grown in molasses revealed strong downregulation of core environmental stress response genes and upregulation of hexose transporters and drug efflux pumps compared to laboratory S. pombe. Finally, examination of the regulatory network of Scr1, which is involved in the regulation of several genes differentially expressed on molasses, revealed expanded binding of this transcription factor in Wilmar-P compared to laboratory S. pombe in the molasses condition. Together our results point to both genomic plasticity and transcriptomic adaptation as mechanisms driving phenotypic adaptation of Wilmar-P to the molasses environment and therefore adds to our understanding of genetic diversity within industrial fission yeast strains and the capacity of this strain for commercial scale bioethanol production.
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24
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Fraile R, Sánchez-Mir L, Hidalgo E. A new adaptation strategy to glucose starvation: modulation of the gluconate shunt and pentose phosphate pathway by the transcriptional repressor Rsv1. FEBS J 2019; 287:874-877. [PMID: 31777167 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Survival upon glucose starvation requires a delicate balance between different metabolic pathways. A recent work by the Roe laboratory provides a mechanistic link between glucose deprivation and the regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, with the transcriptional repressor Rsv1 playing a key role in the process. Rsv1 regulates the flow of glucose into its possible metabolic fates and promotes long-term survival under low glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fraile
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Mir
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Zheng F, Jia B, Dong F, Liu L, Rasul F, He J, Fu C. Glucose starvation induces mitochondrial fragmentation depending on the dynamin GTPase Dnm1/Drp1 in fission yeast. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17725-17734. [PMID: 31562247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria undergo morphological and dynamic changes in response to environmental stresses. Few studies have focused on addressing mitochondrial remodeling under stress. Using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism, here we investigated mitochondrial remodeling under glucose starvation. We employed live-cell microscopy to monitor mitochondrial morphology and dynamics of cells in profusion chambers under glucose starvation. Our results revealed that mitochondria fragment within minutes after glucose starvation and that the dynamin GTPase Dnm1 is required for promoting mitochondrial fragmentation. Moreover, we found that glucose starvation enhances Dnm1 localization to mitochondria and increases the frequency of mitochondrial fission but decreases PKA activity. We further demonstrate that low PKA activity enhances glucose starvation-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas high PKA activity confers resistance to glucose starvation-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Moreover, we observed that AMP-activated protein kinase is not involved in regulating mitochondrial fragmentation under glucose starvation. Of note, glucose starvation-induced mitochondrial fragmentation was associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species production. Our work provides detailed mechanistic insights into mitochondrial remodeling in response to glucose starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Bowen Jia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Fenfen Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Ling Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Faiz Rasul
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jiajia He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China .,Anhui Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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26
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Kim E, Cho Y, Chung W, Roe J. The role of Rsv1 in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolism for long‐term survival. FEBS J 2019; 287:878-896. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology Seoul National University Korea
| | | | - Woo‐Hyun Chung
- College of Pharmacy Duksung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Jung‐Hye Roe
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology Seoul National University Korea
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27
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Vassiliadis D, Wong KH, Andrianopoulos A, Monahan BJ. A genome-wide analysis of carbon catabolite repression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:251. [PMID: 30922219 PMCID: PMC6440086 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal glucose metabolism is central to the growth and development of cells. In microbial eukaryotes, carbon catabolite repression (CCR) mediates the preferential utilization of glucose, primarily by repressing alternate carbon source utilization. In fission yeast, CCR is mediated by transcriptional repressors Scr1 and the Tup/Ssn6 complex, with the Rst2 transcription factor important for activation of gluconeogenesis and sexual differentiation genes upon derepression. Through genetic and genome-wide methods, this study aimed to comprehensively characterize CCR in fission yeast by identifying the genes and biological processes that are regulated by Scr1, Tup/Ssn6 and Rst2, the core CCR machinery. RESULTS The transcriptional response of fission yeast to glucose-sufficient or glucose-deficient growth conditions in wild type and CCR mutant cells was determined by RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. Scr1 was found to regulate genes involved in carbon metabolism, hexose uptake, gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle. Surprisingly, a role for Scr1 in the suppression of sexual differentiation was also identified, as homothallic scr1 deletion mutants showed ectopic meiosis in carbon and nitrogen rich conditions. ChIP-seq characterised the targets of Tup/Ssn6 and Rst2 identifying regulatory roles within and independent of CCR. Finally, a subset of genes bound by all three factors was identified, implying that regulation of certain loci may be modulated in a competitive fashion between the Scr1, Tup/Ssn6 repressors and the Rst2 activator. CONCLUSIONS By identifying the genes directly and indirectly regulated by Scr1, Tup/Ssn6 and Rst2, this study comprehensively defined the gene regulatory networks of CCR in fission yeast and revealed the transcriptional complexities governing this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Vassiliadis
- Genetics, Genomics & Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Alex Andrianopoulos
- Genetics, Genomics & Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Genetics, Genomics & Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Cancer Therapeutics (CTx), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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28
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lncRNA transcriptional initiation induces chromatin remodeling within a limited range in the fission yeast fbp1 promoter. Sci Rep 2019; 9:299. [PMID: 30670704 PMCID: PMC6342983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed across gene promoters have been detected. These regulate transcription by mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. We herein show that the chromatin configuration is altered into an accessible state within 290 bp downstream from the initiation site of metabolic-stress-induced lncRNAs (mlonRNAs) in the promoter of the fission yeast fbp1 gene, whose transcription is massively induced upon glucose starvation. Chromatin upstream from fbp1 is progressively altered into an open configuration, as a cascade of transcription of three overlapping mlonRNA species (-a, -b and -c in order) occurs with transcriptional initiation sites progressing 5′ to 3′ upstream of the fbp1 promoter. Initiation of the shortest mlonRNA (mlonRNA-c) induces chromatin remodeling around a transcription factor-binding site and subsequent massive induction of fbp1. We identify the cis-element required for mlonRNA-c initiation, and by changing the distance between mlonRNA-initiation site and the transcription factor-binding site, we show that mlonRNA-initiation effectively induces chromatin remodeling in a limited distance within 290 bp. These results indicate that mlonRNAs are transcribed across the fbp1 promoter as a short-range inducer for local chromatin alterations, and suggest that strict chromatin modulation is archived via stepwise mlonRNA-initiations.
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29
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Huang G, Huang Q, Wei Y, Wang Y, Du H. Multiple roles and diverse regulation of the Ras/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2018; 111:6-16. [PMID: 30299574 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans, causing both superficial and life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised people. The conserved Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway plays a key role in regulating multiple traits important for the virulence of C. albicans such as cell growth, yeast-hyphal transition, white-opaque switching, sexual reproduction and biofilm development. Diverse external signals influence cell physiology by activating this signaling pathway. The key components of the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway include two Ras GTPases (Ras1 and Ras2), an adenylyl cyclase (Cyr1, also known as Cdc35), two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (Pde1 and Pde2) and the catalytic (Tpk1 and Tpk2) and regulatory (Bcy1) subunits of PKA kinase. Activation of this pathway dramatically alters the gene expression profile via several transcription factors, leading to the activation of specific biological processes. Here, we review the progress made in the past two decades to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway senses diverse environmental cues and controls specific cellular responses and its connection with other signaling pathways in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yujia Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Han Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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30
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Histone Chaperone Asf1 Is Required for the Establishment of Repressive Chromatin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe fbp1 Gene Repression. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00194-18. [PMID: 29967244 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00194-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrangement of nucleosomes in chromatin plays a role in transcriptional regulation by restricting the accessibility of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II to cis-acting elements and promoters. For gene activation, the chromatin structure is altered to an open configuration. The mechanism for this process has been extensively analyzed. However, the mechanism by which repressive chromatin is reconstituted to terminate transcription has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which chromatin is reconstituted in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombefbp1 gene, which is robustly induced upon glucose starvation but tightly repressed under glucose-rich conditions. We found that the chromatin structure in the region upstream from fbp1 is closed by a two-step process. When cells are returned to glucose-rich medium following glucose starvation, changes in the nucleosome pattern alter the chromatin configuration at the transcription factor binding site to an inaccessible state, after which the nucleosome density upstream from fbp1 gradually increases via histone loading. Interestingly, this histone loading was observed in the absence of the Tup family corepressors Tup11 and Tup12. Analysis of strains carrying either gene disruptions or mutations affecting nine fission yeast histone chaperone genes demonstrated that the histone chaperone Asf1 induces nucleosome loading during glucose repression. These data establish a previously unappreciated chromatin reconstitution mechanism in fbp1 repression.
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31
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Takenaka K, Tanabe T, Kawamukai M, Matsuo Y. Overexpression of the transcription factor Rst2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe indicates growth defect, mitotic defects, and microtubule disorder. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:247-257. [PMID: 29316864 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1415126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the transcription factor Rst2 regulates ste11 in meiosis and fbp1 in glucogenesis downstream of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway. Here, we demonstrate that Rst2 regulates additional cellular events. Overexpressed Rst2 elevated the frequency of oval, bent, branched, septated, and multi-septated cells. Cells showed normal nuclear divisions but exhibited abnormal nuclear organization at low frequency. In oval cells, microtubules were curved but they were rescued by the deletion of mal3. Since growth defect was not rescued by mal3 deletion, we argue that it is regulated independently. Loss of functional Pka1 exaggerated growth defect upon Rst2 overexpression because its downregulation by Pka1 was lost. Overexpression of Rst2 also caused sensitivity to KCl and CaCl2. These findings suggest that, in addition to meiosis and glucogenesis, Rst2 is involved in cellular events such as regulation of cell growth, cell morphology, mitosis progression, microtubules structure, nuclear structure, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Takenaka
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Takuma Tanabe
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- a Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science , Shimane University , Matsue , Japan
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32
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Bhola T, Kapuy O, Vinod PK. Computational modelling of meiotic entry and commitment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:180. [PMID: 29317645 PMCID: PMC5760542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to developmental and environmental conditions, cells exit the mitotic cell cycle and enter the meiosis program to generate haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Once cells decide to enter the meiosis program they become irreversibly committed to the completion of meiosis irrespective of the presence of cue signals. How meiotic entry and commitment occur due to the dynamics of the regulatory network is not well understood. Therefore, we constructed a mathematical model of the regulatory network that controls the transition from mitosis to meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Upon nitrogen starvation, yeast cells exit mitosis and undergo conjugation and meiotic entry. The model includes the regulation of Mei2, an RNA binding protein required for conjugation and meiotic entry, by multiple feedback loops involving Pat1, a kinase that keeps cells in mitosis, and Ste11, a transcription activator required for the sexual differentiation. The model accounts for various experimental observations and demonstrates that the activation of Mei2 is bistable, which ensures the irreversible commitment to meiosis. Further, we show by integrating the meiosis-specific regulation with a cell cycle model, the dynamics of cell cycle exit, G1 arrest and entry into meiosis under nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Bhola
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P K Vinod
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, 500032, India.
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33
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Cao C, Wu M, Bing J, Tao L, Ding X, Liu X, Huang G. Global regulatory roles of the c
AMP/PKA
pathway revealed by phenotypic, transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic analyses in a null mutant of the
PKA
catalytic subunit in
C
andida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:46-64. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049 China
| | - Mei Wu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871 China
| | - Jian Bing
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
| | - Xuefen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049 China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871 China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049 China
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34
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Takemata N, Oda A, Yamada T, Galipon J, Miyoshi T, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Hoffman CS, Hirota K, Ohta K. Local potentiation of stress-responsive genes by upstream noncoding transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:5174-89. [PMID: 26945040 PMCID: PMC4914089 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that a myriad of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to gene regulation. In fission yeast, glucose starvation triggers lncRNA transcription across promoter regions of stress-responsive genes including fbp1 (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase1). At the fbp1 promoter, this transcription promotes chromatin remodeling and fbp1 mRNA expression. Here, we demonstrate that such upstream noncoding transcription facilitates promoter association of the stress-responsive transcriptional activator Atf1 at the sites of transcription, leading to activation of the downstream stress genes. Genome-wide analyses revealed that ∼50 Atf1-binding sites show marked decrease in Atf1 occupancy when cells are treated with a transcription inhibitor. Most of these transcription-enhanced Atf1-binding sites are associated with stress-dependent induction of the adjacent mRNAs or lncRNAs, as observed in fbp1. These Atf1-binding sites exhibit low Atf1 occupancy and high histone density in glucose-rich conditions, and undergo dramatic changes in chromatin status after glucose depletion: enhanced Atf1 binding, histone eviction, and histone H3 acetylation. We also found that upstream transcripts bind to the Groucho-Tup1 type transcriptional corepressors Tup11 and Tup12, and locally antagonize their repressive functions on Atf1 binding. These results reveal a new mechanism in which upstream noncoding transcription locally magnifies the specific activation of stress-inducible genes via counteraction of corepressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Takemata
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Arisa Oda
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takatomi Yamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Josephine Galipon
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0035, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | | | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachi-Ohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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35
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Kelkar M, Martin SG. PKA antagonizes CLASP-dependent microtubule stabilization to re-localize Pom1 and buffer cell size upon glucose limitation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8445. [PMID: 26443240 PMCID: PMC4618306 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells couple growth with division and regulate size in response to nutrient availability. In rod-shaped fission yeast, cell-size control occurs at mitotic commitment. An important regulator is the DYRK-family kinase Pom1, which forms gradients from cell poles and inhibits the mitotic activator Cdr2, itself localized at the medial cortex. Where and when Pom1 modulates Cdr2 activity is unclear as Pom1 medial cortical levels remain constant during cell elongation. Here we show that Pom1 re-localizes to cell sides upon environmental glucose limitation, where it strongly delays mitosis. This re-localization is caused by severe microtubule destabilization upon glucose starvation, with microtubules undergoing catastrophe and depositing the Pom1 gradient nucleator Tea4 at cell sides. Microtubule destabilization requires PKA/Pka1 activity, which negatively regulates the microtubule rescue factor CLASP/Cls1/Peg1, reducing CLASP's ability to stabilize microtubules. Thus, PKA signalling tunes CLASP's activity to promote Pom1 cell side localization and buffer cell size upon glucose starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kelkar
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Antagonistic controls of chromatin and mRNA start site selection by Tup family corepressors and the CCAAT-binding factor. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:847-55. [PMID: 25535331 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00924-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tup family corepressors contribute to critical cellular responses, such as the stress response and differentiation, presumably by inducing repressive chromatin, though the precise repression mechanism remains to be elucidated. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe fission yeast Tup family corepressors Tup11 and Tup12 (Tup11/12), which are orthologs of Tup1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae budding yeast and Groucho in Drosophila, negatively control chromatin and the transcriptional activity of some stress-responsive genes. Here, we demonstrate that Tup11/12 repress transcription of a gluconeogenesis gene, fbp1⁺, by three distinct mechanisms. First, Tup11/12 inhibit chromatin remodeling in the fbp1⁺ promoter region where the Atf1 and Rst2 transcriptional activators bind. Second, they repress the formation of an open chromatin configuration at the fbp1⁺ TATA box. Third, they repress mRNA transcription per se by regulating basic transcription factors. These inhibitory actions of Tup11/12 are antagonized by three different types of transcriptional activators: CREB/ATF-type Atf1, C₂H₂zinc finger-type Rst2, and CBF/NF-Y-type Php5 proteins. We also found that impaired chromatin remodeling and fbp1⁺ mRNA transcription in php5Δ strains are rescued by the double deletions of tup11⁺ and tup12⁺, although the distribution of the transcription start sites becomes broader than that in wild-type cells. These data reveal a new mechanism of precise determination of the mRNA start site by Tup family corepressors and CBF/NF-Y proteins.
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37
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Transcriptional profiling analysis of individual kinase-deletion strains of fission yeast in response to nitrogen starvation. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:1067-83. [PMID: 25528445 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen starvation (NS) induces sexual development when mating partners are available or enter into quiescent state (G0) in heterothallic background in fission yeast. However, little is known whether the two processes share common signaling molecules or cells defective in the two processes share common transcriptional signatures. To address these questions, we first assessed 77 kinase-deletion strains for NS-induced G0-arrest phenotypes. Our result indicated that 10 out of 77 kinase-deletion strains exhibited defect in G0-arrest, only 3 of which were defective in sexual development based on a previous study, suggesting that the two processes hardly share common signaling components. We subsequently performed transcriptional profiling analysis. Our result indicated that NS-induced transcriptional change was so robust that it prevailed the alteration by individual kinase-deletion alleles. Based on comparison between kinase-deletion strains proficient and deficient in sexual development or G0-arrest, we identified subsets of genes that were associated with sexual development-deficient or G0-arrest-deficient kinase-deletion strains. Multiple pairing analyses allowed grouping of functional related kinases. Furthermore, we showed that Pka1-mediated pathways were required for upregulation of NS-induced genes upon NS and downregulation of the same set of genes under the N-replete conditions. Taken together, our analyses indicate that sexual development and NS-induced G0-arrest are unrelated; and sexual development-deficient and G0-arrest-deficient kinase-deletion strains possess distinct transcriptional signatures. We propose that Pka1 is a key regulator of nitrogen metabolic pathways and Pka1-mediated signaling pathways play roles in regulation of NS-induced genes under both N-depleted and N-replete conditions.
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38
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Ohtsuka H, Ishida M, Naito C, Murakami H, Aiba H. Sexual development of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is induced by zinc or iron limitation through Ecl1 family genes. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:173-85. [PMID: 25204792 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecl1 family genes (ecl1 (+), ecl2 (+), and ecl3 (+)) have been identified as extenders of the chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we found that the triple-deletion mutant (∆ecl1/2/3) had a defect in sexual development after entry into the stationary phase, although the mutant essentially showed normal mating and sporulation under nitrogen starvation or carbon limitation. In this study, we showed that limitation of zinc or iron can be a signal for sexual development of S. pombe cells grown in Edinburgh minimal medium until the stationary phase and that Ecl1 family genes are important for this process. Because the ∆ecl1/2/3 mutant diminishes the zinc depletion-dependent gene expression, Ecl1 family proteins may function as zinc sensors in the process of sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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39
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of eukaryotic cells, and a conserved feature of gametogenesis is its dependency on a master regulator. The ste11 gene was isolated more than 20 years ago by the Yamamoto laboratory as a suppressor of the uncontrolled meiosis driven by a pat1 mutant. Numerous studies from this laboratory and others have established the role of the Ste11 transcription factor as the master regulator of the switch between proliferation and differentiation in fission yeast. The transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls of ste11 expression are intricate, but most are not redundant. Whereas the transcriptional controls ensure that the gene is transcribed at a high level only when nutrients are rare, the post-transcriptional controls restrict the ability of Ste11 to function as a transcription factor to the G1-phase of the cell cycle from where the differentiation programme is initiated. Several feedback loops ensure that the cell fate decision is irreversible. The complete panel of molecular mechanisms operating to warrant the timely expression of the ste11 gene and its encoded protein basically mirrors the advances in the understanding of the numerous ways by which gene expression can be modulated.
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40
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Cohen A, Kupiec M, Weisman R. Glucose activates TORC2-Gad8 protein via positive regulation of the cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and negative regulation of the Pmk1 protein-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21727-37. [PMID: 24928510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase belongs to the highly conserved eukaryotic family of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases. TOR proteins are found at the core of two evolutionary conserved complexes, known as TORC1 and TORC2. In fission yeast, TORC2 is dispensable for proliferation under optimal growth conditions but is required for starvation and stress responses. TORC2 has been implicated in a wide variety of functions; however, the signals that regulate TORC2 activity have so far remained obscure. TORC2 has one known direct substrate, the AGC kinase Gad8, which is related to AKT in human cells. Gad8 is phosphorylated by TORC2 at Ser-546 (equivalent to AKT Ser-473), leading to its activation. Here, we show that glucose is necessary and sufficient to induce Gad8 Ser-546 phosphorylation in vivo and Gad8 kinase activity in vitro. The glucose signal that activates TORC2-Gad8 is mediated via the cAMP/PKA pathway, a major glucose-sensing pathway. By contrast, Pmk1, similar to human extracellular signal-regulated kinases and a major stress-induced mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in fission yeast, inhibits TORC2-dependent Gad8 phosphorylation and activation. Inhibition of TORC2-Gad8 also occurs in response to ionic or osmotic stress, in a manner dependent on the cAMP/PKA and Pmk1-MAPK signaling pathways. Our findings highlight the significance of glucose availability in regulation of TORC2-Gad8 and indicate a novel link between the cAMP/PKA, Pmk1/MAPK, and TORC2-Gad8 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Cohen
- From the Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, University Road 1, 4353701 Ranana and
| | - Martin Kupiec
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Weisman
- From the Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, University Road 1, 4353701 Ranana and
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41
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Kato T, Zhou X, Ma Y. Possible involvement of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in glucose deprivation-induced activation of transcription factor rst2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78012. [PMID: 24155978 PMCID: PMC3796501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is one of the most important sources of cellular nutrition and glucose deprivation induces various cellular responses. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, zinc finger protein Rst2 is activated upon glucose deprivation, and regulates gene expression via the STREP (stress response element of Schizosaccharomyces pombe) motif. However, the activation mechanism of Rst2 is not fully understood. We monitored Rst2 transcriptional activity in living cells using a Renilla luciferase reporter system. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation and free radical scavenger inhibited Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation. In addition, deletion of the trx2 (+) gene encoding mitochondrial thioredoxin enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity. Notably, nitric oxide (NO) generators enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation as well as under glucose-rich conditions. Furthermore, NO specific scavenger inhibited Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation. Altogether, our data suggest that NO and reactive oxygen species may be involved in the activation of transcription factor Rst2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Xin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Agarwal C, Aulakh KB, Edelen K, Cooper M, Wallen RM, Adams S, Schultz DJ, Perlin MH. Ustilago maydis phosphodiesterases play a role in the dimorphic switch and in pathogenicity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:857-868. [PMID: 23475947 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.061234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Components of the cAMP (cyclic AMP) signalling cascades are conserved from fungi to humans, and are particularly important for fungal dimorphism and pathogenicity. Previous work has described two phosphodiesterases, UmPde1 and UmPde2, in Ustilago maydis which show strong phosphodiesterase activity. We further characterized the biological function(s) of these phosphodiesterases in U. maydis. Specifically, we examined their possible role(s) in regulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and their roles in filamentous growth and pathogenicity. We found that UmPde1, which shares 35 % similarity with Cryptococcus neoformans Pde1, also displays functional homology with this enzyme. UmPde1 complements the capsule-formation defect of C. neoformans strains deleted for Pde1. In U. maydis, the cell morphology of the umpde1 deletion mutant resembled the multiple budding phenotypes seen with the ubc1 mutant, which lacks the regulatory subunit of PKA. Interestingly, on low-ammonium medium, umpde2 deletion strains showed a reduction in filamentation that was comparable to that of ubc1 deletion strains; however, umpde1 deletion strains showed normal filamentation on low-ammonium medium. Furthermore, both the ubc1 deletion strain in which the PKA pathway was constitutively active and the umpde1 deletion strains were significantly reduced in pathogenicity, while the umpde2 deletion strains showed a trend for reduced pathogenicity compared with wild-type strains. These data support a role for the phosphodiesterases UmPde1 and UmPde2 in regulating the U. maydis cAMP-dependent PKA pathway through modulation of cAMP levels, thus affecting dimorphic growth and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Agarwal
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Kavita B Aulakh
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Kaly Edelen
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Michael Cooper
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - R Margaret Wallen
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Seth Adams
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - David J Schultz
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Michael H Perlin
- Department of Biology, Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
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Madrid M, Fernández-Zapata J, Sánchez-Mir L, Soto T, Franco A, Vicente-Soler J, Gacto M, Cansado J. Role of the fission yeast cell integrity MAPK pathway in response to glucose limitation. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:34. [PMID: 23398982 PMCID: PMC3572419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucose is a signaling molecule which regulates multiple events in eukaryotic organisms and the most preferred carbon source in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The ability of this yeast to grow in the absence of glucose becomes strongly limited due to lack of enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle that support diauxic growth. The stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway and its effectors, Sty1 MAPK and transcription factor Atf1, play a critical role in the adaptation of fission yeast to grow on alternative non-fermentable carbon sources by inducing the expression of fbp1+ gene, coding for the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. The cell integrity Pmk1 pathway is another MAPK cascade that regulates various processes in fission yeast, including cell wall construction, cytokinesis, and ionic homeostasis. Pmk1 pathway also becomes strongly activated in response to glucose deprivation but its role during glucose exhaustion and ensuing adaptation to respiratory metabolism is currently unknown. Results We found that Pmk1 activation in the absence of glucose takes place only after complete depletion of this carbon source and that such activation is not related to an endogenous oxidative stress. Notably, Pmk1 MAPK activation relies on de novo protein synthesis, is independent on known upstream activators of the pathway like Rho2 GTPase, and involves PKC ortholog Pck2. Also, the Glucose/cAMP pathway is required operative for full activation of the Pmk1 signaling cascade. Mutants lacking Pmk1 displayed a partial growth defect in respiratory media which was not observed in the presence of glucose. This phenotype was accompanied by a decreased and delayed expression of transcription factor Atf1 and target genes fbp1+ and pyp2+. Intriguingly, the kinetics of Sty1 activation in Pmk1-less cells was clearly altered during growth adaptation to non-fermentable carbon sources. Conclusions Unknown upstream elements mediate Pck2-dependent signal transduction of glucose withdrawal to the cell integrity MAPK pathway. This signaling cascade reinforces the adaptive response of fission yeast to such nutritional stress by enhancing the activity of the SAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
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Kim L, Hoe KL, Yu YM, Yeon JH, Maeng PJ. The fission yeast GATA factor, Gaf1, modulates sexual development via direct down-regulation of ste11+ expression in response to nitrogen starvation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42409. [PMID: 22900017 PMCID: PMC3416868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaf1 is the first GATA family zinc-finger transcription factor identified in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we report that Gaf1 functions as a negatively acting transcription factor of ste11+, delaying the entrance of cells exposed to transient nitrogen starvation into the meiotic cycle. gaf1Δ strains exhibited accelerated G1-arrest upon nitrogen starvation. Moreover, gaf1Δ mutation caused increased mating and sporulation frequency under both nitrogen-starved and unstarved conditions, while overexpression of gaf1+ led to a significant impairment of sporulation. By microarray analysis, we found that approximately 63% (116 genes) of the 183 genes up-regulated in unstarved gaf1Δ cells were nitrogen starvation-responsive genes, and furthermore that 25 genes among the genes up-regulated by gaf1Δ mutation are Ste11 targets (e.g., gpa1+, ste4+, spk1+, ste11+, and mei2+). The phenotype caused by gaf1Δ mutation was masked by ste11Δ mutation, indicating that ste11+ is epistatic to gaf1+ with respect to sporulation efficiency, and accordingly that gaf1+ functions upstream of ste11+ in the signaling pathway governing sexual development. gaf1Δ strains showed accelerated ste11+ expression under nitrogen starvation and increased ste11+ expression even under normal conditions. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that Gaf1 specifically binds to the canonical GATA motif (5′-HGATAR-3′) spanning from −371 to −366 in ste11+ promoter. Consequently, Gaf1 provides the prime example for negative regulation of ste11+ transcription through direct binding to a cis-acting motif of its promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Lae Hoe
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeong Man Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Yeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pil Jae Maeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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45
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Otsubo Y, Yamamoto M. Signaling pathways for fission yeast sexual differentiation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2789-93. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Otsubo
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Valbuena N, Moreno S. AMPK phosphorylation by Ssp1 is required for proper sexual differentiation in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2655-64. [PMID: 22375066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.098533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, which, in response to a fall in intracellular ATP levels, activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes. Here, we report that fission yeast cells lacking AMPK activity are unable to advance entry into mitosis in response to nitrogen starvation and cannot undergo proper G1 arrest and cell differentiation. We also show that AMPK is important in the promotion of the nuclear localization and accumulation of the Ste11 transcription factor. As in animal cells, the fission yeast CaMKK ortholog (Ssp1) phosphorylates and activates the catalytic subunit of AMPK (Ssp2) in its activation loop (Thr189) when cells are starved for nitrogen or glucose. Interestingly, we found that the phosphorylation of Ssp2 on Thr189 is required for nuclear accumulation of AMPK. Our data demonstrate the existence of a signal transduction pathway activated by nutrient starvation that triggers Ssp2 phosphorylation and AMPK redistribution from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This pathway is important to advance fission cells into mitosis and to establish a timely pre-Start G1 cell cycle arrest for mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Valbuena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer CSIC, Salamanca University, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
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47
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van Werven FJ, Amon A. Regulation of entry into gametogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3521-31. [PMID: 22084379 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametogenesis is a fundamental aspect of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. In the unicellular fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast), where this developmental programme has been extensively studied, entry into gametogenesis requires the convergence of multiple signals on the promoter of a master regulator. Starvation signals and cellular mating-type information promote the transcription of cell fate inducers, which in turn initiate a transcriptional cascade that propels a unique type of cell division, meiosis, and gamete morphogenesis. Here, we will provide an overview of how entry into gametogenesis is initiated in budding and fission yeast and discuss potential conserved features in the germ cell development of higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert J van Werven
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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48
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Complex formation, phosphorylation, and localization of protein kinase A of Schizosaccharomyces pombe upon glucose starvation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 75:1456-65. [PMID: 21869531 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nine sam mutants that undergo sexual differentiation without requiring starvation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe were previously isolated. In this study, we identified a nonsense mutation on the pka1 locus in the sam6 mutant. pka1 encodes a catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Replacement and overexpression of pka1 suppressed the KCl sensitivity and hyper-mating phenotype of sam6, confirming that sam6 is an allele of pka1. To characterize further the regulation of Pka1, we tested the physical interaction between Pka1 and Cgs1 (a regulatory subunit of PKA). Pka1 and Cgs1 physically interacted under glucose-limited conditions but not under glucose-rich conditions. In addition, the formation of a Pka1-Cgs1 complex was detected under glucose-limited conditions by Blue Native PAGE. Furthermore, the Pka1 protein was found to be phosphorylated under glucose-starved conditions, and at the same time its localization shifted from the nucleus towards the cytoplasm (mainly the vacuoles), suggesting a strong relationship among phosphorylation, complex formation, and the cytoplasmic distribution of Pka1.
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49
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Sukegawa Y, Yamashita A, Yamamoto M. The fission yeast stress-responsive MAPK pathway promotes meiosis via the phosphorylation of Pol II CTD in response to environmental and feedback cues. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002387. [PMID: 22144909 PMCID: PMC3228818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The RRM-type RNA-binding protein Mei2 is a master regulator of meiosis in fission yeast, in which it stabilizes meiosis-specific mRNAs by blocking their destruction. Artificial activation of Mei2 can provoke the entire meiotic process, and it is suspected that Mei2 may do more than the stabilization of meiosis-specific mRNAs. In our current study using a new screening system, we show that Mei2 genetically interacts with subunits of CTDK-I, which phosphorylates serine-2 residues on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Pol II CTD). Phosphorylation of CTD Ser-2 is essential to enable the robust transcription of ste11, which encodes an HMG-type transcription factor that regulates the expression of mei2 and other genes necessary for sexual development. CTD Ser-2 phosphorylation increases under nitrogen starvation, and the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway, mediated by Wis1 MAPKK and Sty1 MAPK, is critical for this stress response. Sty1 phosphorylates Lsk1, the catalytic subunit of CTDK-I. Furthermore, a feedback loop stemming from activated Mei2 to Win1 and Wis4 MAPKKKs operates in this pathway and eventually enhances CTD Ser-2 phosphorylation and ste11 transcription. Hence, in addition to starting meiosis, Mei2 functions to reinforce the commitment to it, once cells have entered this process. This study also demonstrates clearly that the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway can modulates gene expression through phosphorylation of Pol II CTD. Hundreds of genes are newly expressed during meiosis, a process to form gametes, and the control of meiosis-specific gene expression is not simple. The master regulator of meiosis in fission yeast, Mei2, blocks an RNA destruction system that selectively degrades meiosis-specific mRNAs, highlighting the importance of post-transcriptional control in meiotic gene expression. Here we present another example of unforeseen regulation for meiosis. Ste11 is a key transcription factor responsible for the early meiotic gene expression in fission yeast. The ste11 gene is transcribed robustly only when serine-2 residues on the C-terminal domain (CTD Ser-2) of RNA polymerase II are phosphorylated. We show that the stress-responsive MAP kinase cascade transmits the environmental signal to stimulate CTD Ser-2 phosphorylation. Sty1 MAP kinase appears to phosphorylate and activate the catalytic subunit of CTDK-I, which in turn phosphorylates CTD Ser-2. We demonstrate further that Mei2, expression of which depends on Ste11, can activate the MAP kinase cascade, forming a feedback loop. Thus, we clarify here three important issues in cellular development: the physiological role of CTD Ser-2 phosphorylation, the molecular function of the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway, and the presence of positive feedback that reinforces the commitment to meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sukegawa
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Sansó M, Vargas-Pérez I, García P, Ayté J, Hidalgo E. Nuclear roles and regulation of chromatin structure by the stress-dependent MAP kinase Sty1 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:542-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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