1
|
Mineev KS, Hargittay B, Jin J, Catapano C, Dietz MS, Segarra M, Harwardt MS, Richter C, Jonker HRA, Saxena K, Sreeramulu S, Heilemann M, Acker-Palmer A, Schwalbe H. Differential effects of the N-terminal helix of FGF8b on the activity of a small-molecule FGFR inhibitor in cell culture and for the extracellular domain of FGFR3c in solution. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38997225 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
SSR128129E (SSR) is a unique small-molecule inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). SSR is a high-affinity allosteric binder that selectively blocks one of the two major FGFR-mediated pathways. The mechanisms of SSR activity were studied previously in much detail, allowing the identification of its binding site, located in the hydrophobic groove of the receptor D3 domain. The binding site overlaps with the position of an N-terminal helix, an element exclusive for the FGF8b growth factor, which could potentially convert SSR from an allosteric inhibitor into an orthosteric blocker for the particular FGFR/FGF8b system. In this regard, we report here on the structural and functional investigation of FGF8b/FGFR3c system and the effects imposed on it by SSR. We show that SSR is equally or more potent in inhibiting FGF8b-induced FGFR signaling compared to FGF2-induced activation. On the other hand, when studied in the context of separate extracellular domains of FGFR3c in solution with NMR spectroscopy, SSR is unable to displace the N-terminal helix of FGF8b from its binding site on FGFR3c and behaves as a weak orthosteric inhibitor. The substantial inconsistency between the results obtained with cell culture and for the individual water-soluble subdomains of the FGFR proteins points to the important role played by the cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Mineev
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Hargittay
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jing Jin
- BMLS and Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Catapano
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marina S Dietz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marta Segarra
- BMLS and Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mark S Harwardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hendrik R A Jonker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- BMLS and Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Sun L, Wang W, Wang Z, Shi G, Dai H, Yu A. A double-network porous hydrogel based on high internal phase emulsions as a vehicle for potassium sucrose octasulfate delivery accelerates diabetic wound healing. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae024. [PMID: 38628546 PMCID: PMC11018543 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wounds are a difficult medical challenge. Excessive secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in diabetic wounds further degrades the extracellular matrix and growth factors and causes severe vascular damage, which seriously hinders diabetic wound healing. To solve these issues, a double-network porous hydrogel composed of poly (methyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) (p(MMA-co-AM)) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was constructed by the high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) technique for the delivery of potassium sucrose octasulfate (PSO), a drug that can inhibit MMPs, increase angiogenesis and improve microcirculation. The hydrogel possessed a typical polyHIPE hierarchical microstructure with interconnected porous morphologies, high porosity, high specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties and suitable swelling properties. Meanwhile, the p(MMA-co-AM)/PVA@PSO hydrogel showed high drug-loading performance and effective PSO release. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the p(MMA-co-AM)/PVA@PSO hydrogel had good biocompatibility and significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing by inhibiting excessive MMP-9 in diabetic wounds, increasing growth factor secretion, improving vascularization, increasing collagen deposition and promoting re-epithelialization. Therefore, this study provided a reliable therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing, some theoretical basis and new insights for the rational design and preparation of wound hydrogel dressings with high porosity, high drug-loading performance and excellent mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingshun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aixi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drakou A, Sioutis S, Zafeiris I, Soucacos F, Karampikas V, Tsatsaragkou A, Mavrogenis AF, Koulalis D. Sucralfate Prevents Pin Site Infections of External Fixators in Open Tibia Fractures. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2024; 34:1-7. [PMID: 37938199 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2023044966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pin site infections are the main complication of external fixators. The most common pathogens are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The incidence of pin site infections ranges from 2% to 30%. Until now, no satisfactory prevention strategy exists. Therefore, we performed this study to assess the effect of a sucralfate gel 25% applied around the pins of external fixation systems in trauma patients with open tibia fractures. We prospectively studied two groups of patients with open tibia fractures treated with external fixators. In group A patients, pin site care was performed with the use of normal saline and plain dressings once a day. In group B patients, pin site care was performed with the use of sucralfate gel 25%. The incidence of pin site infections was 33.33% for patients of group A and 16.67% for patients of group B. Patients of group B showed significantly lower rate of pin site infections compared to patients of group A (p-value = 0.032). No patient experienced any complications related to the local application of the drug. Sucralfate significantly prevents pin site infections of external fixators in open tibia fractures. Therefore, it can be used as a preventive antimicrobial agent for pin site infections in patients with external fixators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Spyridon Sioutis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zafeiris
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Soucacos
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Karampikas
- First Department of Orthopedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ATTIKON University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Andreas F Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Koulalis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yildizhan E, Ulger BV, Akkus M, Akinci D, Basol O. Comparison of topical sucralfate with dexpanthenol in rat wound model. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:164-170. [PMID: 35441448 PMCID: PMC9264344 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic process initiated in response to injury. There are many factors that have detrimental effects on the wound healing process. Numerous studies have been conducted for improving wound healing processes. Dexpanthenol is widely used to accelerate wound healing. Sucralfate is used for the treatment of peptic ulcers. We aimed to compare the efficacy of topical Dexpanthenol and Sucralfate in an experimental wound model in rats via histopathological examinations and immune histochemical determinations, as well, to evaluate their effects on EGF levels. Three different groups were formed: the Control Group, the Dexpanthenol Group and the Sucralfate Group. Full-thickness skin wounds were created on the back of each rat and isotonic saline was applied to the wounds of the rats in the control group, Bepanthol® cream was applied in Dexpanthenol Group and 10% Sucralfate cream was applied in Sucralfate Group, once a day. On the 7th, 14th and 21st days the wounds were measured and seven rats from each group were sacrificed and the wounds were excised for histopathological examination. Sucralfate increased wound healing rates by increasing neovascularization, fibroblast activation, reepithelialization and collagen density, as well as dexpanthenol. Our study revealed that the dexpanthenol and sucralfate groups were better than the control group in terms of their effects on wound healing, however there was no statistically significant difference among these two groups. Sucralfate improves EGF expression in skin wounds and has positive results on skin wound healing comparable to dexpanthenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Yildizhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Burak Veli Ulger
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Murat Akkus
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Dilara Akinci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Omer Basol
- Department of General Surgery, Gazi Yasargil E.A.H., Diyarbakır, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pereira JA, Rodrigues MR, Sato DT, Júnior PPS, Dias AM, Silva CGD, Martinez CAR. Evaluation of sucralfate enema in experimental diversion colitis. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDiversion colitis (DC) is an inflammatory disease that develops in segments with fecal diversion. Sucralfate (SCF) complex, which consists of sucrose octasulfate and polyaluminum hydroxide, has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of different forms of colitis. However, until now, the effects of SCF have not been evaluated in DC.
Objective to evaluate whether the use of enemas containing SFC improves histological findings in experimental DC.
Methods Thirty-six rats underwent right colon bypass procedure through the creation of a proximal colostomy and a distal mucous fistula. The animals were divided into two groups according to the euthanization procedure to be performed two to four weeks after surgery. Each experimental group was divided into three subgroups of six animals, which were submitted to daily application of enemas containing saline solution 0.9% or SCF at concentrations of 1.0 g/kg/day or 2.0 g/kg/day, respectively. The diagnosis of DC in segments with fecal diversion was established by histopathological study considering the following
variables epithelial loss, formation of crypt abscesses, the population of goblet cells, inflammatory infiltrate and presence of fibrosis. For statistical analysis, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used, with a significance level of 5% (p <0.05).
Results It was observed that the daily application of SCF enemas decreased epithelial loss, formation of colon crypt abscesses, inflammatory infiltrate and tissue fibrosis (p <0.05), unrelated to time of intervention. The intervention with SCF preserves the goblet cell population. The effects of the substance on the preservation of colonic epithelium; the decrease in the inflammatory process and subsequent abscess formation in the colon crypts are associated with the concentration used, whereas tissue fibrosis decrease is associated with the concentration and time of intervention.
Conclusion Preventive application of SCF enemas reduces the inflammatory process in the colon with fecal diversion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Aires Pereira
- School of Medicine, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Tiemi Sato
- School of Medicine, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Moreira Dias
- School of Medicine, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthetic polymers as xeno-free materials for stabilizing basic fibroblast growth factor in human mesenchymal stem cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100929. [PMID: 33553689 PMCID: PMC7848777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Series of sulfonated polymers were evaluated as additives in cell culture media. Some of the compounds, such as sulfated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), prevented denaturation and loss of basic fibroblast growth factor during cell culture and enhanced human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. These compounds are xeno-free alternatives of heparin, an animal-derived sulfated saccharide, often used as an additive. To the best our knowledge, this study is the first to show that chemically defined synthetic chemicals, such as sulfated polyvinyl alcohol, can be used for this purpose. Basic fibroblast growth factor in stem cell culture medium decreased during culture. Basic fibroblast growth factor concentration was correlated with culture results. Sulfated materials were evaluated to protect basic fibroblast growth factor. Four materials showed protective effect and hence activated cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghiselli G. Heparin Binding Proteins as Therapeutic Target: An Historical Account and Current Trends. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E80. [PMID: 31362364 PMCID: PMC6789896 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic nature and the ability to interact with proteins with different affinities are properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that determine their biological function. In designing drugs affecting the interaction of proteins with GAGs the challenge has been to generate agents with high binding specificity. The example to emulated has been a heparin-derived pentasaccharide that binds to antithrombin-III with high affinity. However, the portability of this model to other biological situations is questioned on several accounts. Because of their structural flexibility, oligosaccharides with different sulfation and uronic acid conformation can display the same binding proficiency to different proteins and produce comparable biological effects. This circumstance represents a formidable obstacle to the design of drugs based on the heparin scaffold. The conceptual framework discussed in this article is that through a direct intervention on the heparin-binding functionality of proteins is possible to achieve a high degree of action specificity. This objective is currently pursued through two strategies. The first makes use of small molecules for which in the text we provide examples from past and present literature concerning angiogenic factors and enzymes. The second approach entails the mutagenesis of the GAG-binding site of proteins as a means to generate a new class of biologics of therapeutic interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Independent Researcher, 1326 Spruce Street Suite 706, Philadephia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bajinting A, Ng HL. A Detailed Protocol for Large-scale Recombinant Expression and Validation of Human FGFR2 with Its Transmembrane and Extracellular Domains in Escherichia coli. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3261. [PMID: 33654782 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are an important class of transmembrane receptors that mediate some of the most crucial biochemical pathways essential to the growth, differentiation, and survival of a cell and thus, are highly involved in cancers. Due to the complexity of RTKs having biochemically different domains including a transmembrane domain, an intact crystal structure of any of these proteins remain elusive as it is difficult to produce milligram amounts of intact functional RTKs for crystallography studies. A heavily studied RTK is fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), which plays a key role in fibroblast growth regulation, differentiation, and oncogenesis. Previous studies have focused on expressing FGFR2's extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains individually. For this protocol, we have focused on the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the FGFR2 protein. The function of the expressed protein is validated by demonstrating its ability to bind heparin and fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). The primary contribution of our protocol is expressing two RTK domains together, including the transmembrane domain, in milligram quantities. Being able to express RTKs to define its crystal structures would enable pharmacologists to design cancer drugs that selectively target active conformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajinting
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ho Leung Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Felisilda BMB, Payne AD, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemical Behavior and Detection of Sulfated Sucrose at a Liquid|Organogel Microinterface Array. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10256-10262. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
10
|
Bajinting A, Ng HL. Recombinant expression in E. coli of human FGFR2 with its transmembrane and extracellular domains. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3512. [PMID: 28674664 PMCID: PMC5493969 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases containing three domains: an extracellular receptor domain, a single transmembrane helix, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. FGFRs are activated by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) as part of complex signal transduction cascades regulating angiogenesis, skeletal formation, cell differentiation, proliferation, cell survival, and cancer. We have developed the first recombinant expression system in E. coli to produce a construct of human FGFR2 containing its transmembrane and extracellular receptor domains. We demonstrate that the expressed construct is functional in binding heparin and dimerizing. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrates that the purified FGFR2 does not form a complex with FGF1 or adopts an inactive dimer conformation. Progress towards the successful recombinant production of intact FGFRs will facilitate further biochemical experiments and structure determination that will provide insight into how extracellular FGF binding activates intracellular kinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajinting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America.,School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ho Leung Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America.,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nagarajan B, Sankaranarayanan NV, Patel BB, Desai UR. A molecular dynamics-based algorithm for evaluating the glycosaminoglycan mimicking potential of synthetic, homogenous, sulfated small molecules. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171619. [PMID: 28182755 PMCID: PMC5300208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are key natural biopolymers that exhibit a range of biological functions including growth and differentiation. Despite this multiplicity of function, natural GAG sequences have not yielded drugs because of problems of heterogeneity and synthesis. Recently, several homogenous non-saccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetics (NSGMs) have been reported as agents displaying major therapeutic promise. Yet, it remains unclear whether sulfated NSGMs structurally mimic sulfated GAGs. To address this, we developed a three-step molecular dynamics (MD)-based algorithm to compare sulfated NSGMs with GAGs. In the first step of this algorithm, parameters related to the range of conformations sampled by the two highly sulfated molecules as free entities in water were compared. The second step compared identity of binding site geometries and the final step evaluated comparable dynamics and interactions in the protein-bound state. Using a test case of interactions with fibroblast growth factor-related proteins, we show that this three-step algorithm effectively predicts the GAG structure mimicking property of NSGMs. Specifically, we show that two unique dimeric NSGMs mimic hexameric GAG sequences in the protein-bound state. In contrast, closely related monomeric and trimeric NSGMs do not mimic GAG in either the free or bound states. These results correspond well with the functional properties of NSGMs. The results show for the first time that appropriately designed sulfated NSGMs can be good structural mimetics of GAGs and the incorporation of a MD-based strategy at the NSGM library screening stage can identify promising mimetics of targeted GAG sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Nagarajan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bhaumik B. Patel
- Hunter Holmes Muire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alvandipour M, Ala S, Tavakoli H, Yazdani Charati J, Shiva A. Efficacy of 10% sucralfate ointment after anal fistulotomy: A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Surg 2016; 36:13-17. [PMID: 27765686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most frequent problems after anal fistulotomy are pain, bleeding, and delayed or impaired wound healing. Topical Sucralfate preparation has been used to treat a wide variety of wounds. In this study, we investigate effects of 10% sucralfate ointment on wound healing and postoperative pain after fistulotomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 41 patients undergoing anorectal fistulotomy were included in this randomized, blinded, controlled trial and were randomly allocated to either sucralfate ointment (every 12 h) or placebo. The patients were visited weekly for up to 5 weeks. The intensity of pain and the wound healing were assessed. RESULTS The sucralfate group had significantly less pain at rest (1.92 ± 0.88 vs 2.96 ± 0.98; P = 0.002) and on defecation (1.68 ± 0.92 vs 3.08 ± 1.12; p < 0.001) than the placebo group from 1st to 5th post-operative visits. Complete wound healing was achieved after 8.15 ± 1 weeks in placebo group versus 5.9 ± 0.8 weeks in sucralfate group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the frequencies of postoperative complications between the two groups. CONCLUSION Compared with placebo, sucralfate ointment reduced postoperative pain at rest and on defecation and improves wound healing in patients undergoing fistulotomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Alvandipour
- Department of Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Shahram Ala
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran.
| | - Hasan Tavakoli
- Department of Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Jamshid Yazdani Charati
- Department of Biostatics, Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran
| | - Afshin Shiva
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ottaviano G, Blandamura S, Fasanaro E, Favaretto N, Andrea L, Giacomelli L, Bartolini A, Staffieri C, Marchese-Ragona R, Marioni G, Staffieri A. Silver sucrose octasulfate nasal applications and wound healing after endoscopic sinus surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Otolaryngol 2015; 36:625-31. [PMID: 25796419 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled investigation (approved by the Ethical Committee of Padova University Hospital [Italy]) was to assess the effect of a nasal gel containing a combination of silver sucrose octasulfate and potassium sucrose octasulfate (Silsos gel® [SG]) in wound healing after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis in terms of: nasal symptoms (SNOT22), endoscopic appearance of the sinonasal mucosa (Lund-Kennedy score), nasal air flow (anterior active rhinomanometry), evidence of mucosal inflammatory processes (nasal cytology and histology), and microbiological growth. METHODS Thirty-four patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were randomized on a 1:1 ratio to receive after ESS either SG or placebo (contained only the excipients [carbopol and propylene glycol] in the same concentrations as in SG). RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Judging from the present prospective investigation on patients who underwent ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis, treatment with SG seems to enable a significantly faster improvement in specific symptoms (assessed on the validated SNOT22 scale) than placebo. Patients treated with SG also had a quicker improvement in the endoscopic appearance of their nasal mucosa after ESS than patients treated with placebo. These endoscopic improvements in the SG group were also confirmed at the long-term follow-up, while the same did not apply to the placebo-treated group.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ke Y, Li SL, Chang LD, Kapanadze T. A novel ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of sucrose octasulfate in dog plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Structural and functional characterization of DUF1471 domains of Salmonella proteins SrfN, YdgH/SssB, and YahO. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101787. [PMID: 25010333 PMCID: PMC4092069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial species in the Enterobacteriaceae typically contain multiple paralogues of a small domain of unknown function (DUF1471) from a family of conserved proteins also known as YhcN or BhsA/McbA. Proteins containing DUF1471 may have a single or three copies of this domain. Representatives of this family have been demonstrated to play roles in several cellular processes including stress response, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis. We have conducted NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies of four DUF1471 domains from Salmonella representing three different paralogous DUF1471 subfamilies: SrfN, YahO, and SssB/YdgH (two of its three DUF1471 domains: the N-terminal domain I (residues 21–91), and the C-terminal domain III (residues 244–314)). Notably, SrfN has been shown to have a role in intracellular infection by Salmonella Typhimurium. These domains share less than 35% pairwise sequence identity. Structures of all four domains show a mixed α+β fold that is most similar to that of bacterial lipoprotein RcsF. However, all four DUF1471 sequences lack the redox sensitive cysteine residues essential for RcsF activity in a phospho-relay pathway, suggesting that DUF1471 domains perform a different function(s). SrfN forms a dimer in contrast to YahO and SssB domains I and III, which are monomers in solution. A putative binding site for oxyanions such as phosphate and sulfate was identified in SrfN, and an interaction between the SrfN dimer and sulfated polysaccharides was demonstrated, suggesting a direct role for this DUF1471 domain at the host-pathogen interface.
Collapse
|
16
|
Marianelli C, Petrucci P, Comelli MC, Calderini G. Silver sucrose octasulfate (IASOS™) as a valid active ingredient into a novel vaginal gel against human vaginal pathogens: in vitro antimicrobial activity assessment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97791. [PMID: 24897299 PMCID: PMC4045761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study assessed the antimicrobial properties of a novel octasilver salt of Sucrose Octasulfate (IASOS) as well as of an innovative vaginal gel containing IASOS (SilSOS Femme), against bacterial and yeast pathogens isolated from human clinical cases of symptomatic vaginal infections. In BHI and LAPT culture media, different ionic silver concentrations and different pHs were tested. IASOS exerted a strong antimicrobial activity towards all the pathogens tested in both culture media. The results demonstrated that salts and organic compounds present in the culture media influenced IASOS efficacy only to a moderate extent. Whereas comparable MBCs (Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations) were observed for G. vaginalis (10 mg/L Ag+), E. coli and E. aerogenes (25 mg/L Ag+) in both media, higher MBCs were found for S. aureus and S. agalactiae in LAPT cultures (50 mg/L Ag+ versus 25 mg/L Ag+). No minimal concentration totally inhibiting the growth of C. albicans was found. Nevertheless, in both media at the highest ionic silver concentrations (50-200 mg/L Ag+), a significant 34-52% drop in Candida growth was observed. pH differently affected the antimicrobial properties of IASOS against bacteria or yeasts; however, a stronger antimicrobial activity at pH higher than the physiological pH was generally observed. It can be therefore concluded that IASOS exerts a bactericidal action against all the tested bacteria and a clear fungistatic action against C. albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the whole vaginal gel SilSOS Femme further confirmed the antimicrobial activity of IASOS. Overall, our findings support IASOS as a valid active ingredient into a vaginal gel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Marianelli
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Petrucci
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Calderini
- CM&D Pharma Srl, a wholly owned subsidiary of CM&D Pharma Limited, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Passali D, Cambi J, Passali FM, Bellussi L. Activity of hypertonic solution with Silver and Potassium Sucrose Octasulfate on nasal symptoms in obstructive rhinopathy with and without rhinosinusitis. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:668. [PMID: 24683527 PMCID: PMC3967734 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
Fannon M, Forsten-Williams K, Zhao B, Bach E, Parekh PP, Chu CL, Goerges-Wildt AL, Buczek-Thomas JA, Nugent MA. Facilitated diffusion of VEGF165 through descemet's membrane with sucrose octasulfate. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3693-700. [PMID: 22378222 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a promoter of neovascularization and thus a popular therapeutic target for diseases involving excessive growth of blood vessels. In this study, we explored the potential of the disaccharide sucrose octasulfate (SOS) to alter VEGF165 diffusion through Descemet's membrane. Descemet's membranes were isolated from bovine eyes and used as a barrier between two chambers of a diffusion apparatus to measure VEGF transport. Diffusion studies revealed a dramatic increase in VEGF165 transport in the presence of SOS, with little diffusion of VEGF165 across the membrane over a 10-h time course in the absence of SOS. Diffusion studies with VEGF121, a non-heparin binding variant of VEGF, showed robust diffusion with or without SOS. To determine a possible mechanism, we measured the ability of SOS to inhibit VEGF interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM), using cell-free and cell surface binding assays. Binding studies showed SOS had no effect on VEGF165 binding to either heparin-coated plates or endothelial cell surfaces at less than mg/ml concentrations. In contrast, we show that SOS inhibited VEGF165 binding to fibronectin in a dose dependent manner and dramatically accelerated the rate of release of VEGF165 from fibronectin. SOS also inhibited the binding of VEGF165 to fibronectin-rich ECM deposited by vascular smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that fibronectin-rich extracellular matrices serve as barriers to VEGF165 diffusion by providing a network of binding sites that can trap and sequester the protein. Since the content of Descemet's membrane is typical of many basement membranes it is possible that they serve throughout the body as formidable barriers to VEGF165 diffusion and tightly regulate its bioavailability and distribution within tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fannon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Wu XL, Wei DQ, Li YX, Wang JF. Autoinhibitory mechanism for the mutation-induced impaired FGF9 signaling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2422-9. [PMID: 22920789 DOI: 10.1021/ci3003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), an important member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, can bind with high affinity to FGFR3 in a heparin-dependent approach. In humans, the deletions and mutations resulting in dysfunction of the FGF9 signaling can cause human skeletal dysplasia and cancers. A mutation (S99N) in this protein has been identified to be associated with significantly impaired FGF signaling considered as a potential cause of synostoses syndrome. However, the detailed mechanism for this observation still remains unknown. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to study the interactions of FGF9(WT/S99N), FGFR3c, and heparin, with an aim of providing atomic sights into the detailed mechanism for the impaired FGF signaling caused by the S99N mutation. We found that the S99N mutation has a well-ordered C-terminal structure, which can reduce its homodimerization ability so as to break the monomer-dimer equilibrium in the FGF signaling, which is considered as a key factor to regulate extracellular matrix affinity and tissue diffusion in the FGF signaling pathway. The FGF9(WT) monomer can preferentially form a homodimer owing to its comparatively favorable binding free energy. In contrast, the FGF9(S99N) monomer is preferred to bind with the FGFR3c receptor to form an inactive complex, leading to impair FGF signaling. To support our computational findings, we also performed biochemical experiments, which confirm the computational results mentioned above. The impaired FGF signaling is believed to be a potential cause of human synostoses syndrome, implicating an important role for FGF9 in normal joint development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine-Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thurman RD, Kathir KM, Rajalingam D, Kumar TKS. Molecular basis for the Kallmann syndrome-linked fibroblast growth factor receptor mutation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:673-8. [PMID: 22842457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a developmental disease that expresses in patients as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. KS is commonly associated with mutations in the extracellular D2 domain of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). In this study, for the first time, the molecular basis for the FGFR associated KS mutation (A168S) is elucidated using a variety of biophysical experiments, including multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Secondary and tertiary structural analysis using far UV circular dichroism, fluorescence and limited trypsin digestion assays suggest that the KS mutation induces subtle tertiary structure change in the D2 domain of FGFR. Results of isothermal titration calorimetry experiments show the KS mutation causes a 10-fold decrease in heparin binding affinity and also a complete loss in ligand (FGF-1) binding. (1)H-(15)N chemical perturbation data suggest that complete loss in the ligand (FGF) binding affinity is triggered by a subtle conformational change that disrupts crucial structural interactions in both the heparin and the FGF binding sites in the D2 domain of FGFR. The novel findings reported in this study are expected to provide valuable clues toward a complete understanding of the other genetic diseases linked to mutations in the FGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Thurman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mohan SK, Rani SG, Chiu IM, Yu C. WITHDRAWN: Interaction of FGF1 with a novel anti-angiogenic drug SSR128129E. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012:S0003-9861(12)00231-7. [PMID: 22683470 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepuru K Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of temperature and additives on stability and spectrum of a therapeutic fibroblast growth factor. Daru 2011; 19:138-44. [PMID: 22615650 PMCID: PMC3232097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Human fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) is a 16.5 kDa protein containing 154 amino acid residues with reportedly poor thermal stability, and low stability, which are considered to be major factors that can limit its pharmacological applications. Thus, the aim of this study was to enhance the thermal stability and bio activity of a therapeutic FGF20 by addition of sucrose or heparin as additives and also at different temperatures. METHODS A variety of biophysical techniques such as far-UV circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and high resolution derivative UV absorption spectroscopy, were employed to characterize FGF20 and study the effects of heparin and sucrose on its thermal stability and bio activity at pH 7.0. RESULTS Results of this study suggest that human FGF20 is significantly unstable and induction of heat by increased temperatures results in aggregation and precipitation at pH 7.0. Great changes in the fluorescence intensity and shape were achieved by addition of heparin and sucrose at different temperatures compared to the control. From 10 °C to 60 °C, no significant changes were observed in far-UV CD spectrum compared to the control, but significant changes were observed by adding sucrose when these temperatures are above 45 °C. Upon addition of heparin and sucrose, the mitogenic activity increased significantly at all tested temperatures, and these changes may be related to the roles of heparin and sucrose on the structure and conformation of FGF20. CONCLUSION Results of this study suggest that heparin and sucrose as additives seems to benjm sufficient to prevent thermal inactivation of FGF20 and also maintain its conformation stability and bio activity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kumar SM, Wang HM, Mohan SK, Chou RH, Yu C. Molecular level interaction of the human acidic fibroblast growth factor with the antiangiogenic agent, inositol hexaphosphate . Biochemistry 2010; 49:10756-64. [PMID: 21077672 DOI: 10.1021/bi101318m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) regulates a wide array of important biological phenomena such as angiogenesis, cell differentiation, tumor growth, and neurogenesis. Generally, FGFs are known for their strong affinity for the glycosaminoglycan heparin, as a prerequisite for recognition of a specific tyrosine kinase on the cell surface and are responsible for the cell signal transduction cascade. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a natural antioxidant and is known for its antiangiogenic role, in addition to its ability to control tumor growth. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of IP6 with the acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) using various biophysical techniques including isothermal calorimetry, circular dichroism, and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Herein, we have reported the three-dimensional solution structure of the FGF1-IP6 complex. These data show that IP6 binds FGF1 and enhances its thermal stability. In addition, we also demonstrate that IP6 acts as an antagonist to acidic fibroblast growth factor by inhibiting its receptor binding and subsequently decreasing the mitogenic activity. The inhibition likely results in the ability of IP6 to antagonize the angiogenic and mitogenic activity of FGF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriramoju M Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Novak JF, Stirnberg M, Roenneke B, Marin K. A novel mechanism of osmosensing, a salt-dependent protein-nucleic acid interaction in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis Species PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3235-41. [PMID: 21123179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.157032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The de novo synthesis of compatible solutes is an essential part of the cellular osmotic stress response. Upon an osmotic challenge, it is regulated by the immediate biochemical activation of preformed enzymes and by activation of gene expression. Whereas the transcriptional response has been investigated intensively, the mechanisms by which enzymes are activated in osmotic stress situations are still elusive. Here, we address this topic for the moderately halotolerant cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which synthesizes glucosylglycerol as a compatible solute. The key enzyme of the glucosylglycerol pathway (GgpS) is inhibited by nucleic acids in a sequence- and length-independent manner. The protein binds DNA, RNA, and heparin via a salt-dependent electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged backbone of the polyanions. Mechanistically, DNA binding to the enzyme causes noncompetitive inhibition of GgpS activity. The interaction of the enzyme and nucleic acids under in vivo conditions is indicated by the co-purification of both after cross-linking in Synechocystis cells. We propose a novel mechanism of activity regulation by the nonspecific salt-dependent binding of an enzyme to nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Novak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne University, 50547 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dong J, Yao S, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu Y. Synthesis of N-heteroaroyl aminosaccharide derivatives as fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling modulators. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1210-5. [PMID: 20823601 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling plays an important role in angiogenesis. Heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) is required for FGF2 signaling but heparin mimics either promotes or inhibits FGF2 signaling. To take advantage such properties of heparin mimics, a series of N-heteroaroyl aminosaccharide derivatives were designed and synthesized as FGF2 signaling modulators. The bioactivity was determined in a FGF2 and heparin-dependent cell proliferation assay using FGFR1c expressing BaF3 cells. We found that most of the compounds inhibited heparin- and FGF2-dependent BaF3 cell proliferation while three compounds promoted the cell proliferation. These results suggest that the small molecular heparin mimics approach might be useful in developing novel anti-angiogenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Krejci P, Murakami S, Prochazkova J, Trantirek L, Chlebova K, Ouyang Z, Aklian A, Smutny J, Bryja V, Kozubik A, Wilcox WR. NF449 is a novel inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling active in chondrocytes and multiple myeloma cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20644-53. [PMID: 20439987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The FGFR3 receptor tyrosine kinase represents an attractive target for therapy due to its role in several human disorders, including skeletal dysplasias, multiple myeloma, and cervical and bladder carcinomas. By using molecular library screening, we identified a compound named NF449 with inhibitory activity toward FGFR3 signaling. In cultured chondrocytes and murine limb organ culture, NF449 rescued FGFR3-mediated extracellular matrix loss and growth inhibition, which represent two major cellular phenotypes of aberrant FGFR3 signaling in cartilage. Similarly, NF449 antagonized FGFR3 action in the multiple myeloma cell lines OPM2 and KMS11, as evidenced by NF449-mediated reversal of ERK MAPK activation and transcript accumulation of CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines, both of which are induced by FGFR3 activation. In cell-free kinase assays, NF449 inhibited the kinase activity of both wild type and a disease-associated FGFR3 mutant (K650E) in a fashion that appeared non-competitive with ATP. Our data identify NF449 as a novel antagonist of FGFR3 signaling, useful for FGFR3 inhibition alone or in combination with inhibitors that target the ATP binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krejci
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sarilla S, Habib SY, Kravtsov DV, Matafonov A, Gailani D, Verhamme IM. Sucrose octasulfate selectively accelerates thrombin inactivation by heparin cofactor II. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8278-89. [PMID: 20053992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of thrombin (T) by the serpins heparin cofactor II (HCII) and antithrombin (AT) is accelerated by a heparin template between the serpin and thrombin exosite II. Unlike AT, HCII also uses an allosteric interaction of its NH(2)-terminal segment with exosite I. Sucrose octasulfate (SOS) accelerated thrombin inactivation by HCII but not AT by 2000-fold. SOS bound to two sites on thrombin, with dissociation constants (K(D)) of 10 +/- 4 microm and 400 +/- 300 microm that were not kinetically resolvable, as evidenced by single hyperbolic SOS concentration dependences of the inactivation rate (k(obs)). SOS bound HCII with K(D) 1.45 +/- 0.30 mm, and this binding was tightened in the T.SOS.HCII complex, characterized by K(complex) of approximately 0.20 microm. Inactivation data were incompatible with a model solely depending on HCII.SOS but fit an equilibrium linkage model employing T.SOS binding in the pathway to higher order complex formation. Hirudin-(54-65)(SO(3)(-)) caused a hyperbolic decrease of the inactivation rates, suggesting partial competitive binding of hirudin-(54-65)(SO(3)(-)) and HCII to exosite I. Meizothrombin(des-fragment 1), binding SOS with K(D) = 1600 +/- 300 microm, and thrombin were inactivated at comparable rates, and an exosite II aptamer had no effect on the inactivation, suggesting limited exosite II involvement. SOS accelerated inactivation of meizothrombin 1000-fold, reflecting the contribution of direct exosite I interaction with HCII. Thrombin generation in plasma was suppressed by SOS, both in HCII-dependent and -independent processes. The ex vivo HCII-dependent process may utilize the proposed model and suggests a potential for oversulfated disaccharides in controlling HCII-regulated thrombin generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakala Sarilla
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wada A, Tamaru SI, Ikeda M, Hamachi I. MCM−Enzyme−Supramolecular Hydrogel Hybrid as a Fluorescence Sensing Material for Polyanions of Biological Significance. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5321-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Wada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan, and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Tamaru
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan, and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Masato Ikeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan, and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan, and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kulahin N, Kiselyov V, Kochoyan A, Kristensen O, Kastrup JS, Berezin V, Bock E, Gajhede M. Dimerization effect of sucrose octasulfate on rat FGF1. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:448-52. [PMID: 18540049 PMCID: PMC2496850 DOI: 10.1107/s174430910801066x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a family of at least 23 structurally related heparin-binding proteins that are involved in regulation of cell growth, survival, differentiation and migration. Sucrose octasulfate (SOS), a chemical analogue of heparin, has been demonstrated to activate FGF signalling pathways. The structure of rat FGF1 crystallized in the presence of SOS has been determined at 2.2 A resolution. SOS-mediated dimerization of FGF1 was observed, which was further supported by gel-filtration experiments. The major contributors to the sulfate-binding sites in rat FGF1 are Lys113, Lys118, Arg122 and Lys128. An arginine at position 116 is a consensus residue in mammalian FGF molecules; however, it is a serine in rat FGF1. This difference may be important for SOS-mediated FGF1 dimerization in rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kulahin
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fannon M, Forsten-Williams K, Nugent MA, Gregory KJ, Chu CL, Goerges-Wildt AL, Panigrahy D, Kaipainen A, Barnes C, Lapp C, Shing Y. Sucrose octasulfate regulates fibroblast growth factor-2 binding, transport, and activity: potential for regulation of tumor growth. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:434-41. [PMID: 18163458 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The antithrombotic activity of heparin has largely been credited with the success found in some cancer treatment by heparin. There are, however, many potent growth factors involved in tumor and blood vessel growth that bind to heparin with high affinity and their regulation by heparin may play a role in heparin's efficacy. We therefore chose to study the activity of a heparin analog, sucrose octasulfate (SOS), which has been similarly shown to interact with heparin-binding growth factors. Using mouse melanoma and lung carcinoma models, we demonstrate in vivo inhibition of tumor growth by SOS. SOS, however, showed little effect in coagulation assays indicating that this activity was not a primary mechanism of action for this molecule. Studies were then performed to assess the effect of SOS on basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) activity, a growth factor which promotes tumor and blood vessel growth and is produced by B16 melanoma cells. SOS potently inhibited FGF-2 binding to endothelial cells and stripped pre-bound FGF-2 from cells. SOS also regulated FGF-2 stimulated proliferation. Further, SOS facilitated FGF-2 diffusion through Descemet's membrane, a heparan sulfate-rich basement membrane from the cornea, suggesting a possible role in FGF-2 clearance. Our results suggest that molecules such as SOS have the potential to remove growth factors from tumor microenvironments and the approach offers an attractive area for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fannon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Paz JL, Noti C, Böhm F, Werner S, Seeberger PH. Potentiation of fibroblast growth factor activity by synthetic heparin oligosaccharide glycodendrimers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:879-87. [PMID: 17719487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that regulates a variety of cellular processes by interaction with a host of proteins. We report the preparation of synthetic heparin oligosaccharide glycodendrimers and their use as heparin mimetics to regulate heparin-protein interactions. The multivalent display of sugar epitopes mimics the naturally occurring glycans found on cell surfaces and enhances their binding capacity. Binding of the heparin dendrimers to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) was analyzed using heparin microarray experiments and surface plasmon resonance measurements on gold chips. Heparin-coated dendrimers bind FGF-2 significantly more effectively than monovalent heparin oligosaccharides. Dendrimer 1, which displays multiple copies of the sulfated hexasaccharide (GlcNSO(3)[6-OSO(3)]-IdoA[2-OSO(3)])3, was employed to promote FGF-2-mediated mitogen-activated kinase activation, demonstrating the utility of glycodendrimers to modulate heparin-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L de Paz
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kamerzell TJ, Joshi SB, McClean D, Peplinskie L, Toney K, Papac D, Li M, Middaugh CR. Parathyroid hormone is a heparin/polyanion binding protein: binding energetics and structure modification. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1193-203. [PMID: 17525467 PMCID: PMC2206658 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062613807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of four representative polyanions with parathyroid hormone (PTH) residues 1-84 has been investigated utilizing a variety of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. Each of the polyanions employed demonstrate enthalpically driven binding to PTH (1-84) with significant affinity. The polyanions heparin, dextran sulfate, phytic acid, and sucrose octasulfate induce alpha-helical structure in PTH to varying extents depending on the ratio of polyanion to protein employed. Intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy suggests significant protein tertiary structure alteration upon polyanion binding. Although structural modification occurred upon polyanion binding, PTH colloidal stability was increased depending on the ratio of polyanion to protein used. Nevertheless, the bioactivity of PTH in the presence of various ratios of heparin was not altered. The potential biological significance of PTH/polyanion interactions is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Kamerzell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Derrick T, Grillo AO, Vitharana SN, Jones L, Rexroad J, Shah A, Perkins M, Spitznagel TM, Middaugh CR. Effect of Polyanions on the Structure and Stability of Repifermin™ (Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2). J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:761-76. [PMID: 17094125 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of several of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) with polyanions is thought to be of physiological significance and has been exploited to create more stable pharmaceutical formulations of FGF-1 and -2. The extent of such phenomena throughout the 23-member FGF family is, however, unknown. In these studies, we examine the effect of several polyanions on the structure and stability of keratinocyte growth factor 2 (KGF-2, FGF-10), a candidate for use as a wound-healing agent. Employing a variety of methods sensitive to the protein's structure including circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence, derivative near-UV absorption spectroscopy, bis-ANS (4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5-disulfonic acid) fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), we find that a variety of polyanions (e.g., heparin, sucrose octasulfate (SOS), and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP)) stabilize KGF-2 by increasing the thermal-unfolding temperature by approximately 9-15 degrees C. Negatively charged liposomes produce a similar effect, arguing for relatively nonspecific interactions of polyanions with KGF-2. Unlike some other FGFs, no evidence for the presence of a molten globule state is found during thermal perturbation of this growth factor. The generality of this polyanion/protein interaction is discussed as well as its potential role in various cellular events such as protein folding and transport.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao D, Vaziri Sani F, Nilsson J, Rodenburg M, Stocking C, Linde A, Gritli-Linde A. Expression of Pit2 sodium-phosphate cotransporter during murine odontogenesis is developmentally regulated. Eur J Oral Sci 2006; 114:517-23. [PMID: 17184235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2006.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate (P(i)) uptake mechanisms play a major role in cellular P(i) homeostasis. The function and detailed distribution patterns of the type III Na(+)-phosphate cotransporter, PiT-2, in different organs during development are still largely unknown. We therefore examined the temporospatial expression patterns of Pit2 during murine odontogenesis. Odontoblasts were always devoid of Pit2 expression, whereas a transient, but strong, expression was detected in young secretory ameloblasts. However, the stratum intermedium and, later on, the papillary layer and cells of the subodontoblastic layer, exhibited high levels of Pit2 mRNA, which increased gradually as the tooth matured. Hormonal treatment or P(i) starvation of tooth germs in vitro did not alter Pit2 levels or patterns of expression, indicating mechanisms of regulation different from those of PiT-1 or other cell types. PiT-2 also functions as a retroviral receptor, and functional membrane-localized protein was confirmed throughout the dental papilla/pulp by demonstrating cellular permissiveness to infection by a gammaretrovirus that uses PiT-2 as a receptor. The distinct pattern of Pit2 expression during odontogenesis suggests that its P(i)-transporter function may be important for homeostasis of dental cells and not specifically for mineralization of the dental extracellular matrices. The expression of viral receptors in enamel-forming cells and the dental pulp may be of pathological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhao
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Salamat-Miller N, Fang J, Seidel CW, Smalter AM, Assenov Y, Albrecht M, Middaugh CR. A Network-based Analysis of Polyanion-binding Proteins Utilizing Yeast Protein Arrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:2263-78. [PMID: 16982674 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600240-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high affinity of certain cellular polyanions for many proteins (polyanion-binding proteins (PABPs)) has been demonstrated previously. It has been hypothesized that such polyanions may be involved in protein structure stabilization, stimulation of folding through chaperone-like activity, and intra- and extracellular protein transport as well as intracellular organization. The purpose of the proteomics studies reported here was to seek evidence for the idea that the nonspecific but high affinity interactions of PABPs with polyanions have a functional role in intracellular processes. Utilizing yeast protein arrays and five biotinylated cellular polyanion probes (actin, tubulin, heparin, heparan sulfate, and DNA), we identified proteins that interact with these probes and analyzed their structural and amino acid sequence requirements as well as their predicted functions in the yeast proteome. We also provide evidence for the existence of a network-like system for PABPs and their potential roles as critical hubs in intracellular behavior. This investigation takes a first step toward achieving a better understanding of the nature of polyanion-protein interactions within cells and introduces an alternative way of thinking about intracellular organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Salamat-Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu Y, Sweeney MD, Saad OM, Leary JA. Potential inhibitors of chemokine function: analysis of noncovalent complexes of CC chemokine and small polyanionic molecules by ESI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:524-535. [PMID: 16503157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines play a critical role in inducing chemotaxis, extravasation, and activation of leukocytes both in routine immunosurveillance and autoimmune diseases. Traditionally, to disrupt chemokine function, strategies have focused on blockage of its interaction with the receptor. Recently, it has been demonstrated that binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is also required for the in vivo activity of many chemokines. Thus, interference with the GAG-binding of chemokines may offer an alternative, valid, anti-inflammatory strategy. However, the potential of using small polyanions to inhibit the interactions between chemokines and cell surface GAGs has not been fully explored. In this study, a mass spectrometry based filtration trapping assay was utilized to study the interactions between two CCR 2 ligands (MCP-1/CCL2 and MCP-3/CCL7) and a series of low molecular weight, polyanionic molecules. Findings were confirmed by using a hydrophobic trapping assay. The results indicated that Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium), sucrose octasulfate, and suramin were specific binders of the chemokines, while cyclodextrin sulfate, although the most highly sulfated molecule among the ones investigated, showed no binding. The binding stoichiometry of the small molecule ligand was determined from the measured molecular weight of the noncovalent complex. Furthermore, the dissociation constant between MCP-3 and Arixtra was determined by using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, which compared favorably with the result of the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assay. The relative binding affinity of these ligands to MCP-3 was also determined using a competitive filtration trapping assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Yu
- Genome Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Road, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
- the Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Matthew D Sweeney
- Genome Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Road, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
- the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ola M Saad
- Genome Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Road, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Leary
- Genome Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Road, 95616, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
McDowell LM, Frazier BA, Studelska DR, Giljum K, Chen J, Liu J, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Zhang L. Inhibition or Activation of Apert Syndrome FGFR2 (S252W) Signaling by Specific Glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6924-30. [PMID: 16373332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512932200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Apert syndrome patients harbor a single amino acid mutation (S252W) in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 2 (FGFR2), which leads to abnormal FGF/FGFR2 signaling. Here we show that specific combinations of FGFs and glycosaminoglycans activate both alternative splice forms of the mutant but not of the wild-type FGF receptors. More importantly, 2-O- and N-sulfated heparan sulfate, prepared by a combined chemical and enzymatic synthesis, antagonized the over-activated FGFR2b (S252W) to basal levels at nanomolar concentrations. These studies demonstrated that specific glycosaminoglycans could be useful in treating ligand-dependent FGFR signaling-related diseases, such as Apert syndrome and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda M McDowell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mohammadi M, Olsen SK, Ibrahimi OA. Structural basis for fibroblast growth factor receptor activation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:107-37. [PMID: 15863029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
FGF signaling plays a ubiquitous role in human biology as a regulator of embryonic development, homeostasis and regenerative processes. In addition, aberrant FGF signaling leads to diverse human pathologies including skeletal, olfactory, and metabolic disorders as well as cancer. FGFs execute their pleiotropic biological actions by binding, dimerizing and activating cell surface FGF receptors (FGFRs). Proper regulation of FGF-FGFR binding specificity is essential for the regulation of FGF signaling and is achieved through primary sequence variations among the 18 FGFs and seven FGFRs. The severity of human skeletal syndromes arising from mutations that violate FGF-FGFR specificity is a testament to the importance of maintaining precision in FGF-FGFR specificity. The discovery that heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are required for FGF signaling led to numerous models for FGFR dimerization and heralded one of the most controversial issues in FGF signaling. Recent crystallographic analyses have led to two fundamentally different models for FGFR dimerization. These models differ in both the stoichiometry and minimal length of heparin required for dimerization, the quaternary arrangement of FGF, FGFR and heparin in the dimer, and in the mechanism of 1:1 FGF-FGFR recognition and specificity. In this review, we provide an overview of recent structural and biochemical studies used to differentiate between the two crystallographic models. Interestingly, the structural and biophysical analyses of naturally occurring pathogenic FGFR mutations have provided the most compelling and unbiased evidences for the correct mechanisms for FGF-FGFR dimerization and binding specificity. The structural analyses of different FGF-FGFR complexes have also shed light on the intricate mechanisms determining FGF-FGFR binding specificity and promiscuity and also provide a plausible explanation for the molecular basis of a large number craniosynostosis mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 425, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Harmer NJ, Ilag LL, Mulloy B, Pellegrini L, Robinson CV, Blundell TL. Towards a resolution of the stoichiometry of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-FGF receptor-heparin complex. J Mol Biol 2004; 339:821-34. [PMID: 15165853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 22 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. They are required for both development and maintenance of vertebrates, demonstrating an exquisite pattern of affinities for both protein and proteoglycan receptors. Recent crystal structures have suggested two models for the complex between FGFs, FGF receptors (FGFRs) and the proteoglycan heparan sulphate that mediates signalling, and have provided insight into how FGFs show differing affinities for the range of FGFRs. However, the physiological relevance of the two different models has not been made clear. Here, we demonstrate that the two complexes can be prepared from the same protein components, confirming that neither complex is the product of misfolded protein samples. Analyses of the complexes with mass spectrometry and analytical ultracentrifugation show that the species observed are consistent with the crystal structures formed using the two preparation protocols. This analysis supports the contention that both of the crystal structures reflect the state of the molecules in solution. Mass spectrometry of the complexes suggests that the stoichiometry of the complexes is 2 FGF1:2 FGFR2:1 heparin, regardless of the method used to prepare the complexes. These observations suggest that the two proposed complex architectures may both have relevance to the formation of an in vivo signalling complex, with a combination of the two interactions contributing to the formation of a larger focal complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Harmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Heparin is a major anticoagulant with activity mediated primarily through its interaction with antithrombin (AT). Heparan sulfate (HS), structurally related to heparin, binds a wide range of proteins of different functionality, taking part in various physiological and pathological processes. The heparin-AT complex, the most well understood facet of anticoagulation, serves as a prototypical example of the important role of heparin/HS in vascular biology. Extensive studies have identified common structural features in heparin/HS-binding sites of proteins. These include the elucidation of consensus sequences in proteins, patterns of clusters of basic and nonbasic residues, and common spatial arrangements of basic amino acids in the heparin-binding sites. Although these studies have provided valuable information, heparin/HS-binding proteins differ widely in structure. The prediction of heparin/HS-binding proteins from sequence information is not currently possible, and elucidation of protein-binding sites requires the individual study of each glycosaminoglycan-protein complex. Thus, x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis experiments are among the most powerful tools, providing accurate structural information, facilitating the characterization of heparin-protein complexes. Heparin and structurally related heparan sulfate bind a large number of proteins, taking part in a wide range of biological processes, particularly ones involved in vascular biology. Heparin-binding domains share certain common structural features, but there is no absolute dependency on specific sequences or protein folds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The behavior of the proteome reflects spatial and temporal organization both within and without cells. We propose that various macromolecular entities possessing polyanionic character such as proteoglycans, lipid bilayer surfaces, microtubules, microfilaments, and polynucleotides may provide a functional network that mediates a variety of cellular phenomena. The interaction of proteins with this array of polyanions is characterized by a lower degree of specificity than seen with most commonly recognized macromolecular interactions. In this commentary, potential roles for this polyanion network in diverse functions such as protein/protein interactions, protein folding and stabilization, macromolecular transport, and various disease processes are all considered, as well as the use of polyanions as therapeutic agents. The role of small polyanions in the regulation of protein/polyanion interactions is also postulated. We provide preliminary experimental analysis of the extent to which proteins interact with polyanions inside cells using a combination of two-dimensional chromatographic and electrophoretic methods and antibody arrays. We conclude that many hundreds to thousands of such interactions are present in cells and argue that future understanding of the proteome will require that the "polyanion world" be taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LaToya S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-3729, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hung KW, Kumar TKS, Chi YH, Chiu IM, Yu C. Molecular cloning, overexpression, and characterization of the ligand-binding D2 domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:253-8. [PMID: 15047176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate a wide range of important cellular processes. The biological activities of FGFs are mediated by cell surface receptors (FGFRs). In the present study for the first time we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of the ligand (FGF)-binding D2 domain of human FGFR2. D2 domain is expressed in Escherichia coli in high yields (10 mg/L) as inclusion bodies. The protein is recovered by dissolving the inclusion bodies in 8 M urea and subsequently refolding on nickel affinity column. The protein is purified (to approximately 97% purity) to homogeneity using heparin-Sepharose affinity column. Far-UV circular dichroism data and chemical shift index plot based on 1H-alpha, 13C-alpha, 13C-beta, and 13carbonyl group chemical shifts suggest that D2 domain is an all beta-sheet protein consisting of 9 beta-strands. Isothermal titration calorimetry and equilibrium urea unfolding experiments show that recombinant D2 domain is in a biologically active conformation and binds strongly to its ligand (FGF) and to the heparin analog, sucrose octasulfate (SOS). Using a variety of triple resonance NMR experiments, complete assignment of 1H, 15N, and 13C resonances in D2 domain has been accomplished. The findings of the present study not only pave way for an in-depth investigation of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the activation of FGF signaling but also provide avenues for the rational design of potent inhibitors against FGF-mediated pathogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Calorimetry/methods
- Circular Dichroism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Renaturation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sucrose/analogs & derivatives
- Sucrose/metabolism
- Urea/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Synthesis of sulfosucrose derivatives for evaluation as regulators of fibroblast growth factor activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|