1
|
Brûlé E, Silander TL, Wang Y, Zhou X, Bak B, Groeneweg S, Bernard DJ. IGSF1 Deficiency Leads to Reduced TSH Production Independent of Alterations in Thyroid Hormone Action in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6609251. [PMID: 35708735 PMCID: PMC9258739 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in IGSF1/Igsf1 cause central hypothyroidism. Igsf1 knockout mice have reduced pituitary thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor, Trhr, expression, perhaps contributing to the phenotype. Because thyroid hormones negatively regulate Trhr, we hypothesized that IGSF1 might affect thyroid hormone availability in pituitary thyrotropes. Consistent with this idea, IGSF1 coimmunoprecipitated with the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) in transfected cells. This association was impaired with IGSF1 bearing patient-derived mutations. Wild-type IGSF1 did not, however, alter MCT8-mediated thyroid hormone import into heterologous cells. IGSF1 and MCT8 are both expressed in the apical membrane of the choroid plexus. However, MCT8 protein levels and localization in the choroid plexus were unaltered in Igsf1 knockout mice, ruling out a necessary chaperone function for IGSF1. MCT8 expression was low in the pituitary and was similarly unaffected in Igsf1 knockouts. We next assessed whether IGSF1 affects thyroid hormone transport or action, by MCT8 or otherwise, in vivo. To this end, we treated hypothyroid wild-type and Igsf1 knockout mice with exogenous thyroid hormones. T4 and T3 inhibited TSH release and regulated pituitary and forebrain gene expression similarly in both genotypes. Interestingly, pituitary TSH beta subunit (Tshb) expression was consistently reduced in Igsf1 knockouts relative to wild-type regardless of experimental condition, whereas Trhr was more variably affected. Although IGSF1 and MCT8 can interact in heterologous cells, the physiological relevance of their association is not clear. Nevertheless, the results suggest that IGSF1 loss can impair TSH production independently of alterations in TRHR levels or thyroid hormone action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Tanya L Silander
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Beata Bak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Correspondence: Daniel J. Bernard, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Prom. Sir William Osler, Room 1320, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith CL, Harrison PM, Bernard DJ. The extant immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 gene results from an ancestral gene duplication in eutherian mammals. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267744. [PMID: 35653309 PMCID: PMC9162367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with high expression in the mammalian pituitary gland. Mutations in the IGSF1 gene cause congenital central hypothyroidism in humans. The IGSF1 protein is co-translationally cleaved into N- and C-terminal domains (NTD and CTD), the latter of which is trafficked to the plasma membrane and appears to be the functional portion of the molecule. Though the IGSF1-NTD is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and has no apparent function, it has a high degree of sequence identity with the IGSF1-CTD and is conserved across mammalian species. Based upon phylogenetic analyses, we propose that the ancestral IGSF1 gene encoded the IGSF1-CTD, which was duplicated and integrated immediately upstream of itself, yielding a larger protein encompassing the IGSF1-NTD and IGSF1-CTD. The selective pressures favoring the initial gene duplication and subsequent retention of a conserved IGSF1-NTD are unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul M. Harrison
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brûlé E, Heinen CA, Smith CL, Schang G, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang Y, Joustra SD, Wit JM, Fliers E, Repping S, van Trotsenburg ASP, Bernard DJ. IGSF1 Does Not Regulate Spermatogenesis or Modify FSH Synthesis in Response to Inhibins or Activins. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab023. [PMID: 33796801 PMCID: PMC7986638 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) gene result in central hypothyroidism, often associated with macroorchidism. Testicular enlargement in these patients might be caused by increases in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, as IGSF1 has been proposed to function as an inhibin B receptor or as an inhibitor of activin type I receptor (ALK4) activity in pituitary gonadotrope cells. If true, loss of IGSF1 should lead to reduced inhibin B action or disinhibition of activin signaling, thereby increasing FSH synthesis. Here, we show that FSH levels and sperm counts are normal in male Igsf1 knockout mice, although testis size is mildly increased. Sperm parameters are also normal in men with IGSF1 deficiency, although their FSH levels may trend higher and their testes are enlarged. Inhibin B retains the ability to suppress FSH synthesis in pituitaries of Igsf1-knockout mice and IGSF1 does not interact with ALK4 or alter activin A/ALK4 stimulation of FSHβ (Fshb/FSHB) subunit transcription or expression. In light of these results, it is unlikely that macroorchidism in IGSF1 deficiency derives from alterations in spermatogenesis or inhibin/activin regulation of FSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Charlotte A Heinen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Courtney L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gauthier Schang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Repping
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Joustra SD, Roelfsema F, van Trotsenburg ASP, Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Kroon HM, Logan JG, Butterfield NC, Zhou X, Toufaily C, Bak B, Turgeon MO, Brûlé E, Steyn FJ, Gurnell M, Koulouri O, Le Tissier P, Fontanaud P, Duncan Bassett JH, Williams GR, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR, Bernard DJ, Schoenmakers N. IGSF1 Deficiency Results in Human and Murine Somatotrope Neurosecretory Hyperfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5606971. [PMID: 31650157 PMCID: PMC7108761 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The X-linked immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1), gene is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and in pituitary cells of the POU1F1 lineage. Human loss-of-function mutations in IGSF1 cause central hypothyroidism, hypoprolactinemia, and macroorchidism. Additionally, most affected adults exhibit higher than average IGF-1 levels and anecdotal reports describe acromegaloid features in older subjects. However, somatotrope function has not yet been formally evaluated in this condition. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the role of IGSF1 in human and murine somatotrope function. PATIENTS, DESIGN, AND SETTING We evaluated 21 adult males harboring hemizygous IGSF1 loss-of-function mutations for features of GH excess, in an academic clinical setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We compared biochemical and tissue markers of GH excess in patients and controls, including 24-hour GH profile studies in 7 patients. Parallel studies were undertaken in male Igsf1-deficient mice and wild-type littermates. RESULTS IGSF1-deficient adult male patients demonstrated acromegaloid facial features with increased head circumference as well as increased finger soft-tissue thickness. Median serum IGF-1 concentrations were elevated, and 24-hour GH profile studies confirmed 2- to 3-fold increased median basal, pulsatile, and total GH secretion. Male Igsf1-deficient mice also demonstrated features of GH excess with increased lean mass, organ size, and skeletal dimensions and elevated mean circulating IGF-1 and pituitary GH levels. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate somatotrope neurosecretory hyperfunction in IGSF1-deficient humans and mice. These observations define a hitherto uncharacterized role for IGSF1 in somatotropes and indicate that patients with IGSF1 mutations should be evaluated for long-term consequences of increased GH exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Nadia Schoenmakers, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK. E-mail:
| | - Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harald J Schneider
- Department of Endocrinology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert P Kosilek
- Department of Endocrinology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herman M Kroon
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chirine Toufaily
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beata Bak
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Turgeon
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Gurnell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Olympia Koulouri
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pierre Fontanaud
- CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM, and Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bernard DJ, Smith CL, Brûlé E. A Tale of Two Proteins: Betaglycan, IGSF1, and the Continuing Search for the Inhibin B Receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:37-45. [PMID: 31648935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibins are gonadal hormones that suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis by pituitary gonadotrope cells. The structurally related activins stimulate FSH by signaling through complexes of type I and type II receptors. Two models of inhibin action were proposed in 2000. First, inhibins function as competitive receptor antagonists, binding activin type II receptors with high affinity in the presence of the TGF-β type III coreceptor, betaglycan. Second, immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1, then called p120) was proposed to mediate inhibin B antagonism of activin signaling via its type I receptor. These ideas have been challenged over the past few years. Rather than playing a role in inhibin action, IGSF1 is involved in the central control of the thyroid gland. Betaglycan binds inhibin A and inhibin B with high affinity, but only functions as an obligate inhibin A coreceptor in murine gonadotropes. There is likely to be a distinct, but currently unidentified coreceptor for inhibin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6.
| | - Courtney L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tajima T, Nakamura A, Oguma M, Yamazaki M. Recent advances in research on isolated congenital central hypothyroidism. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 28:69-79. [PMID: 31384098 PMCID: PMC6646241 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.28.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital central hypothyroidism (C-CH) is caused by defects in the secretion of
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and/or TSH, leading to an impairment in the release of
hormones from the thyroid. The causes of C-CH include congenital anomalies of the
hypothalamic-pituitary regions and several genetic defects. In terms of endocrinology,
C-CH is divided into two categories: (1) accompanied
by another pituitary hormone deficiency and called combined pituitary hormone deficiency,
and (2) isolated C-CH, showing mainly TSH
deficiency. For isolated C-CH, a mutation in the TSH gene (TSHB) encoding
the β-subunit of the protein was first found in 1990 by Japanese researchers, and
thereafter several mutations in TSHB have been reported. Mutations in the
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene (TRHR), as well as genetic
defects in immunoglobulin superfamily 1 (IGSF1), have also been
identified. It was recently found that isolated C-CH is caused by mutations in transducin
β-like 1 X-linked and insulin receptor substrate 4. It is noted that all patients with
TSHB deficiency and some with IGSF1 deficiency show severe hypothyroidism soon after
birth. Among the causes of C-CH, high frequency of mutations in IGSF1 is
the most prevalent. This review focuses on recent findings on isolated C-CH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tajima
- Jichi Medical University Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makiko Oguma
- Jichi Medical University Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masayo Yamazaki
- Jichi Medical University Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Shimotsuke, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bernard DJ, Brûlé E, Smith CL, Joustra SD, Wit JM. From Consternation to Revelation: Discovery of a Role for IGSF1 in Pituitary Control of Thyroid Function. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:220-231. [PMID: 29594256 PMCID: PMC5841168 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed in the mammalian pituitary gland. Shortly after its discovery in 1998, the protein was proposed to function as a coreceptor for inhibins (and was even temporarily renamed inhibin binding protein). However, subsequent investigations, both in vitro and in vivo, failed to support a role for IGSF1 in inhibin action. Research on IGSF1 nearly ground to a halt until 2011, when next-generation sequencing identified mutations in the X-linked IGSF1 gene in boys and men with congenital central hypothyroidism. IGSF1 was localized to thyrotrope cells, implicating the protein in pituitary control of the thyroid. Investigations in two Igsf1 knockout mouse models converged to show that IGSF1 deficiency leads to reduced expression of the receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and impaired TRH stimulation of thyrotropin secretion, providing a candidate mechanism for the central hypothyroidism observed in patients. Nevertheless, the normal functions of IGSF1 in thyrotropes and other cells remain unresolved. Moreover, IGSF1 mutations are also commonly associated with other clinical phenotypes, including prolactin and growth hormone dysregulation, and macroorchidism. How the loss of IGSF1 produces these characteristics is unknown. Although early studies of IGSF1 ran into roadblocks and blind alleys, armed with the results of detailed clinical investigations, powerful mouse models, and new reagents, the field is now poised to discover IGSF1’s function in endocrine tissues, including the pituitary and testes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Courtney L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Brûlé E, Silander T, Bak B, Joustra SD, Bernard DJ. The short mRNA isoform of the immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 gene encodes an intracellular glycoprotein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180731. [PMID: 28686733 PMCID: PMC5501590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 gene (IGSF1/Igsf1) cause an X-linked form of central hypothyroidism. The canonical form of IGSF1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with 12 immunoglobulin (Ig) loops. The protein is co-translationally cleaved into two sub-domains. The carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD), which contains the last 7 Ig loops, is trafficked to the plasma membrane. Most pathogenic mutations in IGSF1 map to the portion of the gene encoding the CTD. IGSF1/Igsf1 encodes a variety of transcripts. A little studied, but abundant splice variant encodes a truncated form of the protein, predicted to contain the first 2 Ig loops of the full-length IGSF1. The protein (hereafter referred to as IGSF1 isoform 2 or IGSF1-2) is likely retained in most individuals with IGSF1 mutations. Here, we characterized basic biochemical properties of the protein as a foray into understanding its potential function. IGSF1-2, like the IGSF1-CTD, is a glycoprotein. In both mouse and rat, the protein is N-glycosylated at a single asparagine residue in the first Ig loop. Contrary to earlier predictions, neither the murine nor rat IGSF1-2 is secreted from heterologous or homologous cells. In addition, neither protein associates with the plasma membrane. Rather, IGSF1-2 appears to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Whether the protein plays intracellular functions or is trafficked through the secretory pathway under certain physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions has yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emilie Brûlé
- Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanya Silander
- Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beata Bak
- Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sjoerd D. Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turgeon MO, Silander TL, Doycheva D, Liao XH, Rigden M, Ongaro L, Zhou X, Joustra SD, Wit JM, Wade MG, Heuer H, Refetoff S, Bernard DJ. TRH Action Is Impaired in Pituitaries of Male IGSF1-Deficient Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:815-830. [PMID: 28324000 PMCID: PMC5460797 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) gene cause central hypothyroidism. IGSF1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of unknown function expressed in thyrotropin (TSH)-producing thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The protein is cotranslationally cleaved, with only its C-terminal domain (CTD) being trafficked to the plasma membrane. Most intragenic IGSF1 mutations in humans map to the CTD. In this study, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to introduce a loss-of-function mutation into the IGSF1-CTD in mice. The modified allele encodes a truncated protein that fails to traffic to the plasma membrane. Under standard laboratory conditions, Igsf1-deficient males exhibit normal serum TSH levels as well as normal numbers of TSH-expressing thyrotropes. However, pituitary expression of the TSH subunit genes and TSH protein content are reduced, as is expression of the receptor for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). When challenged with exogenous TRH, Igsf1-deficient males release TSH, but to a significantly lesser extent than do their wild-type littermates. The mice show similarly attenuated TSH secretion when rendered profoundly hypothyroid with a low iodine diet supplemented with propylthiouracil. Collectively, these results indicate that impairments in pituitary TRH receptor expression and/or downstream signaling underlie central hypothyroidism in IGSF1 deficiency syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Turgeon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Tanya L. Silander
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Denica Doycheva
- 4Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging–Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Marc Rigden
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Sjoerd D. Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mike G. Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Heike Heuer
- 4Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6 Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The syndrome of central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism: IGSF1 controls TRHR and FSHB expression by differential modulation of pituitary TGFβ and Activin pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42937. [PMID: 28262687 PMCID: PMC5338029 DOI: 10.1038/srep42937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IGSF1 (Immunoglobulin Superfamily 1) gene defects cause central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. Based on a patient with a full deletion of IGSF1 clinically followed from neonate to adulthood, we investigated a common pituitary origin for hypothyroidism and macroorchidism, and the role of IGSF1 as regulator of pituitary hormone secretion. The patient showed congenital central hypothyroidism with reduced TSH biopotency, over-secretion of FSH at neonatal minipuberty and macroorchidism from 3 years of age. His markedly elevated inhibin B was unable to inhibit FSH secretion, indicating a status of pituitary inhibin B resistance. We show here that IGSF1 is expressed both in thyrotropes and gonadotropes of the pituitary and in Leydig and germ cells in the testes, but at very low levels in Sertoli cells. Furthermore, IGSF1 stimulates transcription of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) by negative modulation of the TGFβ1-Smad signaling pathway, and enhances the synthesis and biopotency of TSH, the hormone secreted by thyrotropes. By contrast, IGSF1 strongly down-regulates the activin-Smad pathway, leading to reduced expression of FSHB, the hormone secreted by gonadotropes. In conclusion, two relevant molecular mechanisms linked to central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism in IGSF1 deficiency are identified, revealing IGSF1 as an important regulator of TGFβ/Activin pathways in the pituitary.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Turgeon MO, London S, Hermanns P, Pohlenz J, Bernard DJ, Bercovich D. Familial Central Hypothyroidism Caused by a Novel IGSF1 Gene Mutation. Thyroid 2016; 26:1693-1700. [PMID: 27310681 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hypothyroidism of central origin (CH-C) is a rare disease in which thyroid hormone deficiency is caused by insufficient thyrotropin stimulation of a normal thyroid gland. A recently described syndrome of isolated CH-C and macroorchidism was attributed to loss-of-function mutations of the immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 gene (IGSF1). PATIENTS AND METHODS CH-C was diagnosed in three siblings. The TRH, TRHR, and TSHB genes were sequenced followed by whole-exome sequencing in the proband. A mutation identified in IGSF1 was analyzed by direct PCR sequencing in family members. The effects of the mutation were assessed by in vitro studies in HEK293 cells. RESULTS The index case was negative for mutations in TRH, TRHR, and TSHB. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel insertion mutation in IGSF1, c.2284_2285insA, p.R762QfsX7, which was confirmed by direct PCR sequencing and was identified in six additional family members. The mutation introduces a frame-shift and premature stop codon in the seventh Ig loop, thereby truncating IGSF1. In vitro studies revealed that the mutated IGSF1-R762QfsX7 migrates as a doublet at ∼28 kDa, which is far smaller than the wild type protein (130-140 kDa). Both bands were endonuclease H sensitive, indicating immature glycosylation and failure of the protein to traffic out of the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. Further phenotypic findings in the family included macroorchidism and infertility in the uncle and mild neurological phenotypes in the affected males, such as hypotonia, delayed psychomotor development, clumsy behavior, and attention deficit disorder. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel insertion mutation in the IGSF1 gene and further delineated the phenotype of the IGSF1-deficiency syndrome. Our findings indicate a possible association between an IGSF1 mutation and neurological phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover
- 1 Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Ha'Emek Medical Center , Afula, Israel
- 2 Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, Israel
| | - Marc-Olivier Turgeon
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Shira London
- 1 Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Ha'Emek Medical Center , Afula, Israel
| | - Pia Hermanns
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical School , Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Pohlenz
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical School , Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Dani Bercovich
- 5 Faculty of Medical Science, Tel Hai Academic College Upper Galilee , Israel
- 6 GGA - Galil Genetic Analysis Laboratory , Kazerin, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fang Q, George AS, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Gergics P, Cheung LYM, Daly AZ, Ajmal A, Pérez Millán MI, Ozel AB, Kitzman JO, Mills RE, Li JZ, Camper SA. Genetics of Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Roadmap into the Genome Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:636-675. [PMID: 27828722 PMCID: PMC5155665 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving 30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of this disorder is valuable for predicting disease progression, avoiding unnecessary surgery, and family planning. We expect that the application of high throughput sequencing will uncover additional contributing genes and eventually become a valuable tool for molecular diagnosis. For example, in the last 3 years, six new genes have been implicated in CPHD using whole-exome sequencing. In this review, we present a historical perspective on gene discovery for CPHD and predict approaches that may facilitate future gene identification projects conducted by clinicians and basic scientists. Guidelines for systematic reporting of genetic variants and assigning causality are emerging. We apply these guidelines retrospectively to reports of the genetic basis of CPHD and summarize modes of inheritance and penetrance for each of the known genes. In recent years, there have been great improvements in databases of genetic information for diverse populations. Some issues remain that make molecular diagnosis challenging in some cases. These include the inherent genetic complexity of this disorder, technical challenges like uneven coverage, differing results from variant calling and interpretation pipelines, the number of tolerated genetic alterations, and imperfect methods for predicting pathogenicity. We discuss approaches for future research in the genetics of CPHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Akima S George
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandre Z Daly
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Adnan Ajmal
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - María Ines Pérez Millán
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hughes JN, Aubert M, Heatlie J, Gardner A, Gecz J, Morgan T, Belsky J, Thomas PQ. Identification of an IGSF1-specific deletion in a five-generation pedigree with X-linked Central Hypothyroidism without macroorchidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:609-15. [PMID: 27146357 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IGSF1 deficiency syndrome (IDS) is a recently described X-linked congenital central hypothyroidism disorder characterized by loss-of-function mutations in the immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) gene. The phenotypic spectrum and intrafamilial variability associated with IDS remain unclear due to a paucity of large, well-characterized pedigrees. Here, we present phenotypic analysis and molecular characterization of a five-generation pedigree with IGSF1 deficiency containing 10 affected males. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pituitary function was assessed in all available family members (n = 8 affected males and n = 5 carrier females). Molecular characterization of the family was performed by Sanger sequencing of PCR products amplified from the IGSF1 locus and by array comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS A 42-kb IGSF1 deletion spanning the entire coding sequence was identified in all affected males. TSH deficiency, although subclinical in one case, was identified in all affected males (n = 8). PRL and GH deficiency were also present in 5 of 6 and 4 of 8 affected males, respectively. In contrast to previous reports, macroorchidism was not detected in any of the four affected males who were examined for this feature. Only 1 of 5 carrier females had pituitary dysfunction (TSH and GH deficiency). CONCLUSION Individuals with identical IGSF1 deletions can exhibit variable pituitary hormone deficiencies, of which overt TSH deficiency is the most consistent feature. We also show that macroorchidism is not obligatory in males with IDS. Mutations of IGSF1 should therefore be considered in males with isolated hypopituitarism that includes TSH deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew Aubert
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica Heatlie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alison Gardner
- School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Thomas Morgan
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Biomarkers Division, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Belsky
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mouse Models for the Study of Synthesis, Secretion, and Action of Pituitary Gonadotropins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:49-84. [PMID: 27697204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins play fundamental roles in reproduction. More than 30years ago, Cga transgenic mice were generated, and more than 20years ago, the phenotypes of Cga null mice were reported. Since then, numerous mouse strains have been generated and characterized to address several questions in reproductive biology involving gonadotropin synthesis, secretion, and action. More recently, extragonadal expression, and in some cases, functions of gonadotropins in nongonadal tissues have been identified. Several genomic and proteomic approaches including novel mouse genome editing tools are available now. It is anticipated that these and other emerging technologies will be useful to build an integrated network of gonadotropin signaling pathways in various tissues. Undoubtedly, research on gonadotropins will continue to provide new knowledge and allow us transcend from benchside to the bedside.
Collapse
|
15
|
Joustra SD, Heinen CA, Schoenmakers N, Bonomi M, Ballieux BEPB, Turgeon MO, Bernard DJ, Fliers E, van Trotsenburg ASP, Losekoot M, Persani L, Wit JM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Oostdijk W. IGSF1 Deficiency: Lessons From an Extensive Case Series and Recommendations for Clinical Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1627-36. [PMID: 26840047 PMCID: PMC4880178 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in the immunoglobulin superfamily, member 1 (IGSF1) gene cause the X-linked IGSF1 deficiency syndrome consisting of central hypothyroidism, delayed pubertal testosterone rise, adult macroorchidism, variable prolactin deficiency, and occasionally transient partial GH deficiency. Since our first reports, we discovered 20 new families with 18 new pathogenic IGSF1 mutations. OBJECTIVE We aimed to share data on the largest cohort of patients with IGSF1 deficiency to date and formulate recommendations for clinical management. METHODS We collected clinical and biochemical characteristics of 69 male patients (35 children, 34 adults) and 56 female IGSF1 mutation carriers (three children, 53 adults) from 30 unrelated families according to a standardized clinical protocol. At evaluation, boys were treated with levothyroxine in 89%, adult males in 44%, and females in 5% of cases. RESULTS Additional symptoms in male patients included small thyroid gland volume (74%), high birth weight (25%), and large head circumference (20%). In general, the timing of pubertal testicular growth was normal or even premature, in contrast to a late rise in T levels. Late adrenarche was observed in patients with prolactin deficiency, and adult dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations were decreased in 40%. Hypocortisolism was observed in 6 of 28 evaluated newborns, although cortisol concentrations were normal later. Waist circumference of male patients was increased in 60%, but blood lipids were normal. Female carriers showed low free T4 (FT4) and low-normal FT4 in 18% and 60%, respectively, delayed age at menarche in 31%, mild prolactin deficiency in 22%, increased waist circumference in 57%, and a negative correlation between FT4 concentrations and metabolic parameters. CONCLUSION IGSF1 deficiency represents the most common genetic cause of central hypothyroidism and is associated with multiple other characteristics. Based on these results, we provide recommendations for mutational analysis, endocrine work-up, and long-term care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - C A Heinen
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - N Schoenmakers
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - M Bonomi
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - B E P B Ballieux
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - M-O Turgeon
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - D J Bernard
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - E Fliers
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - A S P van Trotsenburg
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - M Losekoot
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - L Persani
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - J M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - N R Biermasz
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - A M Pereira
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - W Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics (S.D.J., J.M.W., W.O.), Department of Medicine (S.D.J., N.R.B., A.M.P.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (B.E.P.B.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (M.L.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 C Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.A.H., A.S.P.v.T.), Emma Children's Hospital, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C.A.H., E.F.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories (N.S.), Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge DB2 2OO, United Kingdom; Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (M.B.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carettere Scientifico, Instituto Auxologica Italiano, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (M.B., L.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.-O.T., D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Joustra SD, Roelfsema F, Endert E, Ballieux BEPB, van Trotsenburg ASP, Fliers E, Corssmit EPM, Bernard DJ, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Pituitary Hormone Secretion Profiles in IGSF1 Deficiency Syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:408-16. [PMID: 26336917 DOI: 10.1159/000439433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) cause an X-linked syndrome of central hypothyroidism, macroorchidism, delayed pubertal testosterone rise, variable prolactin deficiency and variable partial GH deficiency in childhood. The clinical features and gene expression pattern suggest a pivotal role for IGSF1 in the pituitary, but detailed knowledge on pituitary hormone secretion in this syndrome is lacking. We therefore aimed to study the 24-hour pituitary hormone secretion in male patients with IGSF1 deficiency. METHODS We collected blood samples every 10 min for 24 h in eight adult male IGSF1-deficient patients and measured circulating TSH, prolactin and gonadotropins. Deconvolution, modified cosinor and approximate entropy analyses were applied to quantify secretion rates, diurnal rhythmicity and regularity of hormone release. Results were compared to healthy controls matched for age and body mass index. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, IGSF1-deficient patients showed decreased pulsatile secretion of TSH with decreased disorderliness and reduced diurnal variation. Basal and pulsatile secretion of FSH was increased by over 200%, while LH secretion did not differ from healthy controls. We observed a bimodal distribution of prolactin secretion, i.e. severe deficiency in three and increased basal and total secretion in the other five patients. CONCLUSION The altered TSH secretion pattern is consistent with the previously hypothesized defect in thyrotropin-releasing hormone signaling in IGSF1 deficiency. However, the phenotype is more extensive and includes increased FSH secretion without altered LH secretion as well as either undetectable or increased prolactin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schoenmakers N, Alatzoglou KS, Chatterjee VK, Dattani MT. Recent advances in central congenital hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:R51-71. [PMID: 26416826 PMCID: PMC4629398 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) may occur in isolation, or more frequently in combination with additional pituitary hormone deficits with or without associated extrapituitary abnormalities. Although uncommon, it may be more prevalent than previously thought, affecting up to 1:16 000 neonates in the Netherlands. Since TSH is not elevated, CCH will evade diagnosis in primary, TSH-based, CH screening programs and delayed detection may result in neurodevelopmental delay due to untreated neonatal hypothyroidism. Alternatively, coexisting growth hormones or ACTH deficiency may pose additional risks, such as life threatening hypoglycaemia. Genetic ascertainment is possible in a minority of cases and reveals mutations in genes controlling the TSH biosynthetic pathway (TSHB, TRHR, IGSF1) in isolated TSH deficiency, or early (HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX3, OTX2) or late (PROP1, POU1F1) pituitary transcription factors in combined hormone deficits. Since TSH cannot be used as an indicator of euthyroidism, adequacy of treatment can be difficult to monitor due to a paucity of alternative biomarkers. This review will summarize the normal physiology of pituitary development and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, then describe known genetic causes of isolated central hypothyroidism and combined pituitary hormone deficits associated with TSH deficiency. Difficulties in diagnosis and management of these conditions will then be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - V Krishna Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UKDevelopmental Endocrinology Research GroupSection of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Joustra SD, Meijer OC, Heinen CA, Mol IM, Laghmani EH, Sengers RMA, Carreno G, van Trotsenburg ASP, Biermasz NR, Bernard DJ, Wit JM, Oostdijk W, van Pelt AMM, Hamer G, Wagenaar GTM. Spatial and temporal expression of immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 in the rat. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:181-91. [PMID: 26163525 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) gene cause an X-linked syndrome of central hypothyroidism, macroorchidism, variable prolactin and GH deficiency, delayed pubertal testosterone rise, and obesity. To understand the pathophysiology of this syndrome, knowledge on IGSF1's place in normal development is imperative. Therefore, we investigated spatial and temporal protein and mRNA expression of IGSF1 in rats using immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and in situ hybridization. We observed high levels of IGSF1 expression in the brain, specifically the embryonic and adult choroid plexus and hypothalamus (principally in glial cells), and in the pituitary gland (PIT1-lineage of GH, TSH, and PRL-producing cells). IGSF1 is also expressed in the embryonic and adult zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland, islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, and costameres of the heart and skeletal muscle. IGSF1 is highly expressed in fetal liver, but is absent shortly after birth. In the adult testis, IGSF1 is present in Sertoli cells (epithelial stages XIII-VI), and elongating spermatids (stages X-XII). Specificity of protein expression was corroborated with Igsf1 mRNA expression in all tissues. The expression patterns of IGSF1 in the pituitary gland and testis are consistent with the pituitary hormone deficiencies and macroorchidism observed in patients with IGSF1 deficiency. The expression in the brain, adrenal gland, pancreas, liver, and muscle suggest IGSF1's function in endocrine physiology might be more extensive than previously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A Heinen
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - El Houari Laghmani
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rozemarijn M A Sengers
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Carreno
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans M M van Pelt
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Hamer
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry T M Wagenaar
- Department of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric EndocrinologyEmma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, The NetherlandsDevelopmental Biology and Cancer ProgrammeInstitute of Child Health, London, UKDepartment of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCenter for Reproductive MedicineWomen's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Makanji Y, Zhu J, Mishra R, Holmquist C, Wong WPS, Schwartz NB, Mayo KE, Woodruff TK. Inhibin at 90: from discovery to clinical application, a historical review. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:747-94. [PMID: 25051334 PMCID: PMC4167436 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When it was initially discovered in 1923, inhibin was characterized as a hypophysiotropic hormone that acts on pituitary cells to regulate pituitary hormone secretion. Ninety years later, what we know about inhibin stretches far beyond its well-established capacity to inhibit activin signaling and suppress pituitary FSH production. Inhibin is one of the major reproductive hormones involved in the regulation of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although the physiological role of inhibin as an activin antagonist in other organ systems is not as well defined as it is in the pituitary-gonadal axis, inhibin also modulates biological processes in other organs through paracrine, autocrine, and/or endocrine mechanisms. Inhibin and components of its signaling pathway are expressed in many organs. Diagnostically, inhibin is used for prenatal screening of Down syndrome as part of the quadruple test and as a biochemical marker in the assessment of ovarian reserve. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the biological role of inhibin, its relationship with activin, its signaling mechanisms, and its potential value as a diagnostic marker for reproductive function and pregnancy-associated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwar Makanji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Y.M., J.Z., C.H., W.P.S.W., T.K.W.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60610; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (R.M., C.H.), Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; and Department of Molecular Biosciences (N.B.S., K.E.M., T.K.W.), Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tajima T, Nakamura A, Morikawa S, Ishizu K. Neonatal screening and a new cause of congenital central hypothyroidism. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 19:117-21. [PMID: 25346914 PMCID: PMC4208260 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2014.19.3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital central hypothyroidism (C-CH) is a rare disease in which thyroid hormone deficiency is caused by insufficient thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation of a normally-located thyroid gland. Most patients with C-CH have low free thyroxine levels and inappropriately low or normal TSH levels, although a few have slightly elevated TSH levels. Autosomal recessive TSH deficiency and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor-inactivating mutations are known to be genetic causes of C-CH presenting in the absence of other syndromes. Recently, deficiency of the immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) has also been demonstrated to cause C-CH. IGSF1 is a plasma membrane glycoprotein highly expressed in the pituitary. Its physiological role in humans remains unknown. IGSF1 deficiency causes TSH deficiency, leading to hypothyroidism. In addition, approximately 60% of patients also suffer a prolactin deficiency. Moreover, macroorchidism and delayed puberty are characteristic features. Thus, although the precise pathophysiology of IGSF1 deficiency is not established, IGSF1 is considered to be a new factor controlling growth and puberty in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Morikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsura Ishizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Joustra SD, van Trotsenburg ASP, Sun Y, Losekoot M, Bernard DJ, Biermasz NR, Oostdijk W, Wit JM. IGSF1 deficiency syndrome: A newly uncovered endocrinopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:e24883. [PMID: 25002994 PMCID: PMC3915563 DOI: 10.4161/rdis.24883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A recently uncovered X-linked syndrome, caused by loss-of-function of IGSF1, is characterized by congenital central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism, variable prolactin deficiency, occasional growth hormone deficiency, delayed pubertal testosterone secretion and obesity. We propose to call this endocrinopathy “IGSF1 deficiency syndrome.” Based on an estimated incidence of isolated congenital central hypothyroidism of 1:65,000, we predict that the incidence of IGSF1 deficiency related hypothyroidism is approximately 1:100,000. IGSF1 encodes a plasma membrane immunoglobulin superfamily glycoprotein that is highly expressed in pituitary and testis, but is of unknown function. The variable profile of pituitary dysfunction suggests that IGSF1 may play a role in pituitary paracrine regulation. The clinical significance of the syndrome, particularly the clinical consequences of untreated hypothyroidism, justifies screening family members of patients with IGSF1 mutations for carriership and to study potential carriers of IGSF1 mutations, including patients with idiopathic central hypothyroidism, combined GH and TSH deficiency, macroorchidism or delayed puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Pediatrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands ; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A S Paul van Trotsenburg
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Sun
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tajima T, Nakamura A, Ishizu K. A novel mutation of IGSF1 in a Japanese patient of congenital central hypothyroidism without macroorchidism. Endocr J 2013; 60:245-9. [PMID: 23363888 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital central hypothyroidism (C-CH) is a rare disease known to be caused by mutations of the genes encoding TSH β or the TRH receptor gene, although the cause of the disease in a number of patients has not yet been clarified. Recently, mutations and deletions of the immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) gene have been reported to be the cause of C-CH. Here we report a Japanese male patient with C-CH due to a novel IGSF1 mutation. He was detected by neonatal mass screening of simultaneous TSH and free T4 measurements and levothyroxine was initiated. At 6 years of age he underwent ¹²³I scintigraphy after levothyroxine treatment had been discontinued for one month and his thyroid and pituitary function were evaluated. Since TSH and PRL responses after TRH stimulation were low, his diagnosis of C-CH was confirmed. During follow up, whereas onset of his puberty was delayed, his secondary sex characterization completed at 17 years old. In this patient we analyzed IGSF1 and TRHR. As results, we identified a novel insertion mutation in IGSF1 (c.3528-3529insC), resulting in a premature stop codon (p.Pro1082Trpfs39X). In conclusion, we identified a novel mutation of IGSF1 in a Japanese male patient with C-CH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8635, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun Y, Bak B, Schoenmakers N, van Trotsenburg ASP, Oostdijk W, Voshol P, Cambridge E, White JK, le Tissier P, Gharavy SNM, Martinez-Barbera JP, Stokvis-Brantsma WH, Vulsma T, Kempers MJ, Persani L, Campi I, Bonomi M, Beck-Peccoz P, Zhu H, Davis TME, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Del Blanco DG, Rangasami JJ, Ruivenkamp CAL, Laros JFJ, Kriek M, Kant SG, Bosch CAJ, Biermasz NR, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Corssmit EP, Hovens GCJ, Pereira AM, den Dunnen JT, Wade MG, Breuning MH, Hennekam RC, Chatterjee K, Dattani MT, Wit JM, Bernard DJ. Loss-of-function mutations in IGSF1 cause an X-linked syndrome of central hypothyroidism and testicular enlargement. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1375-81. [PMID: 23143598 PMCID: PMC3511587 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Congenital central hypothyroidism occurs either in isolation or in conjunction with other pituitary hormone deficits. Using exome and candidate gene sequencing, we identified 8 distinct mutations and 2 deletions in IGSF1 in males from 11 unrelated families with central hypothyroidism, testicular enlargement and variably low prolactin concentrations. IGSF1 is a membrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in the anterior pituitary gland, and the identified mutations impair its trafficking to the cell surface in heterologous cells. Igsf1-deficient male mice show diminished pituitary and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, reduced pituitary thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor expression, decreased triiodothyronine concentrations and increased body mass. Collectively, our observations delineate a new X-linked disorder in which loss-of-function mutations in IGSF1 cause central hypothyroidism, likely secondary to an associated impairment in pituitary TRH signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Robakis T, Bak B, Lin SH, Bernard DJ, Scheiffele P. An internal signal sequence directs intramembrane proteolysis of a cellular immunoglobulin domain protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36369-76. [PMID: 18981173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807527200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursor proteolysis is a crucial mechanism for regulating protein structure and function. Signal peptidase (SP) is an enzyme with a well defined role in cleaving N-terminal signal sequences but no demonstrated function in the proteolysis of cellular precursor proteins. We provide evidence that SP mediates intraprotein cleavage of IgSF1, a large cellular Ig domain protein that is processed into two separate Ig domain proteins. In addition, our results suggest the involvement of signal peptide peptidase (SPP), an intramembrane protease, which acts on substrates that have been previously cleaved by SP. We show that IgSF1 is processed through sequential proteolysis by SP and SPP. Cleavage is directed by an internal signal sequence and generates two separate Ig domain proteins from a polytopic precursor. Our findings suggest that SP and SPP function are not restricted to N-terminal signal sequence cleavage but also contribute to the processing of cellular transmembrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Robakis
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zohn IE, Anderson KV, Niswander L. The Hectd1 ubiquitin ligase is required for development of the head mesenchyme and neural tube closure. Dev Biol 2007; 306:208-21. [PMID: 17442300 PMCID: PMC2730518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Closure of the cranial neural tube depends on normal development of the head mesenchyme. Homozygous-mutant embryos for the ENU-induced open mind (opm) mutation exhibit exencephaly associated with defects in head mesenchyme development and dorsal-lateral hinge point formation. The head mesenchyme in opm mutant embryos is denser than in wildtype embryos and displays an abnormal cellular organization. Since cells that originate from both the cephalic paraxial mesoderm and the neural crest populate the head mesenchyme, we explored the origin of the abnormal head mesenchyme. opm mutant embryos show apparently normal development of neural crest-derived structures. Furthermore, the abnormal head mesenchyme in opm mutant embryos is not derived from the neural crest, but instead expresses molecular markers of cephalic mesoderm. We also report the identification of the opm mutation in the ubiquitously expressed Hectd1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Two different Hectd1 alleles cause incompletely penetrant neural tube defects in heterozygous animals, indicating that Hectd1 function is required at a critical threshold for neural tube closure. This low penetrance of neural tube defects in embryos heterozygous for Hectd1 mutations suggests that Hectd1 should be considered as candidate susceptibility gene in human neural tube defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene E. Zohn
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kathryn V. Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York, 10021, USA
| | - Lee Niswander
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
- Correspondence to Lee Niswander, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center - Fitzsimmons Campus, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 6511, MS 8322, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
As the genomic regions containing loci predisposing to obesity-related traits are mapped in human population screens and mouse genetic studies, identification of susceptibility genes will increasingly be facilitated by bioinformatic methods. We hypothesized that candidate genes can be prioritized by their expression levels in tissues of central importance in obesity. Our objective was to develop a combined bioinformatics and molecular paradigm to identify novel genes as candidates for murine or human obesity genetic modifiers based on their differential expression patterns in the hypothalamus compared with other murine tissues. We used bioinformatics tools to search publicly available gene expression databases using criteria designed to identify novel genes differentially expressed in the hypothalamus. We used RNA methods to determine their expression sites and levels of expression in the hypothalamus of the murine brain. We identified the chromosomal location of the novel genes in mice and in humans and compared these locations with those of genetic loci predisposing to obesity-related traits. We developed a search strategy that correctly identified a set of genes known to be important in hypothalamic function as well as a candidate gene for Prader-Willi syndrome that was not previously identified as differentially expressed in the hypothalamus. Using this same strategy, we identified and characterized a set of 11 genes not previously known to be differentially expressed in the murine hypothalamus. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of combined bioinformatics and molecular approaches to the identification of genes that are candidates for obesity-related disorders in humans and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Bischof
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|