1
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Labiner HE, Sas KM, Baur JA, Sims CA. Sirt3 Deletion Increases Inflammation and Mortality in Polymicrobial Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2023; 24:788-796. [PMID: 38015645 PMCID: PMC10659016 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase that confers resilience to cellular stress by promoting mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major driver of inflammation during sepsis. We hypothesize that Sirt3 expression improves survival in polymicrobial sepsis by mitigating the inflammatory response. Materials and Methods: Sirt3 knockout (S3KO) and wild-type (WT) mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery. mRNA expression was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein expression was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Spectrophotometric assays were used to quantify serum markers of organ dysfunction. For in vitro studies, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were harvested from S3KO and WT mice and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results: After CLP, hepatic Sirt3 levels decreased from baseline by nine hours and remained depressed at 24 hours. Peak serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein levels were higher in S3KO mice. In LPS-treated BMDMs, IL-6 mRNA levels peaked earlier in S3KO cells, although peak levels were comparable to WT. Although S3KO mice had decreased median survival after CLP compared with WT, there was no difference in five-day survival or organ dysfunction. Conclusions: Although S3KO mice initially had increased inflammation and mortality, this difference abated with time, and overall survival was comparable between the groups. This pattern is consistent with the timeline of sepsis-induced Sirt3 downregulation in WT mice, and suggests that Sirt3 downregulation occurring in sepsis is at least partially responsible for the initial hyperinflammatory response and subsequent mortality. Our data support upregulation of Sirt3 as a promising therapeutic strategy for further research in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Labiner
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelli M. Sas
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carrie A. Sims
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Song M, Yin C, Xu Q, Liu Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Yan H. Enhanced Production of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide with Exogenous Nicotinamide Addition in Saccharomyces boulardii-YS01. Foods 2023; 12:2897. [PMID: 37569166 PMCID: PMC10418623 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as a key precursor of an essential coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), is most recognized for its pathological treatment effects and anti-aging functions. Here, the biosynthesis of NMN from the inexpensive feedstock substrate nicotinamide (Nam) using previously isolated Saccharomyces boulardii-YS01 was investigated. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS) was established for the determination and targeted analysis of NMN, nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinic acid (NA), Nam, and NAD+ in YS01 cells. Satisfactory precision and accuracy values were achieved with recoveries above 70% for five analytes. A 5~100 times higher content of NMN in YS01 (0.24~103.40 mg/kg) than in some common foods (0.0~18.8 mg/kg) was found. Combined with genome sequencing and enzyme function annotation, target-acting enzymes, including nudC, ISN1, URH1, PNP, and SIR2, were identified, and the biosynthetic pathway of NMN via Nam was suggested. The initial addition of 3 g/L Nam in the culture medium effectively promoted the generation of NMN, which raised the content of NMN by 39%. This work supplements an alternative resource for NMN production and lays the theoretical foundation for the further construction of NMN transgenic synthesis hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (M.S.); (C.Y.); (Q.X.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.)
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3
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Zhang Y, van der Zee L, Barberis M. Two-way communication between cell cycle and metabolism in budding yeast: what do we know? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1187304. [PMID: 37396387 PMCID: PMC10309209 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1187304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of cell cycle and metabolism exists in all cells. The building of a new cell is a process that requires metabolic commitment to the provision of both Gibbs energy and building blocks for proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes. On the other hand, the cell cycle machinery will assess and regulate its metabolic environment before it makes decisions on when to enter the next cell cycle phase. Furthermore, more and more evidence demonstrate that the metabolism can be regulated by cell cycle progression, as different biosynthesis pathways are preferentially active in different cell cycle phases. Here, we review the available literature providing a critical overview on how cell cycle and metabolism may be coupled with one other, bidirectionally, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Molecular Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lucas van der Zee
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Molecular Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhou Z, Liu Y, Feng Y, Klepin S, Tsimring LS, Pillus L, Hasty J, Hao N. Engineering longevity-design of a synthetic gene oscillator to slow cellular aging. Science 2023; 380:376-381. [PMID: 37104589 PMCID: PMC10249776 DOI: 10.1126/science.add7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology enables the design of gene networks to confer specific biological functions, yet it remains a challenge to rationally engineer a biological trait as complex as longevity. A naturally occurring toggle switch underlies fate decisions toward either nucleolar or mitochondrial decline during the aging of yeast cells. We rewired this endogenous toggle to engineer an autonomous genetic clock that generates sustained oscillations between the nucleolar and mitochondrial aging processes in individual cells. These oscillations increased cellular life span through the delay of the commitment to aging that resulted from either the loss of chromatin silencing or the depletion of heme. Our results establish a connection between gene network architecture and cellular longevity that could lead to rationally designed gene circuits that slow aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yushen Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen Klepin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lev S. Tsimring
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorraine Pillus
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeff Hasty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nan Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Poljšak B, Kovač V, Špalj S, Milisav I. The Central Role of the NAD+ Molecule in the Development of Aging and the Prevention of Chronic Age-Related Diseases: Strategies for NAD+ Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032959. [PMID: 36769283 PMCID: PMC9917998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecule NAD+ is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing cellular redox reactions in several metabolic pathways, encompassing glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and is a substrate for NAD+-dependent enzymes. In addition to a hydride and electron transfer in redox reactions, NAD+ is a substrate for sirtuins and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases and even moderate decreases in its cellular concentrations modify signaling of NAD+-consuming enzymes. Age-related reduction in cellular NAD+ concentrations results in metabolic and aging-associated disorders, while the consequences of increased NAD+ production or decreased degradation seem beneficial. This article reviews the NAD+ molecule in the development of aging and the prevention of chronic age-related diseases and discusses the strategies of NAD+ modulation for healthy aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Kovač
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stjepan Špalj
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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6
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Heywood HK, Thorpe SD, Jeropoulos RM, Caton PW, Lee DA. Modulation of sirtuins during monolayer chondrocyte culture influences cartilage regeneration upon transfer to a 3D culture environment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:971932. [PMID: 36561039 PMCID: PMC9763269 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.971932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the role of sirtuins in the regenerative potential of articular chondrocytes. Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) play a key role in regulating cartilage homeostasis. By inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways responsible for cartilage degradation and promoting the expression of key matrix components, sirtuins have the potential to drive a favourable balance between anabolic and catabolic processes critical to regenerative medicine. When subjected to osmolarity and glucose concentrations representative of the in vivo niche, freshly isolated bovine chondrocytes exhibited increases in SIRT1 but not SIRT3 gene expression. Replicating methods adopted for the in vitro monolayer expansion of chondrocytes for cartilage regenerative therapies, we found that SIRT1 gene expression declined during expansion. Manipulation of sirtuin activity during in vitro expansion by supplementation with the SIRT1-specific activator SRT1720, nicotinamide mononucleotide, or the pan-sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide, significantly influenced cartilage regeneration in subsequent 3D culture. Tissue mass, cellularity and extracellular matrix content were reduced in response to sirtuin inhibition during expansion, whilst sirtuin activation enhanced these measures of cartilage tissue regeneration. Modulation of sirtuin activity during monolayer expansion influenced H3K27me3, a heterochromatin mark with an important role in development and differentiation. Unexpectedly, treatment of primary chondrocytes with sirtuin activators in 3D culture reduced their matrix synthesis. Thus, modulating sirtuin activity during the in vitro monolayer expansion phase may represent a distinct opportunity to enhance the outcome of cartilage regenerative medicine techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Heywood
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Thorpe
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom,UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Renos M. Jeropoulos
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Caton
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Lee
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: David A. Lee,
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7
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Labiner HE, Sas KM, Baur JA, Sims CA. Sirtuin 1 deletion increases inflammation and mortality in sepsis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:672-678. [PMID: 35857031 PMCID: PMC10673225 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a hyperinflammatory response to infection that can lead to multiorgan failure and eventually death. Often, the onset of multiorgan failure is heralded by renal dysfunction. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) promotes cellular stress resilience by inhibiting inflammation and promoting mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that SIRT1 plays an important role in limiting the inflammatory responses that drive organ failure in sepsis, predominantly via expression in myeloid cells. METHODS We performed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) on whole body SIRT1 knockout (S1KO) and myeloid cell-specific S1KO (S1KO-LysMCre) mice on a C57BL/6J background. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Renal mitochondrial complex activity was measured using Oxygraph-2k (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured from serum. Survival was monitored for up to 5 days. RESULTS Following CLP, S1KO mice had decreased renal mitochondrial complex I-dependent respiratory capacity (241.7 vs. 418.3 mmolO2/mg/min, p = 0.018) and renal mitochondrial complex II-dependent respiratory capacity (932.3 vs. 1,178.4, p = 0.027), as well as reduced rates of fatty acid oxidation (187.3 vs. 250.3, p = 0.022). Sirtuin 1 knockout mice also had increased BUN (48.0 mg/dL vs. 16.0 mg/dL, p = 0.049). Interleukin-6 levels were elevated in S1KO mice (96.5 ng/mL vs. 45.6 ng/mL, p = 0.028) and S1KO-LysMCre mice (35.8 ng/mL vs. 24.5 ng/mL, p = 0.033) compared with controls 12 hours after surgery. Five-day survival in S1KO (33.3% vs. 83.3%, p = 0.025) and S1KO-LysMCre (60% vs. 100%, p = 0.049) mice was decreased compared with controls. CONCLUSION Sirtuin 1 deletion increases systemic inflammation in sepsis. Renal mitochondrial dysfunction, kidney injury, and mortality following CLP were all exacerbated by SIRT1 deletion. Similar effects on inflammation and survival were seen following myeloid cell-specific SIRT1 deletion, indicating that SIRT1 activity in myeloid cells may be a significant contributor for the protective effects of SIRT1 in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Labiner
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Kelli M. Sas
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Carrie A. Sims
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
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8
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Poljšak B, Kovač V, Milisav I. Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091637. [PMID: 36139711 PMCID: PMC9495723 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), modulators of enzymes of the NAD+ biosynthesis pathways and inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, are the main boosters of NAD+. Increasing public awareness and interest in anti-ageing strategies and health-promoting lifestyles have grown the interest in the use of NAD+ boosters as dietary supplements, both in scientific circles and among the general population. Here, we discuss the current trends in NAD+ precursor usage as well as the uncertainties in dosage, timing, safety, and side effects. There are many unknowns regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, particularly bioavailability, metabolism, and tissue specificity of NAD+ boosters. Given the lack of long-term safety studies, there is a need for more clinical trials to determine the proper dose of NAD+ boosters and treatment duration for aging prevention and as disease therapy. Further research will also need to address the long-term consequences of increased NAD+ and the best approaches and combinations to increase NAD+ levels. The answers to the above questions will contribute to the more efficient and safer use of NAD+ boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Kovač
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Odoh CK, Guo X, Arnone JT, Wang X, Zhao ZK. The role of NAD and NAD precursors on longevity and lifespan modulation in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biogerontology 2022; 23:169-199. [PMID: 35260986 PMCID: PMC8904166 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular causes of aging and longevity interventions have witnessed an upsurge in the last decade. The resurgent interests in the application of small molecules as potential geroprotectors and/or pharmacogenomics point to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its precursors, nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide, and nicotinic acid as potentially intriguing molecules. Upon supplementation, these compounds have shown to ameliorate aging related conditions and possibly prevent death in model organisms. Besides being a molecule essential in all living cells, our understanding of the mechanism of NAD metabolism and its regulation remain incomplete owing to its omnipresent nature. Here we discuss recent advances and techniques in the study of chronological lifespan (CLS) and replicative lifespan (RLS) in the model unicellular organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We then follow with the mechanism and biology of NAD precursors and their roles in aging and longevity. Finally, we review potential biotechnological applications through engineering of microbial lifespan, and laid perspective on the promising candidature of alternative redox compounds for extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuks Kenneth Odoh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaojia Guo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - James T Arnone
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | - Xueying Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, 116023, China.
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10
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Tabibzadeh S. Resolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1664-1714. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Shen Q, Zhang SJ, Xue YZ, Peng F, Cheng DY, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Biological synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2199-2208. [PMID: 34626279 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or Nicotinamide-1-ium-1-β-D-ribofuranoside 5'-phosphate is a nucleotide that can be converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in human cells. NMN has recently attracted great attention because of its potential as an anti-aging drug, leading to great efforts for its effective manufacture. The chemical synthesis of NMN is a challenging task since it is an isomeric compound with a complicated structure. The majority of biological synthetic routes for NMN is through the intermediate phosphoribosyl diphosphate (PRPP), which is further converted to NMN by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). There are various routes for the synthesis of PRPP from simple starting materials such as ribose, adenosine, and xylose, but all of these require the expensive phosphate donor adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Thus, an ATP regeneration system can be included, leading to diminished ATP consumption during the catalytic process. The regulations of enzymes that are not directly involved in the synthesis of NMN are also critical for the production of NMN. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the biological production of NMN with respect to the critical enzymes, reaction conditions, and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yuan Cheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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12
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Strømland Ø, Diab J, Ferrario E, Sverkeli LJ, Ziegler M. The balance between NAD + biosynthesis and consumption in ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111569. [PMID: 34509469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme in redox reactions. NAD+ is also important in cellular signalling as it is consumed by PARPs, SARM1, sirtuins and CD38. Cellular NAD+ levels regulate several essential processes including DNA repair, immune cell function, senescence, and chromatin remodelling. Maintenance of these cellular processes is important for healthy ageing and lifespan. Interestingly, the levels of NAD+ decline during ageing in several organisms, including humans. Declining NAD+ levels have been linked to several age-related diseases including various metabolic diseases and cognitive decline. Decreasing tissue NAD+ concentrations have been ascribed to an imbalance between biosynthesis and consumption of the dinucleotide, resulting from, for instance, reduced levels of the rate limiting enzyme NAMPT along with an increased activation state of the NAD+-consuming enzymes PARPs and CD38. The progression of some age-related diseases can be halted or reversed by therapeutic augmentation of NAD+ levels. NAD+ metabolism has therefore emerged as a potential target to ameliorate age-related diseases. The present review explores how ageing affects NAD+ metabolism and current approaches to reverse the age-dependent decline of NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Strømland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Joseph Diab
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Eugenio Ferrario
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Lars J Sverkeli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5009, Norway.
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13
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Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD + Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:686412. [PMID: 34095234 PMCID: PMC8171187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.686412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite with wide-ranging and significant roles in the cell. Defects in NAD+ metabolism have been associated with many human disorders; it is therefore an emerging therapeutic target. Moreover, NAD+ metabolism is perturbed during colonization by a variety of pathogens, either due to the molecular mechanisms employed by these infectious agents or by the host immune response they trigger. Three main biosynthetic pathways, including the de novo and salvage pathways, contribute to the production of NAD+ with a high degree of conservation from bacteria to humans. De novo biosynthesis, which begins with l-tryptophan in eukaryotes, is also known as the kynurenine pathway. Intermediates of this pathway have various beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular health in different contexts. For example, dysregulation of this pathway is linked to neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. Activation of the de novo pathway is also implicated in various infections and inflammatory signaling. Given the dynamic flexibility and multiple roles of NAD+ intermediates, it is important to understand the interconnections and cross-regulations of NAD+ precursors and associated signaling pathways to understand how cells regulate NAD+ homeostasis in response to various growth conditions. Although regulation of NAD+ homeostasis remains incompletely understood, studies in the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may help provide some molecular basis for how NAD+ homeostasis factors contribute to the maintenance and regulation of cellular function and how they are regulated by various nutritional and stress signals. Here we present a brief overview of recent insights and discoveries made with respect to the relationship between NAD+ metabolism and selected human disorders and infections, with a particular focus on the de novo pathway. We also discuss how studies in budding yeast may help elucidate the regulation of NAD+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groth
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Padmaja Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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14
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Shubin CB, Mayangsari R, Swett AD, Greider CW. Rif1 regulates telomere length through conserved HEAT repeats. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3967-3980. [PMID: 33772576 PMCID: PMC8053089 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, Rif1 negatively regulates telomere length, but the mechanism of this regulation has remained elusive. Previous work identified several functional domains of Rif1, but none of these has been shown to mediate telomere length. To define Rif1 domains responsible for telomere regulation, we localized truncations of Rif1 to a single specific telomere and measured telomere length of that telomere compared to bulk telomeres. We found that a domain in the N-terminus containing HEAT repeats, Rif1177–996, was sufficient for length regulation when tethered to the telomere. Charged residues in this region were previously proposed to mediate DNA binding. We found that mutation of these residues disrupted telomere length regulation even when Rif1 was tethered to the telomere. Mutation of other conserved residues in this region, which were not predicted to interact with DNA, also disrupted telomere length maintenance, while mutation of conserved residues distal to this region did not. Our data suggest that conserved amino acids in the region from 436 to 577 play a functional role in telomere length regulation, which is separate from their proposed DNA binding function. We propose that the Rif1 HEAT repeats region represents a protein-protein binding interface that mediates telomere length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calla B Shubin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rini Mayangsari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ariel D Swett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carol W Greider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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15
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Pinkerton M, Ruetenik A, Bazylianska V, Nyvltova E, Barrientos A. Salvage NAD+ biosynthetic pathway enzymes moonlight as molecular chaperones to protect against proteotoxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:672-686. [PMID: 33749726 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative proteinopathies are disorders associated with abnormal protein depositions in brain neurons. They include polyglutamine (polyQ) conditions such as Huntington's disease (HD) and α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Overexpression of NMNAT/Nma1, an enzyme in the NAD+ biosynthetic salvage pathway, acts as an efficient suppressor of proteotoxicities in yeast, fly and mouse models. Screens in yeast models of HD and PD allowed us to identify three additional enzymes of the same pathway that achieve similar protection against proteotoxic stress: Npt1, Pnc1 and Qns1. The mechanism by which these proteins maintain proteostasis has not been identified. Here, we report that their ability to maintain proteostasis in yeast models of HD and PD is independent of their catalytic activity and does not require cellular protein quality control systems such as the proteasome or autophagy. Furthermore, we show that, under proteotoxic stress, the four proteins are recruited as molecular chaperones with holdase and foldase activities. The NAD+ salvage proteins act by preventing misfolding and, together with the Hsp90 chaperone, promoting the refolding of extended polyQ domains and α-synuclein (α-Syn). Our results illustrate the existence of an evolutionarily conserved strategy of repurposing or moonlighting housekeeping enzymes under stress conditions to maintain proteostasis. We conclude that the entire salvage NAD+ biosynthetic pathway links NAD+ metabolism and proteostasis and emerges as a target for therapeutics to combat age-associated neurodegenerative proteotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Pinkerton
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrea Ruetenik
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,MS in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine. Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Eva Nyvltova
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Miami, FL 33136, USA
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16
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Rymarchyk S, Kang W, Cen Y. Substrate-Dependent Sensitivity of SIRT1 to Nicotinamide Inhibition. Biomolecules 2021; 11:312. [PMID: 33670751 PMCID: PMC7922766 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is the most extensively studied human sirtuin with a broad spectrum of endogenous targets. It has been implicated in the regulation of a myriad of cellular events, such as gene transcription, mitochondria biogenesis, insulin secretion as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. From a mechanistic perspective, nicotinamide (NAM), a byproduct of a sirtuin-catalyzed reaction, reverses a reaction intermediate to regenerate NAD+ through "base exchange", leading to the inhibition of the forward deacetylation. NAM has been suggested as a universal sirtuin negative regulator. Sirtuins have evolved different strategies in response to NAM regulation. Here, we report the detailed kinetic analysis of SIRT1-catalyzed reactions using endogenous substrate-based synthetic peptides. A novel substrate-dependent sensitivity of SIRT1 to NAM inhibition was observed. Additionally, SIRT1 demonstrated pH-dependent deacetylation with normal solvent isotope effects (SIEs), consistent with proton transfer in the rate-limiting step. Base exchange, in contrast, was insensitive to pH changes with no apparent SIEs, indicative of lack of proton transfer in the rate-limiting step. Consequently, NAM inhibition was attenuated at a high pH in proteated buffers. Our study provides new evidence for "activation by de-repression" as an effective sirtuin activation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Rymarchyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Colchester, VT 05446, USA;
| | - Wenjia Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA;
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA;
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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17
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Hong S, Huh WK. Loss of Smi1, a protein involved in cell wall synthesis, extends replicative life span by enhancing rDNA stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100258. [PMID: 33837734 PMCID: PMC7948926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, replicative life span (RLS) is primarily affected by the stability of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The stability of the highly repetitive rDNA array is maintained through transcriptional silencing by the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2. Recently, the loss of Smi1, a protein of unknown molecular function that has been proposed to be involved in cell wall synthesis, has been demonstrated to extend RLS in S. cerevisiae, but the mechanism by which Smi1 regulates RLS has not been elucidated. In this study, we determined that the loss of Smi1 extends RLS in a Sir2-dependent manner. We observed that the smi1Δ mutation enhances transcriptional silencing at the rDNA locus and promotes rDNA stability. In the absence of Smi1, the stress-responsive transcription factor Msn2 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and nuclear-accumulated Msn2 stimulates the expression of nicotinamidase Pnc1, which serves as an activator of Sir2. In addition, we observed that the MAP kinase Hog1 is activated in smi1Δ cells and that the activation of Hog1 induces the translocation of Msn2 into the nucleus. Taken together, our findings suggest that the loss of Smi1 leads to the nuclear accumulation of Msn2 and stimulates the expression of Pnc1, thereby enhancing Sir2-mediated rDNA stability and extending RLS in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD + metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 22:119-141. [PMID: 33353981 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme for redox reactions, making it central to energy metabolism. NAD+ is also an essential cofactor for non-redox NAD+-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. NAD+ can directly and indirectly influence many key cellular functions, including metabolic pathways, DNA repair, chromatin remodelling, cellular senescence and immune cell function. These cellular processes and functions are critical for maintaining tissue and metabolic homeostasis and for healthy ageing. Remarkably, ageing is accompanied by a gradual decline in tissue and cellular NAD+ levels in multiple model organisms, including rodents and humans. This decline in NAD+ levels is linked causally to numerous ageing-associated diseases, including cognitive decline, cancer, metabolic disease, sarcopenia and frailty. Many of these ageing-associated diseases can be slowed down and even reversed by restoring NAD+ levels. Therefore, targeting NAD+ metabolism has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate ageing-related disease, and extend the human healthspan and lifespan. However, much remains to be learnt about how NAD+ influences human health and ageing biology. This includes a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate NAD+ levels, how to effectively restore NAD+ levels during ageing, whether doing so is safe and whether NAD+ repletion will have beneficial effects in ageing humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Covarrubias
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA. .,UCSF Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Li X, Feng Y, Wang XX, Truong D, Wu YC. The Critical Role of SIRT1 in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanism and Therapeutic Considerations. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1608-1622. [PMID: 33269110 PMCID: PMC7673849 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silence information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a member of the sirtuin family, targets histones and many non-histone proteins and participates in various physiological functions. The enzymatic activity of SIRT1 is decreased in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), which may reduce their ability to resist neuronal damage caused by various neurotoxins. As far as we know, SIRT1 can induce autophagy by regulating autophagy related proteins such as AMP-activated protein kinase, light chain 3, mammalian target of rapamycin, and forkhead transcription factor 1. Furthermore, SIRT1 can regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress mainly by maintaining peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in a deacetylated state and thus maintaining a constant level of PGC-1α. Other studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD by regulating neuroinflammation. SIRT1 deacetylases nuclear factor-kappa B and thus reduces its transcriptional activity, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels. SIRT1 can also upregulate heat shock protein 70 by deacetylating heat shock factor 1 to increase the degradation of α-synuclein oligomers. Few studies have focused on the relationship between SIRT1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and PD risk, so this topic requires further research. Based on the neuroprotective effects of SIRT1 on PD, many in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that some SIRT1 activators, notably resveratrol, have potential neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic neuronal damage caused by various neurotoxins. Thus, SIRT1 plays a critical role in PD development and might be a potential target for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ya Feng
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Daniel Truong
- 2The Truong Neurosciences Institute, Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA, USA.,3Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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20
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Beas AO, Gordon PB, Prentiss CL, Olsen CP, Kukurugya MA, Bennett BD, Parkhurst SM, Gottschling DE. Independent regulation of age associated fat accumulation and longevity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2790. [PMID: 32493904 PMCID: PMC7270101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent changes in metabolism can manifest as cellular lipid accumulation, but how this accumulation is regulated or impacts longevity is poorly understood. We find that Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulate lipid droplets (LDs) during aging. We also find that over-expressing BNA2, the first Biosynthesis of NAD+ (kynurenine) pathway gene, reduces LD accumulation during aging and extends lifespan. Mechanistically, this LD accumulation during aging is not linked to NAD+ levels, but is anti-correlated with metabolites of the shikimate and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (SA) pathways (upstream of BNA2), which produce tryptophan (the Bna2p substrate). We provide evidence that over-expressed BNA2 skews glycolytic flux from LDs towards the SA-BNA pathways, effectively reducing LDs. Importantly, we find that accumulation of LDs does not shorten lifespan, but does protect aged cells against stress. Our findings reveal how lipid accumulation impacts longevity, and how aging cell metabolism can be rewired to modulate lipid accumulation independently from longevity. Age-associated metabolic changes include lipid accumulation. Here, the authors show that with replicative aging yeast accumulate lipid droplets which protect cells from cold stress and can be modulated through Biosynthesis of NAD+ 2 (BNA2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Beas
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Patricia B Gordon
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Clara L Prentiss
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Carissa Perez Olsen
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Matthew A Kukurugya
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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21
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Mehmel M, Jovanović N, Spitz U. Nicotinamide Riboside-The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1616. [PMID: 32486488 PMCID: PMC7352172 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has recently become one of the most studied nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors, due to its numerous potential health benefits mediated via elevated NAD+ content in the body. NAD+ is an essential coenzyme that plays important roles in various metabolic pathways and increasing its overall content has been confirmed as a valuable strategy for treating a wide variety of pathophysiological conditions. Accumulating evidence on NRs' health benefits has validated its efficiency across numerous animal and human studies for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. As the prevalence and morbidity of these conditions increases in modern society, the great necessity has arisen for a rapid translation of NR to therapeutic use and further establishment of its availability as a nutritional supplement. Here, we summarize currently available data on NR effects on metabolism, and several neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, through to its application as a treatment for specific pathophysiological conditions. In addition, we have reviewed newly published research on the application of NR as a potential therapy against infections with several pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, to support rapid NR translation to therapeutics, the challenges related to its bioavailability and safety are addressed, together with the advantages of NR to other NAD+ precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mehmel
- Biosynth Carbosynth, Rietlistrasse 4, 9422 Staad, Switzerland;
| | - Nina Jovanović
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Urs Spitz
- Biosynth Carbosynth, Axis House, High Street, Compton, Berkshire RG20 6NL, UK
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22
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Liu Q, Zhu X, Lindström M, Shi Y, Zheng J, Hao X, Gustafsson CM, Liu B. Yeast mismatch repair components are required for stable inheritance of gene silencing. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008798. [PMID: 32469861 PMCID: PMC7286534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in epigenetic silencing have been associated with ageing and tumour formation. Although substantial efforts have been made towards understanding the mechanisms of gene silencing, novel regulators in this process remain to be identified. To systematically search for components governing epigenetic silencing, we developed a genome-wide silencing screen for yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) silent mating type locus HMR. Unexpectedly, the screen identified the mismatch repair (MMR) components Pms1, Mlh1, and Msh2 as being required for silencing at this locus. We further found that the identified genes were also required for proper silencing in telomeres. More intriguingly, the MMR mutants caused a redistribution of Sir2 deacetylase, from silent mating type loci and telomeres to rDNA regions. As a consequence, acetylation levels at histone positions H3K14, H3K56, and H4K16 were increased at silent mating type loci and telomeres but were decreased in rDNA regions. Moreover, knockdown of MMR components in human HEK293T cells increased subtelomeric DUX4 gene expression. Our work reveals that MMR components are required for stable inheritance of gene silencing patterns and establishes a link between the MMR machinery and the control of epigenetic silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (XZ); (BL)
| | - Michelle Lindström
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ju Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Xinxin Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan, Goteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan, Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Large-scale cell-based screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan, Goteborg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (XZ); (BL)
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23
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Orlandi I, Alberghina L, Vai M. Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinic Acid-Emerging Roles in Replicative and Chronological Aging in Yeast. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E604. [PMID: 32326437 PMCID: PMC7226615 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide riboside are vitamin B3 precursors of NAD+ in the human diet. NAD+ has a fundamental importance for cellular biology, that derives from its essential role as a cofactor of various metabolic redox reactions, as well as an obligate co-substrate for NAD+-consuming enzymes which are involved in many fundamental cellular processes including aging/longevity. During aging, a systemic decrease in NAD+ levels takes place, exposing the organism to the risk of a progressive inefficiency of those processes in which NAD+ is required and, consequently, contributing to the age-associated physiological/functional decline. In this context, dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors is considered a promising strategy to prevent NAD+ decrease and attenuate in such a way several metabolic defects common to the aging process. The metabolism of NAD+ precursors and its impact on cell longevity have benefited greatly from studies performed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is one of the most established model systems used to study the aging processes of both proliferating (replicative aging) and non-proliferating cells (chronological aging). In this review we summarize important aspects of the role played by nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide riboside in NAD+ metabolism and how each of these NAD+ precursors contribute to the different aspects that influence both replicative and chronological aging. Taken as a whole, the findings provided by the studies carried out in S. cerevisiae are informative for the understanding of the complex dynamic flexibility of NAD+ metabolism, which is essential for the maintenance of cellular fitness and for the development of dietary supplements based on NAD+ precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, 2016 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Marina Vai
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, 2016 Milan, Italy;
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24
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Croft T, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD + Metabolism and Regulation: Lessons From Yeast. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E330. [PMID: 32092906 PMCID: PMC7072712 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite involved in various cellular processes. The cellular NAD+ pool is maintained by three biosynthesis pathways, which are largely conserved from bacteria to human. NAD+ metabolism is an emerging therapeutic target for several human disorders including diabetes, cancer, and neuron degeneration. Factors regulating NAD+ homeostasis have remained incompletely understood due to the dynamic nature and complexity of NAD+ metabolism. Recent studies using the genetically tractable budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified novel NAD+ homeostasis factors. These findings help provide a molecular basis for how may NAD+ and NAD+ homeostasis factors contribute to the maintenance and regulation of cellular function. Here we summarize major NAD+ biosynthesis pathways, selected cellular processes that closely connect with and contribute to NAD+ homeostasis, and regulation of NAD+ metabolism by nutrient-sensing signaling pathways. We also extend the discussions to include possible implications of NAD+ homeostasis factors in human disorders. Understanding the cross-regulation and interconnections of NAD+ precursors and associated cellular pathways will help elucidate the mechanisms of the complex regulation of NAD+ homeostasis. These studies may also contribute to the development of effective NAD+-based therapeutic strategies specific for different types of NAD+ deficiency related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.C.); (P.V.)
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25
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Aman Y, Frank J, Lautrup SH, Matysek A, Niu Z, Yang G, Shi L, Bergersen LH, Storm-Mathisen J, Rasmussen LJ, Bohr VA, Nilsen H, Fang EF. The NAD +-mitophagy axis in healthy longevity and in artificial intelligence-based clinical applications. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 185:111194. [PMID: 31812486 PMCID: PMC7545219 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an important natural molecule involved in fundamental biological processes, including the TCA cycle, OXPHOS, β-oxidation, and is a co-factor for proteins promoting healthy longevity. NAD+ depletion is associated with the hallmarks of ageing and may contribute to a wide range of age-related diseases including metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. One of the central pathways by which NAD+ promotes healthy ageing is through regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis via mitochondrial biogenesis and the clearance of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Here, we highlight the contribution of the NAD+-mitophagy axis to ageing and age-related diseases, and evaluate how boosting NAD+ levels may emerge as a promising therapeutic strategy to counter ageing as well as neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The potential use of artificial intelligence to understand the roles and molecular mechanisms of the NAD+-mitophagy axis in ageing is discussed, including possible applications in drug target identification and validation, compound screening and lead compound discovery, biomarker development, as well as efficacy and safety assessment. Advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular roles of NAD+ in mitophagy will lead to novel approaches for facilitating healthy mitochondrial homoeostasis that may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy to counter ageing-associated pathologies and/or accelerated ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahyah Aman
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Johannes Frank
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sofie Hindkjær Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Adrian Matysek
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway; School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zhangming Niu
- Aladdin Healthcare Technologies Ltd., 24-26 Baltic Street West, London, EC1Y OUR, UK
| | - Guang Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3 6NP, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda H Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway; Amino Acid Transporters, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB) and Healthy Brain Ageing Centre (SERTA), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- Amino Acid Transporters, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB) and Healthy Brain Ageing Centre (SERTA), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene J Rasmussen
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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Andréasson C, Ott M, Büttner S. Mitochondria orchestrate proteostatic and metabolic stress responses. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47865. [PMID: 31531937 PMCID: PMC6776902 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is morphologically and functionally organized as an interconnected network of organelles that responds to stress and aging. Organelles communicate via dedicated signal transduction pathways and the transfer of information in form of metabolites and energy levels. Recent data suggest that the communication between organellar proteostasis systems is a cornerstone of cellular stress responses in eukaryotic cells. Here, we discuss the integration of proteostasis and energy fluxes in the regulation of cellular stress and aging. We emphasize the molecular architecture of the regulatory transcriptional pathways that both sense and control metabolism and proteostasis. A special focus is placed on mechanistic insights gained from the model organism budding yeast in signaling from mitochondria to the nucleus and how this shapes cellular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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27
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Petin K, Weiss R, Müller G, Garten A, Grahnert A, Sack U, Hauschildt S. NAD metabolites interfere with proliferation and functional properties of THP-1 cells. Innate Immun 2019; 25:280-293. [PMID: 31053044 PMCID: PMC6830904 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919844587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years the NAD-related compounds nicotinamide (NAM),
nicotinamide riboside (NR) and 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) have been established
as important molecules in signalling pathways that contribute to metabolic
functions of many cells, including those of the immune system. Among immune
cells, monocytes/macrophages, which are the major players of inflammatory
processes, are especially susceptible to the anti-inflammatory action of NAM.
Here we asked whether NAM and the two other compounds have the potential to
regulate differentiation and LPS-induced biological answers of the monocytic
cell line THP-1. We show that treatment of THP-1 cells with NAM, NR and MNA
resulted in growth retardation accompanied by enrichment of cells in the
G0/G1-phase independent of p21 and p53. NAM and NR caused an increase in
intracellular NAD concentrations and SIRT1 and PARP1 mRNA expression was found
to be enhanced. The compounds failed to up-regulate the expression of the cell
surface differentiation markers CD38, CD11b and CD14. They modulated the
reactive oxygen species production and primed the cells to respond less
effectively to the LPS induced TNF-α production. Our data show that the NAD
metabolites interfere with early events associated with differentiation of THP-1
cells along the monocytic path and that they affect LPS-induced biological
responses of the cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Petin
- 1 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Ronald Weiss
- 1 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Gerd Müller
- 2 Department of Molecular Oncology, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- 3 Centre for Paediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Leipzig University, Germany.,4 Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Anja Grahnert
- 1 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- 1 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Leipzig University, Germany
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Kim JS, Lim JY, Shin H, Kim BG, Yoo SD, Kim WT, Huh JH. ROS1-Dependent DNA Demethylation Is Required for ABA-Inducible NIC3 Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1810-1821. [PMID: 30692220 PMCID: PMC6446795 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in diverse developmental processes in many eukaryotes, including the response to environmental stress. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that is up-regulated under stress. The involvement of DNA methylation in the ABA response has been reported but is poorly understood. DNA demethylation is a reverse process of DNA methylation and often induces structural changes of chromatin leading to transcriptional activation. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), active DNA demethylation depends on the activity of REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1), which directly excises 5-methylcytosine from DNA. Here we showed that ros1 mutants were hypersensitive to ABA during early seedling development and root elongation. Expression levels of some ABA-inducible genes were decreased in ros1 mutants, and more than 60% of their proximal regions became hypermethylated, indicating that a subset of ABA-inducible genes are under the regulation of ROS1-dependent DNA demethylation. Notable among them is NICOTINAMIDASE 3 (NIC3) that encodes an enzyme that converts nicotinamide to nicotinic acid in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Many enzymes in this pathway are known to be involved in stress responses. The nic3 mutants display hypersensitivity to ABA, whereas overexpression of NIC3 restores normal ABA responses. Our data suggest that NIC3 is responsive to ABA but requires ROS1-mediated DNA demethylation at the promoter as a prerequisite to transcriptional activation. These findings suggest that ROS1-induced active DNA demethylation maintains the active state of NIC3 transcription in response to ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Sik Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joo Young Lim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hosub Shin
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Beom-Gi Kim
- Molecular Breeding Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Korea
| | - Sang-Dong Yoo
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jin Hoe Huh
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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29
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Zhang N, Sauve AA. Regulatory Effects of NAD + Metabolic Pathways on Sirtuin Activity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 154:71-104. [PMID: 29413178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NAD+ acts as a crucial regulator of cell physiology and as an integral participant in cellular metabolism. By virtue of a variety of signaling activities this central metabolite can exert profound effects on organism health status. Thus, while it serves as a well-known metabolic cofactor functioning as a redox-active substrate, it can also function as a substrate for signaling enzymes, such as sirtuins, poly (ADP-ribosyl) polymerases, mono (ADP-ribosyl) transferases, and CD38. Sirtuins function as NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases (deacylases) and catalyze the reaction of NAD+ with acyllysine groups to remove the acyl modification from substrate proteins. This deacetylation provides a regulatory function and integrates cellular NAD+ metabolism into a large spectrum of cellular processes and outcomes, such as cell metabolism, cell survival, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial biogenesis, and even lifespan. Increased attention to how regulated and pharmacologic changes in NAD+ concentrations can impact sirtuin activities has motivated openings of new areas of research, including investigations of how NAD+ levels are regulated at the subcellular level, and searches for more potent NAD+ precursors typified by nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). This review describes current results and thinking of how NAD+ metabolic pathways regulate sirtuin activities and how regulated NAD+ levels can impact cell physiology. In addition, NAD+ precursors are discussed, with attention to how these might be harnessed to generate novel therapeutic options to treat the diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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30
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Yaku K, Okabe K, Nakagawa T. NAD metabolism: Implications in aging and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:1-17. [PMID: 29883761 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an important co-factor involved in numerous physiological processes, including metabolism, post-translational protein modification, and DNA repair. In living organisms, a careful balance between NAD production and degradation serves to regulate NAD levels. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated that NAD levels decrease with age, and the deterioration of NAD metabolism promotes several aging-associated diseases, including metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and various cancers. Conversely, the upregulation of NAD metabolism, including dietary supplementation with NAD precursors, has been shown to prevent the decline of NAD and exhibits beneficial effects against aging and aging-associated diseases. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that genetic and/or nutritional activation of NAD metabolism can extend the lifespan of diverse organisms. Collectively, it is clear that NAD metabolism plays important roles in aging and longevity. In this review, we summarize the basic functions of the enzymes involved in NAD synthesis and degradation, as well as the outcomes of their dysregulation in various aging processes. In addition, a particular focus is given on the role of NAD metabolism in the longevity of various organisms, with a discussion of the remaining obstacles in this research field.
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31
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Radzinski M, Fassler R, Yogev O, Breuer W, Shai N, Gutin J, Ilyas S, Geffen Y, Tsytkin-Kirschenzweig S, Nahmias Y, Ravid T, Friedman N, Schuldiner M, Reichmann D. Temporal profiling of redox-dependent heterogeneity in single cells. eLife 2018; 7:37623. [PMID: 29869985 PMCID: PMC6023615 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular redox status affects diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, protein homeostasis, and aging. Thus, individual differences in redox status can give rise to distinct sub-populations even among cells with identical genetic backgrounds. Here, we have created a novel methodology to track redox status at single cell resolution using the redox-sensitive probe Grx1-roGFP2. Our method allows identification and sorting of sub-populations with different oxidation levels in either the cytosol, mitochondria or peroxisomes. Using this approach, we defined a redox-dependent heterogeneity of yeast cells and characterized growth, as well as proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of distinctive redox subpopulations. We report that, starting in late logarithmic growth, cells of the same age have a bi-modal distribution of oxidation status. A comparative proteomic analysis between these populations identified three key proteins, Hsp30, Dhh1, and Pnc1, which affect basal oxidation levels and may serve as first line of defense proteins in redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Radzinski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rosi Fassler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ohad Yogev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - William Breuer
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadav Shai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jenia Gutin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sidra Ilyas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yifat Geffen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sabina Tsytkin-Kirschenzweig
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tommer Ravid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Reichmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Khoury N, Koronowski KB, Young JI, Perez-Pinzon MA. The NAD +-Dependent Family of Sirtuins in Cerebral Ischemia and Preconditioning. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:691-710. [PMID: 28683567 PMCID: PMC5824497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sirtuins are an evolutionarily conserved family of NAD+-dependent lysine deacylases and ADP ribosylases. Their requirement for NAD+ as a cosubstrate allows them to act as metabolic sensors that couple changes in the energy status of the cell to changes in cellular physiological processes. NAD+ levels are affected by several NAD+-producing and NAD+-consuming pathways as well as by cellular respiration. Thus their intracellular levels are highly dynamic and are misregulated in a spectrum of metabolic disorders including cerebral ischemia. This, in turn, compromises several NAD+-dependent processes that may ultimately lead to cell death. Recent Advances: A number of efforts have been made to replenish NAD+ in cerebral ischemic injuries as well as to understand the functions of one its important mediators, the sirtuin family of proteins through the use of pharmacological modulators or genetic manipulation approaches either before or after the insult. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The results of these studies have regarded the sirtuins as promising therapeutic targets for cerebral ischemia. Yet, additional efforts are needed to understand the role of some of the less characterized members and to address the sex-specific effects observed with some members. Sirtuins also exhibit cell-type-specific expression in the brain as well as distinct subcellular and regional localizations. As such, they are involved in diverse and sometimes opposing cellular processes that can either promote neuroprotection or further contribute to the injury; which also stresses the need for the development and use of sirtuin-specific pharmacological modulators. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 691-710.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Khoury
- Department of Neurology; Cerebral Vascular Research Laboratories; and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Kevin B. Koronowski
- Department of Neurology; Cerebral Vascular Research Laboratories; and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan I. Young
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics; Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Department of Neurology; Cerebral Vascular Research Laboratories; and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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33
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Zhang X, Ji R, Liao X, Castillero E, Kennel PJ, Brunjes DL, Franz M, Möbius-Winkler S, Drosatos K, George I, Chen EI, Colombo PC, Schulze PC. MicroRNA-195 Regulates Metabolism in Failing Myocardium Via Alterations in Sirtuin 3 Expression and Mitochondrial Protein Acetylation. Circulation 2018; 137:2052-2067. [PMID: 29330215 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities of the failing myocardium coupled with an energy-depleted state and cardiac remodeling. The mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of mitochondrial function through regulating the mitochondrial acetylome. It is interesting to note that unique cardiac and systemic microRNAs have been shown to play an important role in cardiac remodeling by modulating key signaling elements in the myocardium. METHODS Cellular signaling was analyzed in human cardiomyocyte-like AC16 cells, and acetylation levels in rodent models of SIRT3-/-and transgenic microRNA-195 (miR-195) overexpression were compared with wild type. Luciferase assays, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation assays, and echocardiographic analysis were performed. Enzymatic activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and ATP synthase were measured. RESULTS In failing human myocardium, we observed induction of miR-195 along with decreased expression of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 that was associated with increased global protein acetylation. We further investigated the role of miR-195 in SIRT3-mediated metabolic processes and its impact on regulating enzymes involved in deacetylation. Proteomic analysis of the total acetylome showed increased overall acetylation, and specific lysine acetylation of 2 central mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, PDH and ATP synthase, as well. miR-195 downregulates SIRT3 expression through direct 3'-untranslated region targeting. Treatments with either sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide, small interfering RNA-mediated SIRT3 knockdown or miR-195 overexpression enhanced acetylation of PDH complex and ATP synthase. This effect diminished PDH and ATP synthase activity and impaired mitochondrial respiration.SIRT3-/- and miR-195 transgenic mice consistently showed enhanced global protein acetylation, including PDH complex and ATP synthase, associated with decreased enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data suggest that increased levels of miR-195 in failing myocardium regulate a novel pathway that involves direct SIRT3 suppression and enzymatic inhibition via increased acetylation of PDH and ATP synthase that are essential for cardiac energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.)
| | - Ruiping Ji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.)
| | - Xianghai Liao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.)
| | - Estibaliz Castillero
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (E.C., I.G.)
| | - Peter J Kennel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.)
| | - Danielle L Brunjes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.)
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany (M.F., S.M.-W., P.C.S.)
| | - Sven Möbius-Winkler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany (M.F., S.M.-W., P.C.S.)
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.)
| | - Isaac George
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (E.C., I.G.)
| | - Emily I Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (E.I.C.).,Proteomics Shared Resource at the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.I.C.)
| | - Paolo C Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.)
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (X.Z., R.J., X.L., P.J.K., D.L.B., P.C.C., P.C.S.). .,Department of Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany (M.F., S.M.-W., P.C.S.)
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Croft T, James Theoga Raj C, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Lin SJ. A functional link between NAD + homeostasis and N-terminal protein acetylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2927-2938. [PMID: 29317496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite participating in cellular redox chemistry and signaling, and the complex regulation of NAD+ metabolism is not yet fully understood. To investigate this, we established a NAD+-intermediate specific reporter system to identify factors required for salvage of metabolically linked nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinic acid (NA). Mutants lacking components of the NatB complex, NAT3 and MDM20, appeared as hits in this screen. NatB is an Nα-terminal acetyltransferase responsible for acetylation of the N terminus of specific Met-retained peptides. In NatB mutants, increased NA/NAM levels were concomitant with decreased NAD+ We identified the vacuolar pool of nicotinamide riboside (NR) as the source of this increased NA/NAM. This NR pool is increased by nitrogen starvation, suggesting NAD+ and related metabolites may be trafficked to the vacuole for recycling. Supporting this, increased NA/NAM release in NatB mutants was abolished by deleting the autophagy protein ATG14 We next examined Tpm1 (tropomyosin), whose function is regulated by NatB-mediated acetylation, and Tpm1 overexpression (TPM1-oe) was shown to restore some NatB mutant defects. Interestingly, although TPM1-oe largely suppressed NA/NAM release in NatB mutants, it did not restore NAD+ levels. We showed that decreased nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (Nma1/Nma2) levels probably caused the NAD+ defects, and NMA1-oe was sufficient to restore NAD+ NatB-mediated N-terminal acetylation of Nma1 and Nma2 appears essential for maintaining NAD+ levels. In summary, our results support a connection between NatB-mediated protein acetylation and NAD+ homeostasis. Our findings may contribute to understanding the molecular basis and regulation of NAD+ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Croft
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences
| | | | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomic Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomic Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences.
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Aman Y, Qiu Y, Tao J, Fang EF. Therapeutic potential of boosting NAD+ in aging and age-related diseases. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Li Y, Jin M, O'Laughlin R, Bittihn P, Tsimring LS, Pillus L, Hasty J, Hao N. Multigenerational silencing dynamics control cell aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11253-11258. [PMID: 29073021 PMCID: PMC5651738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703379114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular aging plays an important role in many diseases, such as cancers, metabolic syndromes, and neurodegenerative disorders. There has been steady progress in identifying aging-related factors such as reactive oxygen species and genomic instability, yet an emerging challenge is to reconcile the contributions of these factors with the fact that genetically identical cells can age at significantly different rates. Such complexity requires single-cell analyses designed to unravel the interplay of aging dynamics and cell-to-cell variability. Here we use microfluidic technologies to track the replicative aging of single yeast cells and reveal that the temporal patterns of heterochromatin silencing loss regulate cellular life span. We found that cells show sporadic waves of silencing loss in the heterochromatic ribosomal DNA during the early phases of aging, followed by sustained loss of silencing preceding cell death. Isogenic cells have different lengths of the early intermittent silencing phase that largely determine their final life spans. Combining computational modeling and experimental approaches, we found that the intermittent silencing dynamics is important for longevity and is dependent on the conserved Sir2 deacetylase, whereas either sustained silencing or sustained loss of silencing shortens life span. These findings reveal that the temporal patterns of a key molecular process can directly influence cellular aging, and thus could provide guidance for the design of temporally controlled strategies to extend life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Meng Jin
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Richard O'Laughlin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Philip Bittihn
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lev S Tsimring
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lorraine Pillus
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jeff Hasty
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nan Hao
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- The San Diego Center for Systems Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Abraham KJ, Ostrowski LA, Mekhail K. Non-Coding RNA Molecules Connect Calorie Restriction and Lifespan. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3196-3214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hwang ES, Song SB. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1 in vitro, but can be a stimulator in cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3347-3362. [PMID: 28417163 PMCID: PMC11107671 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B3, plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. These non-redox enzymes include the sirtuin family proteins which deacetylate target proteins while cleaving NAD+ to yield NAM. Since the finding that NAM exerts feedback inhibition to the sirtuin reactions, NAM has been widely used as an inhibitor in the studies where SIRT1, a key member of sirtuins, may have a role in certain cell physiology. However, once administered to cells, NAM is rapidly converted to NAD+ and, therefore, the cellular concentration of NAM decreases rapidly while that of NAD+ increases. The result would be an inhibition of SIRT1 for a limited duration, followed by an increase in the activity. This possibility raises a concern on the validity of the interpretation of the results in the studies that use NAM as a SIRT1 inhibitor. To understand better the effects of cellular administration of NAM, we reviewed published literature in which treatment with NAM was used to inhibit SIRT1 and found that the expected inhibitory effect of NAM was either unreliable or muted in many cases. In addition, studies demonstrated NAM administration stimulates SIRT1 activity and improves the functions of cells and organs. To determine if NAM administration can generate conditions in cells and tissues that are stimulatory to SIRT1, the changes in the cellular levels of NAM and NAD+ reported in the literature were examined and the factors that are involved in the availability of NAD+ to SIRT1 were evaluated. We conclude that NAM treatment can hypothetically be stimulatory to SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon Beom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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Sangaletti R, D’Amico M, Grant J, Della-Morte D, Bianchi L. Knock-out of a mitochondrial sirtuin protects neurons from degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006965. [PMID: 28820880 PMCID: PMC5576752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases, lipoamidases, and ADP-ribosyltransferases that link cellular metabolism to multiple intracellular pathways that influence processes as diverse as cell survival, longevity, and cancer growth. Sirtuins influence the extent of neuronal death in stroke. However, different sirtuins appear to have opposite roles in neuronal protection. In Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that knock-out of mitochondrial sirtuin sir-2.3, homologous to mammalian SIRT4, is protective in both chemical ischemia and hyperactive channel induced necrosis. Furthermore, the protective effect of sir-2.3 knock-out is enhanced by block of glycolysis and eliminated by a null mutation in daf-16/FOXO transcription factor, supporting the involvement of the insulin/IGF pathway. However, data in Caenorhabditis elegans cell culture suggest that the effects of sir-2.3 knock-out act downstream of the DAF-2/IGF-1 receptor. Analysis of ROS in sir-2.3 knock-out reveals that ROS become elevated in this mutant under ischemic conditions in dietary deprivation (DD), but to a lesser extent than in wild type, suggesting more robust activation of a ROS scavenging system in this mutant in the absence of food. This work suggests a deleterious role of SIRT4 during ischemic processes in mammals that must be further investigated and reveals a novel pathway that can be targeted for the design of therapies aimed at protecting neurons from death in ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Sangaletti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Massimo D’Amico
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeff Grant
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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The Nuts and Bolts of Transcriptionally Silent Chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 203:1563-99. [PMID: 27516616 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.145243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at several genomic sites including the silent mating-type loci, telomeres, and the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) tandem array. Epigenetic silencing at each of these domains is characterized by the absence of nearly all histone modifications, including most prominently the lack of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation. In all cases, silencing requires Sir2, a highly-conserved NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase. At locations other than the rDNA, silencing also requires additional Sir proteins, Sir1, Sir3, and Sir4 that together form a repressive heterochromatin-like structure termed silent chromatin. The mechanisms of silent chromatin establishment, maintenance, and inheritance have been investigated extensively over the last 25 years, and these studies have revealed numerous paradigms for transcriptional repression, chromatin organization, and epigenetic gene regulation. Studies of Sir2-dependent silencing at the rDNA have also contributed to understanding the mechanisms for maintaining the stability of repetitive DNA and regulating replicative cell aging. The goal of this comprehensive review is to distill a wide array of biochemical, molecular genetic, cell biological, and genomics studies down to the "nuts and bolts" of silent chromatin and the processes that yield transcriptional silencing.
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41
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Molina-Serrano D, Schiza V, Demosthenous C, Stavrou E, Oppelt J, Kyriakou D, Liu W, Zisser G, Bergler H, Dang W, Kirmizis A. Loss of Nat4 and its associated histone H4 N-terminal acetylation mediates calorie restriction-induced longevity. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1829-1843. [PMID: 27799288 PMCID: PMC5167350 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in histone modifications are an attractive model through which environmental signals, such as diet, could be integrated in the cell for regulating its lifespan. However, evidence linking dietary interventions with specific alterations in histone modifications that subsequently affect lifespan remains elusive. We show here that deletion of histone N‐alpha‐terminal acetyltransferase Nat4 and loss of its associated H4 N‐terminal acetylation (N‐acH4) extend yeast replicative lifespan. Notably, nat4Δ‐induced longevity is epistatic to the effects of calorie restriction (CR). Consistent with this, (i) Nat4 expression is downregulated and the levels of N‐acH4 within chromatin are reduced upon CR, (ii) constitutive expression of Nat4 and maintenance of N‐acH4 levels reduces the extension of lifespan mediated by CR, and (iii) transcriptome analysis indicates that nat4Δ largely mimics the effects of CR, especially in the induction of stress‐response genes. We further show that nicotinamidase Pnc1, which is typically upregulated under CR, is required for nat4Δ‐mediated longevity. Collectively, these findings establish histone N‐acH4 as a regulator of cellular lifespan that links CR to increased stress resistance and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassia Schiza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Emmanouil Stavrou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitris Kyriakou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Wei Liu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gertrude Zisser
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Bergler
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Weiwei Dang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonis Kirmizis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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42
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Gillespie ZE, Pickering J, Eskiw CH. Better Living through Chemistry: Caloric Restriction (CR) and CR Mimetics Alter Genome Function to Promote Increased Health and Lifespan. Front Genet 2016; 7:142. [PMID: 27588026 PMCID: PMC4988992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), defined as decreased nutrient intake without causing malnutrition, has been documented to increase both health and lifespan across numerous organisms, including humans. Many drugs and other compounds naturally occurring in our diet (nutraceuticals) have been postulated to act as mimetics of caloric restriction, leading to a wave of research investigating the efficacy of these compounds in preventing age-related diseases and promoting healthier, longer lifespans. Although well studied at the biochemical level, there are still many unanswered questions about how CR and CR mimetics impact genome function and structure. Here we discuss how genome function and structure are influenced by CR and potential CR mimetics, including changes in gene expression profiles and epigenetic modifications and their potential to identify the genetic fountain of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Gillespie
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joshua Pickering
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Christopher H Eskiw
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada
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43
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Nicotinamide Suppresses the DNA Damage Sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Independently of Sirtuin Deacetylases. Genetics 2016; 204:569-579. [PMID: 27527516 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.193524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide is both a reaction product and an inhibitor of the conserved sirtuin family of deacetylases, which have been implicated in a broad range of cellular functions in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. Phenotypes observed following treatment with nicotinamide are most often assumed to stem from inhibition of one or more of these enzymes. Here, we used this small molecule to inhibit multiple sirtuins at once during treatment with DNA damaging agents in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model system. Since sirtuins have been previously implicated in the DNA damage response, we were surprised to observe that nicotinamide actually increased the survival of yeast cells exposed to the DNA damage agent MMS. Remarkably, we found that enhanced resistance to MMS in the presence of nicotinamide was independent of all five yeast sirtuins. Enhanced resistance was also independent of the nicotinamide salvage pathway, which uses nicotinamide as a substrate to generate NAD+, and of a DNA damage-induced increase in the salvage enzyme Pnc1 Our data suggest a novel and unexpected function for nicotinamide that has broad implications for its use in the study of sirtuin biology across model systems.
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Orlandi I, Pellegrino Coppola D, Strippoli M, Ronzulli R, Vai M. Nicotinamide supplementation phenocopies SIR2 inactivation by modulating carbon metabolism and respiration during yeast chronological aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:277-287. [PMID: 27320176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B3, is a byproduct and noncompetitive inhibitor of the deacetylation reaction catalyzed by Sirtuins. These represent a family of evolutionarily conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylases that are well-known critical regulators of metabolism and aging and whose founding member is Sir2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we investigated the effects of NAM supplementation in the context of yeast chronological aging, the established model for studying aging of postmitotic quiescent mammalian cells. Our data show that NAM supplementation at the diauxic shift results in a phenocopy of chronologically aging sir2Δ cells. In fact, NAM-supplemented cells display the same chronological lifespan extension both in expired medium and extreme Calorie Restriction. Furthermore, NAM allows the cells to push their metabolism toward the same outcomes of sir2Δ cells by elevating the level of the acetylated Pck1. Both these cells have the same metabolic changes that concern not only anabolic pathways such as an increased gluconeogenesis but also respiratory activity in terms both of respiratory rate and state of respiration. In particular, they have a higher respiratory reserve capacity and a lower non-phosphorylating respiration that in concert with a low burden of superoxide anions can affect positively chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Orlandi
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Pellegrino Coppola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Strippoli
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Ronzulli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Vai
- SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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45
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Jacobi JL, Yang B, Li X, Menze AK, Laurentz SM, Janle EM, Ferruzzi MG, McCabe GP, Chapple C, Kirchmaier AL. Impacts on Sirtuin Function and Bioavailability of the Dietary Bioactive Compound Dihydrocoumarin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149207. [PMID: 26882112 PMCID: PMC4755582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant secondary metabolite and common food additive dihydrocoumarin (DHC) is an inhibitor of the Sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Sirtuins are key regulators of epigenetic processes that maintain silent chromatin in yeast and have been linked to gene expression, metabolism, apoptosis, tumorogenesis and age-related processes in multiple organisms, including humans. Here we report that exposure to the polyphenol DHC led to defects in several Sirtuin-regulated processes in budding yeast including the establishment and maintenance of Sir2p-dependent silencing by causing disassembly of silent chromatin, Hst1p-dependent repression of meiotic-specific genes during the mitotic cell cycle. As both transient and prolonged exposure to environmental and dietary factors have the potential to lead to heritable alterations in epigenetic states and to modulate additional Sirtuin-dependent phenotypes, we examined the bioavailability and digestive stability of DHC using an in vivo rat model and in vitro digestive simulator. Our analyses revealed that DHC was unstable during digestion and could be converted to melilotic acid (MA), which also caused epigenetic defects, albeit less efficiently. Upon ingestion, DHC was observed primarily in intestinal tissues, but did not accumulate over time and was readily cleared from the animals. MA displayed a wider tissue distribution and, in contrast to DHC, was also detected in the blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and urine, implying that the conversion of DHC to the less bioactive compound, MA, occurred efficiently in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Jacobi
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Menze
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Laurentz
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elsa M. Janle
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - George P. McCabe
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ann L. Kirchmaier
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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RNA binding protein Pub1p regulates glycerol production and stress tolerance by controlling Gpd1p activity during winemaking. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5017-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Choy JS, Qadri B, Henry L, Shroff K, Bifarin O, Basrai MA. A Genome-Wide Screen with Nicotinamide to Identify Sirtuin-Dependent Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 6:485-94. [PMID: 26646153 PMCID: PMC4751566 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are evolutionarily conserved NAD-dependent deacetylases that catalyze the cleavage of NAD(+) into nicotinamide (NAM), which can act as a pan-sirtuin inhibitor in unicellular and multicellular organisms. Sirtuins regulate processes such as transcription, DNA damage repair, chromosome segregation, and longevity extension in yeast and metazoans. The founding member of the evolutionarily conserved sirtuin family, SIR2, was first identified in budding yeast. Subsequent studies led to the identification of four yeast SIR2 homologs HST1, HST2, HST3, and HST4. Understanding the downstream physiological consequences of inhibiting sirtuins can be challenging since most studies focus on single or double deletions of sirtuins, and mating defects in SIR2 deletions hamper genome-wide screens. This represents an important gap in our knowledge of how sirtuins function in highly complex biological processes such as aging, metabolism, and chromosome segregation. In this report, we used a genome-wide screen to explore sirtuin-dependent processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by identifying deletion mutants that are sensitive to NAM. We identified 55 genes in total, 36 of which have not been previously reported to be dependent on sirtuins. We find that genome stability pathways are particularly vulnerable to loss of sirtuin activity. Here, we provide evidence that defects in sister chromatid cohesion renders cells sensitive to growth in the presence of NAM. The results of our screen provide a broad view of the biological pathways sensitive to inhibition of sirtuins, and advance our understanding of the function of sirtuins and NAD(+) biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Choy
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
| | - Bayan Qadri
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
| | - Leah Henry
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
| | - Kunal Shroff
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
| | - Olatomiwa Bifarin
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
| | - Munira A Basrai
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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48
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms by which cells inherit information are, to a large extent, enabled by DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins. These modifications operate both to influence the structure of chromatin per se and to serve as recognition elements for proteins with motifs dedicated to binding particular modifications. Each of these modifications results from an enzyme that consumes one of several important metabolites during catalysis. Likewise, the removal of these marks often results in the consumption of a different metabolite. Therefore, these so-called epigenetic marks have the capacity to integrate the expression state of chromatin with the metabolic state of the cell. This review focuses on the central roles played by acetyl-CoA, S-adenosyl methionine, NAD(+), and a growing list of other acyl-CoA derivatives in epigenetic processes. We also review how metabolites that accumulate as a result of oncogenic mutations are thought to subvert the epigenetic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Janke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Anne E Dodson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jasper Rine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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49
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Poulose N, Raju R. Sirtuin regulation in aging and injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2442-55. [PMID: 26303641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins or Sir2 family of proteins are a class of NAD(+) dependent protein deacetylases which are evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. Some sirtuins also exhibit mono-ADP ribosyl transferase, demalonylation and desuccinylation activities. Originally identified in the yeast, these proteins regulate key cellular processes like cell cycle, apoptosis, metabolic regulation and inflammation. Humans encode seven sirtuin isoforms SIRT1-SIRT7 with varying intracellular distribution. Apart from their classic role as histone deacetylases regulating transcription, a number of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial targets of sirtuins have also been identified. Sirtuins have been implicated in longevity and accumulating evidence indicate their role in a spectrum of diseases like cancer, diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative diseases. A number of studies have reported profound changes in SIRT1 expression and activity linked to mitochondrial functional alterations following hypoxic-ischemic conditions and following reoxygenation injury. The SIRT1 mediated deacetylation of targets such as PGC-1α, FOXO3, p53 and NF-κb has profound effect on mitochondrial function, apoptosis and inflammation. These biological processes and functions are critical in life-span determination and outcome following injury. Aging is reported to be characterized by declining SIRT1 activity, and its increased expression or activation demonstrated prolonged life-span in lower forms of animals. A pseudohypoxic state due to declining NAD(+) has also been implicated in aging. In this review we provide an overview of studies on the role of sirtuins in aging and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninu Poulose
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Raghavan Raju
- Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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Tsang F, Lin SJ. Less is more: Nutrient limitation induces cross-talk of nutrient sensing pathways with NAD + homeostasis and contributes to longevity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:333-357. [PMID: 27683589 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing pathways and their regulation grant cells control over their metabolism and growth in response to changing nutrients. Factors that regulate nutrient sensing can also modulate longevity. Reduced activity of nutrient sensing pathways such as glucose-sensing PKA, nitrogen-sensing TOR and S6 kinase homolog Sch9 have been linked to increased life span in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and higher eukaryotes. Recently, reduced activity of amino acid sensing SPS pathway was also shown to increase yeast life span. Life span extension by reduced SPS activity requires enhanced NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and nicotinamide riboside (NR, a NAD+ precursor) homeostasis. Maintaining adequate NAD+ pools has been shown to play key roles in life span extension, but factors regulating NAD+ metabolism and homeostasis are not completely understood. Recently, NAD+ metabolism was also linked to the phosphate (Pi)-sensing PHO pathway in yeast. Canonical PHO activation requires Pi-starvation. Interestingly, NAD+ depletion without Pi-starvation was sufficient to induce PHO activation, increasing NR production and mobilization. Moreover, SPS signaling appears to function in parallel with PHO signaling components to regulate NR/NAD+ homeostasis. These studies suggest that NAD+ metabolism is likely controlled by and/or coordinated with multiple nutrient sensing pathways. Indeed, cross-regulation of PHO, PKA, TOR and Sch9 pathways was reported to potentially affect NAD+ metabolism; though detailed mechanisms remain unclear. This review discusses yeast longevity-related nutrient sensing pathways and possible mechanisms of life span extension, regulation of NAD+ homeostasis, and cross-talk among nutrient sensing pathways and NAD+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Tsang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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