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Maccora I, Ebert JJ, Schulert GS, Quinlan-Waters M, Duell A, Huggins JL, Sapp CC, Nguyen T, Srivastava SK, Sood AB, Angeles-Han ST. Treatment and Visual Outcomes in Pediatric Patients with Autosomal Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy: A Cohort Study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39254738 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2401146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (NIV), formerly called "ADNIV," is a rare autoinflammatory condition mainly of adulthood caused by mutations in calcium-activated calpain-5 protease (CAPN5). Our aim is to report the treatment and visual outcomes of children newly diagnosed with NIV after systemic treatment. METHODS We reviewed charts of patients ≤18 years old with CAPN5 gene mutation, ocular findings consistent with NIV, and treated with systemic immunosuppression for a minimum of 6 months. Treatment response was based on ophthalmic examination, ultra-widefield fluorescein-angiography (UWFFA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS Eight children (16 eyes) were diagnosed with NIV at a median age of 14 (Range [R] 9-16) years, with a median follow-up of 18 months (R6-20). At diagnosis, one patient had impaired visual acuity (VA > 0.4), eight had vascular leakage, two had neovascularization, and three had macular edema. All responded to oral or local glucocorticoids but was not sustained. Systemic immunosuppression was started in seven patients with methotrexate and infliximab after a median time from diagnosis of 1.5 months (R0.5-2) and 3.2 months (R2.5-3.1), respectively. Infliximab was discontinued in all after a median time of 7 months (R3.5-10) for ineffectiveness, and 5/7 switched to tocilizumab and 1 to adalimumab. Five failed to respond (4 tocilizumab, 1 adalimumab) and one had a minimal response to tocilizumab. CONCLUSIONS We report on the systemic treatment response of seven children with ADNIV treated with methotrexate, infliximab, and tocilizumab. None were able to control disease. Further studies are needed to understand long-term outcomes and the utility of systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Maccora
- Rheumatology Unit, ERN ReConnet Center, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- NeuroFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jared J Ebert
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Ophthalmology Department, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Grant S Schulert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan Quinlan-Waters
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra Duell
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer L Huggins
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cameron C Sapp
- Ophthalmology Department, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany Nguyen
- Ophthalmology Department, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Arjun B Sood
- Retina Associates of Western NY, PC, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sheila T Angeles-Han
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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2
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Chukai Y, Iwamoto T, Itoh K, Tomita H, Ozaki T. Characterization of mitochondrial calpain-5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118989. [PMID: 33607190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Calpain, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease, plays a significant role in gene expression, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Mutations in human calpain-5 cause autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy and the inhibition of calpain-5 activity may constitute an effective therapeutic strategy for this condition. Although calpain-5 is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and was recently found to be present in the mitochondria as well as in the cytosol, its physiological function and enzymological properties require further elucidation. The objective of the current study was to determine the characteristics of mitochondrial calpain-5 in porcine retinas, human HeLa cells, and C57BL/6J mice using subcellular fractionation. We found that mitochondrial calpain-5 was proteolyzed/autolyzed at low Ca2+ concentrations in mitochondria isolated from porcine retinas and by thapsigargin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HeLa cells. Further, mitochondrial calpain-5, as opposed to cytosolic calpain-5, was activated during the early stages of ER stress in C57BL/6J mice. These results showed that mitochondrial calpain-5 was activated at low Ca2+ concentrations in vitro and in response to ER stress in vivo. The present study provides new insights into a novel calpain system in the mitochondria that includes stress responses during the early phases of ER stress. Further, activation of mitochondrial calpain-5 by treatment using low-molecular-weight compounds may have therapeutic potential for diseases related to ER stress, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndromes, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Chukai
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifuchou, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Taku Ozaki
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.
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3
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Spinozzi S, Albini S, Best H, Richard I. Calpains for dummies: What you need to know about the calpain family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140616. [PMID: 33545367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review was written in memory of our late friend, Dr. Hiroyuki Sorimachi, who, following the steps of his mentor Koichi Suzuki, a pioneer in calpain research, has made tremendous contributions to the field. During his career, Hiro also wrote several reviews on calpain, the last of which, published in 2016, was comprehensive. In this manuscript, we decided to put together a review with the basic information a novice may need to know about calpains. We also tried to avoid similarities with previous reviews and reported the most significant new findings, at the same time highlighting Hiro's contributions to the field. The review will cover a short history of calpain discovery, the presentation of the family, the life of calpain from transcription to activity, human diseases caused by calpain mutations and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spinozzi
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Sonia Albini
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Heather Best
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Genethon, 1 bis, Rue de l'Internationale - 91000 Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000, Evry, France.
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4
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Wert KJ, Koch SF, Velez G, Hsu CW, Mahajan M, Bassuk AG, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. CAPN5 genetic inactivation phenotype supports therapeutic inhibition trials. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:2377-2392. [PMID: 31403230 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule pharmacological inhibition of dominant human genetic disease is a feasible treatment that does not rely on the development of individual, patient-specific gene therapy vectors. However, the consequences of protein inhibition as a clinical therapeutic are not well-studied. In advance of human therapeutic trials for CAPN5 vitreoretinopathy, genetic inactivation can be used to infer the effect of protein inhibition in vivo. We created a photoreceptor-specific knockout (KO) mouse for Capn5 and compared the retinal phenotype to both wild-type and an existing Capn5 KO mouse model. In humans, CAPN5 loss-of-function (LOF) gene variants were ascertained in large exome databases from 60,706 unrelated subjects without severe disease phenotypes. Ocular examination of the retina of Capn5 KO mice by histology and electroretinography showed no significant abnormalities. In humans, there were 22 LOF CAPN5 variants located throughout the gene and in all major protein domains. Structural modeling of coding variants showed these LOF variants were nearby known disease-causing variants within the proteolytic core and in regions of high homology between human CAPN5 and 150 homologs, yet the LOF of CAPN5 was tolerated as opposed to gain-of-function disease-causing variants. These results indicate that localized inhibition of CAPN5 is a viable strategy for hyperactivating disease alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wert
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Susanne F Koch
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chun-Wei Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.,Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.,Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Chowdhury R, Laboissonniere LA, Wester AK, Muller M, Trimarchi JM. The Trim family of genes and the retina: Expression and functional characterization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202867. [PMID: 30208054 PMCID: PMC6135365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms that govern the development of retinal neurons, it is critical to gain additional insight into the specific intrinsic factors that control cell fate decisions and neuronal maturation. In the developing mouse retina, Atoh7, a highly conserved transcription factor, is essential for retinal ganglion cell development. Moreover, Atoh7 expression in the developing retina occurs during a critical time period when progenitor cells are in the process of making cell fate decisions. We performed transcriptome profiling of Atoh7+ individual cells isolated from mouse retina. One of the genes that we found significantly correlated with Atoh7 in our transcriptomic data was the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Trim9. The correlation between Trim9 and Atoh7 coupled with the expression of Trim9 in the early mouse retina led us to hypothesize that this gene may play a role in the process of cell fate determination. To address the role of Trim9 in retinal development, we performed a functional analysis of Trim9 in the mouse and did not detect any morphological changes in the retina in the absence of Trim9. Thus, Trim9 alone does not appear to be involved in cell fate determination or early ganglion cell development in the mouse retina. We further hypothesize that the reason for this lack of phenotype may be compensation by one of the many additional TRIM family members we find expressed in the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chowdhury
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Laboissonniere
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrea K. Wester
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Madison Muller
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Trimarchi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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6
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Coomer CE, Morris AC. Capn5 Expression in the Healthy and Regenerating Zebrafish Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:3643-3654. [PMID: 30029251 PMCID: PMC6054427 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) is a devastating inherited autoimmune disease of the eye that displays features commonly seen in other eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and diabetic retinopathy. ADNIV is caused by a gain-of-function mutation in Calpain-5 (CAPN5), a calcium-dependent cysteine protease. Very little is known about the normal function of CAPN5 in the adult retina, and there are conflicting results regarding its role during mammalian embryonic development. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent animal model for studying vertebrate development and tissue regeneration, and represents a novel model to explore the function of Capn5 in the eye. Methods We characterized the expression of Capn5 in the developing zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) and retina, in the adult zebrafish retina, and in response to photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration using whole-mount in situ hybridization, FISH, and immunohistochemistry. Results In zebrafish, capn5 is strongly expressed in the developing embryonic brain, early optic vesicles, and in newly differentiated retinal photoreceptors. We found that expression of capn5 colocalized with cone-specific markers in the adult zebrafish retina. We observed an increase in expression of Capn5 in a zebrafish model of chronic rod photoreceptor degeneration and regeneration. Acute light damage to the zebrafish retina was accompanied by an increase in expression of Capn5 in the surviving cones and in a subset of Müller glia. Conclusions These studies suggest that Capn5 may play a role in CNS development, photoreceptor maintenance, and photoreceptor regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagney E. Coomer
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Ann C. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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7
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Randazzo NM, Shanks ME, Clouston P, MacLaren RE. Two Novel CAPN5 Variants Associated with Mild and Severe Autosomal Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy Phenotypes. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2017; 27:693-698. [PMID: 29040051 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1370651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: We report two new CAPN5 mutations associated with a phenotype of Autosomal Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy. Methods: We performed next generation sequencing in two patients with ADNIV phenotype; the variants identified were explored further. Results: Patient 1 was heterozygous for CAPN5 c.799G>A, p.(Gly267Ser). Patient 2 was heterozygous for CAPN5 c.1126G>A, p.(Gly376Ser). Both amino acids are highly conserved across species. Patient 1 had a severe phenotype and his mutation lies within the protein's catalytic domain. Patient 2 had a mild phenotype and her mutation is the first ADNIV-causing mutation to be described in the regulatory domain of Calpain-5. Conclusions: Our findings potentially add two new ADNIV-causing CAPN5 mutations to the three previously described. We recommend CAPN5 genetic testing in all patients with a possible ADNIV phenotype, to develop our understanding of Calpain-5; a protein which could potentially provide therapeutically accessible targets for the treatment of many leading causes of blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M Randazzo
- a NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , United Kingdom.,b Oxford Eye Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Morag E Shanks
- c Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Churchill Hospital , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Penny Clouston
- c Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Churchill Hospital , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- a NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , United Kingdom.,b Oxford Eye Hospital, University of Oxford NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , United Kingdom
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8
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Gakhar L, Bassuk AG, Velez G, Khan S, Yang J, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. Small-angle X-ray scattering of calpain-5 reveals a highly open conformation among calpains. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:309-318. [PMID: 27474374 PMCID: PMC5118095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Calpain-5 is a calcium-activated protease expressed in the retina. Mutations in calpain-5 cause autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV, OMIM#193235). The structure of calpain-5 has not been determined, thus hindering the investigation of its proteolytic targets and pathological role in ADNIV. Herein, we report models of the proteolytic core of calpain-5 (mini-calpain-5) containing two globular domains (termed DIIa-IIb) connected by a short, flexible linker, consistent with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. Structural modeling in the absence of calcium suggests that mini-calpain-5 adopts a more open conformation when compared to previously determined structures of other calpain cores. This open conformation, achieved by a rotation of DIIa and DIIb with respect to each other, prevents formation of the active site and constrains the enzyme in an inactivated form. The relative domain rotation of 60-100° we found for mini-calpain-5 (a non-classical calpain) is significantly greater than the largest rotation previously observed for a classical calpain (i.e., 55.0° for mini-calpain-9). Together with our prediction that, in the full-length form, a long loop in DIIb (loop C1), a few residues downstream of the inter-domain linker, likely interacts with the shorter, acidic, inactivating loop on domain-III (DIII), these structural insights illuminate the complexity of calpain regulation. Moreover, our studies argue that pursuing higher resolution structural studies are necessary to understand the complex activity regulation prevalent in the calpain family and for the design of specific calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Saif Khan
- Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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9
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Ono Y, Saido TC, Sorimachi H. Calpain research for drug discovery: challenges and potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:854-876. [PMID: 27833121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of proteases that were scientifically recognized earlier than proteasomes and caspases, but remain enigmatic. However, they are known to participate in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, performing 'limited proteolysis' whereby they do not destroy but rather modulate the functions of their substrates. Calpains are therefore referred to as 'modulator proteases'. Multidisciplinary research on calpains has begun to elucidate their involvement in pathophysiological mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies targeting malfunctions of calpains have been developed, driven primarily by improvements in the specificity and bioavailability of calpain inhibitors. Here, we review the calpain superfamily and calpain-related disorders, and discuss emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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10
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An eccentric calpain, CAPN3/p94/calpain-3. Biochimie 2016; 122:169-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bassuk AG, Yeh S, Wu S, Martin DF, Tsang SH, Gakhar L, Mahajan VB. Structural modeling of a novel CAPN5 mutation that causes uveitis and neovascular retinal detachment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122352. [PMID: 25856303 PMCID: PMC4391918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CAPN5 mutations have been linked to autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV), a blinding autoimmune eye disease. Here, we link a new CAPN5 mutation to ADNIV and model the three-dimensional structure of the resulting mutant protein. In our study, a kindred with inflammatory vitreoretinopathy was evaluated by clinical eye examinations, DNA sequencing, and protein structural modeling to investigate the disease-causing mutation. Two daughters of an affected mother demonstrated symptoms of stage III ADNIV, with posterior uveitis, cystoid macular edema, intraocular fibrosis, retinal neovascularization, retinal degeneration, and cataract. The women also harbored a novel guanine to thymine (c.750G>T, p.Lys250Asn) missense mutation in exon 6 of CAPN5, a gene that encodes a calcium-activated cysteine protease, calpain-5. Modeling based on the structures of all known calpains revealed the mutation falls within a calcium-sensitive flexible gating loop that controls access to the catalytic groove. Three-dimensional modeling placed the new mutation in a region adjacent to two previously identified disease-causing mutations, all three of which likely disrupt hydrogen bonding within the gating loop, yielding a CAPN5 with altered enzymatic activity. This is the third case of a CAPN5 mutation leading to inherited uveitis and neovascular vitreoretinopathy, suggesting patients with ADNIV features should be tested for CAPN5 mutations. Structural modeling of novel variants can be used to support mechanistic consequences of the disease-causing variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Steven Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shu Wu
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Martin
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
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Abstract
DNA copy number variation is long associated with highly penetrant genomic disorders, but it was not until recently that the widespread occurrence of copy number variation among phenotypically normal individuals was realized as a considerable source of genetic variation. It is also now appreciated that copy number variants (CNVs) play a role in the onset of complex diseases. Many of the complex diseases in which CNVs are associated are reported to be influenced by yet to be identified environmental factors. It is hypothesized that exposure to environmental chemicals generates CNVs and influences disease onset and pathogenesis. In this study a proof of principle experiment was completed with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) to investigate the generation of CNVs using array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and the zebrafish vertebrate model system. Exposure to both chemicals resulted in CNVs. CNVs were detected in similar genomic regions among multiple exposure concentrations with EMS and five CNVs were common among both chemicals. Furthermore, CNVs were correlated to altered gene expression. This study suggests that chemical exposure generates CNVs with impacts on gene expression warranting further investigation of this phenomenon with environmental chemicals.
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13
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Singh R, Brewer MK, Mashburn CB, Lou D, Bondada V, Graham B, Geddes JW. Calpain 5 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), carries dual nuclear localization signals, and is associated with nuclear promyelocytic leukemia protein bodies. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19383-94. [PMID: 24838245 PMCID: PMC4094050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain 5 (CAPN5) is a non-classical member of the calpain family. It lacks the EF hand motif characteristic of classical calpains but retains catalytic and Ca(2+) binding domains, and it contains a unique C-terminal domain. TRA-3, an ortholog of CAPN5, has been shown to be involved in necrotic cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. CAPN5 is expressed throughout the CNS, but its expression relative to other calpains and subcellular distribution has not been investigated previously. Based on relative mRNA levels, Capn5 is the second most highly expressed calpain in the rat CNS, with Capn2 mRNA being the most abundant. Unlike classical calpains, CAPN5 is a non-cytosolic protein localized to the nucleus and extra-nuclear locations. CAPN5 possesses two nuclear localization signals (NLS): an N-terminal monopartite NLS and a unique bipartite NLS closer to the C terminus. The C-terminal NLS contains a SUMO-interacting motif that contributes to nuclear localization, and mutation or deletion of both NLS renders CAPN5 exclusively cytosolic. Dual NLS motifs are common among transcription factors. Interestingly, CAPN5 is found in punctate domains associated with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein within the nucleus. PML nuclear bodies are implicated in transcriptional regulation, cell differentiation, cellular response to stress, viral defense, apoptosis, and cell senescence as well as protein sequestration, modification, and degradation. The roles of nuclear CAPN5 remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Singh
- From the Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | | | | | - Dingyuan Lou
- From the Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and
| | - Vimala Bondada
- From the Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and
| | | | - James W Geddes
- From the Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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Tonami K, Hata S, Ojima K, Ono Y, Kurihara Y, Amano T, Sato T, Kawamura Y, Kurihara H, Sorimachi H. Calpain-6 deficiency promotes skeletal muscle development and regeneration. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003668. [PMID: 23935533 PMCID: PMC3731218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are Ca(2+)-dependent modulator Cys proteases that have a variety of functions in almost all eukaryotes. There are more than 10 well-conserved mammalian calpains, among which eutherian calpain-6 (CAPN6) is unique in that it has amino acid substitutions at the active-site Cys residue (to Lys in humans), strongly suggesting a loss of proteolytic activity. CAPN6 is expressed predominantly in embryonic muscles, placenta, and several cultured cell lines. We previously reported that CAPN6 is involved in regulating microtubule dynamics and actin reorganization in cultured cells. The physiological functions of CAPN6, however, are still unclear. Here, to elucidate CAPN6's in vivo roles, we generated Capn6-deficient mice, in which a lacZ expression cassette was integrated into the Capn6 gene. These Capn6-deficient mouse embryos expressed lacZ predominantly in skeletal muscles, as well as in cartilage and the heart. Histological and biochemical analyses showed that the CAPN6 deficiency promoted the development of embryonic skeletal muscle. In primary cultured skeletal muscle cells that were induced to differentiate into myotubes, Capn6 expression was detected in skeletal myocytes, and Capn6-deficient cultures showed increased differentiation. Furthermore, we found that CAPN6 was expressed in the regenerating skeletal muscles of adult mice after cardiotoxin-induced degeneration. In this experimental system, Capn6-deficient mice exhibited more advanced skeletal-muscle regeneration than heterozygotes or wild-type mice at the same time point. These results collectively showed that a loss of CAPN6 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation during both development and regeneration, suggesting a novel physiological function of CAPN6 as a suppressor of skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tonami
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Hata
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ojima
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kawamura
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Mahajan VB, Lin JH. Lymphocyte infiltration in CAPN5 autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 7:1339-45. [PMID: 23861576 PMCID: PMC3704602 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s46450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe immunohistopathological findings in autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV). METHODS An enucleated eye specimen from a patient with Stage V ADNIV was examined using standard histopathological methods and lymphocyte markers. RESULTS A c.731T>C CAPN5 mutation resulted in a p.Leu244Pro substitution in calpain-5. The eye showed exudative retinal detachment and neovascularization, intraocular fibrosis, and features of phthisis bulbi. Chronic inflammatory CD3-positive cell infiltrates were identified throughout the uvea, vitreous and retina, consistent with chronic uveitis. CONCLUSION Mutations in CAPN5 trigger autoimmune uveitis characterized by inflammatory T-cells and severe neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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16
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Calpain-5 mutations cause autoimmune uveitis, retinal neovascularization, and photoreceptor degeneration. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003001. [PMID: 23055945 PMCID: PMC3464205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) is an autoimmune condition of the eye that sequentially mimics uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy as it progresses to complete blindness. We identified two different missense mutations in the CAPN5 gene in three ADNIV kindreds. CAPN5 encodes calpain-5, a calcium-activated cysteine protease that is expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells. Both mutations cause mislocalization from the cell membrane to the cytosol, and structural modeling reveals that both mutations lie within a calcium-sensitive domain near the active site. CAPN5 is only the second member of the large calpain gene family to cause a human Mendelian disorder, and this is the first report of a specific molecular cause for autoimmune eye disease. Further investigation of these mutations is likely to provide insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms of common diseases ranging from autoimmune disorders to diabetic retinopathy.
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17
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Sorimachi H, Hata S, Ono Y. Expanding members and roles of the calpain superfamily and their genetically modified animals. Exp Anim 2011; 59:549-66. [PMID: 21030783 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular Ca²(+)-dependent cysteine proteases (Clan CA, family C02, EC 3.4.22.17) found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria. Calpains display limited proteolytic activity at neutral pH, proteolysing substrates to transform and modulate their structures and activities, and are therefore called "modulator proteases". The human genome has 15 genes that encode a calpain-like protease domain, generating diverse calpain homologues that possess combinations of several functional domains such as Ca²(+)-binding domains and Zn-finger domains. The importance of the physiological roles of calpains is reflected in the fact that particular defects in calpain functionality cause a variety of deficiencies in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies, lissencephaly, and tumorigenesis. In this review, the unique characteristics of this distinctive protease superfamily are introduced in terms of genetically modified animals, some of which are animal models of calpain deficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), Japan
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18
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Grady BJ, Ritchie MD. Statistical Optimization of Pharmacogenomics Association Studies: Key Considerations from Study Design to Analysis. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 9:41-66. [PMID: 21887206 PMCID: PMC3163263 DOI: 10.2174/187569211794728805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Research in human genetics and genetic epidemiology has grown significantly over the previous decade, particularly in the field of pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics presents an opportunity for rapid translation of associated genetic polymorphisms into diagnostic measures or tests to guide therapy as part of a move towards personalized medicine. Expansion in genotyping technology has cleared the way for widespread use of whole-genome genotyping in the effort to identify novel biology and new genetic markers associated with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic endpoints. With new technology and methodology regularly becoming available for use in genetic studies, a discussion on the application of such tools becomes necessary. In particular, quality control criteria have evolved with the use of GWAS as we have come to understand potential systematic errors which can be introduced into the data during genotyping. There have been several replicated pharmacogenomic associations, some of which have moved to the clinic to enact change in treatment decisions. These examples of translation illustrate the strength of evidence necessary to successfully and effectively translate a genetic discovery. In this review, the design of pharmacogenomic association studies is examined with the goal of optimizing the impact and utility of this research. Issues of ascertainment, genotyping, quality control, analysis and interpretation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Grady
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Sorimachi H, Hata S, Ono Y. Calpain chronicle--an enzyme family under multidisciplinary characterization. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:287-327. [PMID: 21670566 PMCID: PMC3153876 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Calpain is an intracellular Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.17; Clan CA, family C02) discovered in 1964. It was also called CANP (Ca2+-activated neutral protease) as well as CASF, CDP, KAF, etc. until 1990. Calpains are found in almost all eukaryotes and a few bacteria, but not in archaebacteria. Calpains have a limited proteolytic activity, and function to transform or modulate their substrates' structures and activities; they are therefore called, "modulator proteases." In the human genome, 15 genes--CAPN1, CAPN2, etc.--encode a calpain-like protease domain. Their products are calpain homologs with divergent structures and various combinations of functional domains, including Ca2+-binding and microtubule-interaction domains. Genetic studies have linked calpain deficiencies to a variety of defects in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies, gastropathy, and diabetes. This review of the study of calpains focuses especially on recent findings about their structure-function relationships. These discoveries have been greatly aided by the development of 3D structural studies and genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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