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Zhu S, Chen W, Masson A, Li YP. Cell signaling and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis. Cell Discov 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 38956429 PMCID: PMC11219878 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation of osteogenesis primarily occurs as mesenchymal stem cells undergo differentiation into osteoblasts. This differentiation process plays a crucial role in bone formation and homeostasis and is regulated by two intricate processes: cell signal transduction and transcriptional gene expression. Various essential cell signaling pathways, including Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PTH, FGF, Ephrin, Notch, Hippo, and Piezo1/2, play a critical role in facilitating osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and bone homeostasis. Key transcriptional factors in this differentiation process include Runx2, Cbfβ, Runx1, Osterix, ATF4, SATB2, and TAZ/YAP. Furthermore, a diverse array of epigenetic factors also plays critical roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis at the transcriptional level. This review provides an overview of the latest developments and current comprehension concerning the pathways of cell signaling, regulation of hormones, and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the commitment and differentiation of osteoblast lineage, as well as in bone formation and maintenance of homeostasis. The paper also reviews epigenetic regulation of osteoblast differentiation via mechanisms, such as histone and DNA modifications. Additionally, we summarize the latest developments in osteoblast biology spurred by recent advancements in various modern technologies and bioinformatics. By synthesizing these insights into a comprehensive understanding of osteoblast differentiation, this review provides further clarification of the mechanisms underlying osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, and bone formation, and highlights potential new therapeutic applications for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Alasdair Masson
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Liu T, Li X, Pang M, Wang L, Li Y, Sun X. Machine learning-based endoplasmic reticulum-related diagnostic biomarker and immune microenvironment landscape for osteoarthritis. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4563-4578. [PMID: 38428406 PMCID: PMC10968715 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease worldwide. Further improving the current limited understanding of osteoarthritis has positive clinical value. METHODS OA samples were collected from GEO database and endoplasmic reticulum related genes (ERRGs) were identified. The WGCNA network was further built to identify the crucial gene module. Based on the expression profiles of characteristic ERRGs, LASSO algorithm was used to select key factors according to the minimum λ value. Random forest (RF) algorithm was used to calculate the importance of ERRGs. Subsequently, overlapping genes based on LASSO and RF algorithms were identified as ERRGs-related diagnostic biomarkers. In addition, OA specimens were also collected and performed qRT-PCR quantitative analysis of selected ERRGs. RESULTS We identified four ERRGs associated with OA risk assessment through machine learning methods, and verified the abnormal expressions of these screened markers in OA patients through in vitro experiments. The influence of selected markers on OA immune infiltration was also evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new evidence for the role of ER stress in the OA progression, as well as new markers and potential intervention targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Xiaomao Li
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu 223023, China
| | - Mu Pang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Lifen Wang
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Ye Li
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
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Ning Y, Zhang F, Li S, Wang C, Wu Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Chen F, Guo X, Wang X, Zhao H. Integrative analysis of miRNA in cartilage-derived extracellular vesicles and single-cell RNA-seq profiles in knee osteoarthritis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 748:109785. [PMID: 37844826 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicular miRNAs (EV-miRNAs) play essential roles as intercellular communication molecules in knee Osteoarthritis (OA). We isolated cartilage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), to perform miRNA sequencing, which revealed EV-miRNA profiles and identified differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) between cartilage injury and cartilage non-injury groups. The target genes of known and novel DE-miRNAs were predicted with multiMiR package in 14 miRNA-target interaction databases. Meanwhile, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to identify chondrocyte clusters and their gene signatures in knee OA. Then we performed comparative analysis between target genes of the cartilage-derived EV-DE-miRNAs target genes and cluster-specific maker genes of characteristic chondrocyte clusters. Finally, the functional analysis of the cartilage-derived EVs DE-miRNA target genes and cluster-specific marker genes of each cell population were performed. The EV-miRNA profile analysis identified 13 DE-miRNAs and 7638 target genes. ScRNA-seq labelled seven clusters by cell type according to the expression of multiple characteristic markers. The results identified 735, 184, 303 and 879 common genes between EV-DE-miRNA target genes and cluster-specific marker genes in regulatory chondrocytes (RegCs), fibrocartilage chondrocytes (FC), prehypertrophic chondrocytes (PreHTCs) and mitochondrial chondrocytes (MTC), respectively. We firstly integrated the association between the cartilage-derived EV-DE-miRNA target genes and distinguished cluster-specific marker genes of each chondrocyte clusters. KEGG pathway analysis further identified that the DE-miRNAs target genes were significantly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, Focal adhesion and FoxO signaling pathway. Our results provided some new insights into cartilage injury and knee OA pathogenesis which could improve the new diagnosis and treatment methods for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ning
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Feiyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Shujin Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Sijie Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China; Clinical Research Center for Endemic Disease of Shaanxi Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.
| | - Hongmou Zhao
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Zfhx4 regulates endochondral ossification as the transcriptional platform of Osterix in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1258. [PMID: 34732852 PMCID: PMC8566502 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is regulated by transcription factors that include SRY-box transcription factor 9, runt-related protein 2 (Runx2), and Osterix. However, the sequential and harmonious regulation of the multiple steps of endochondral ossification is unclear. This study identified zinc finger homeodomain 4 (Zfhx4) as a crucial transcriptional partner of Osterix. We found that Zfhx4 was highly expressed in cartilage and that Zfhx4 deficient mice had reduced expression of matrix metallopeptidase 13 and inhibited calcification of cartilage matrices. These phenotypes were very similar to impaired chondrogenesis in Osterix deficient mice. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence indicated a physical interaction between Zfhx4 and Osterix. Notably, Zfhx4 and Osterix double mutant mice showed more severe phenotype than Zfhx4 deficient mice. Additionally, Zfhx4 interacted with Runx2 that functions upstream of Osterix. Our findings suggest that Zfhx4 coordinates the transcriptional network of Osterix and, consequently, endochondral ossification.
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Role of Signal Transduction Pathways and Transcription Factors in Cartilage and Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041340. [PMID: 32079226 PMCID: PMC7072930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are common cartilage and joint diseases that globally affect more than 200 million and 20 million people, respectively. Several transcription factors have been implicated in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis, including Runx2, C/EBPβ, HIF2α, Sox4, and Sox11. Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) leads to osteoarthritis through NF-ĸB, IκBζ, and the Zn2+-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) play a major pathological role in rheumatoid arthritis through NF-ĸB and JAK/STAT pathways. Indeed, inhibitory reagents for IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα provide clinical benefits for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Several growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and Indian hedgehog, play roles in regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Disruption and excess of these signaling pathways cause genetic disorders in cartilage and skeletal tissues. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, an autosomal genetic disorder characterized by ectopic ossification, is induced by mutant ACVR1. Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitors can prevent ectopic ossification induced by ACVR1 mutations. C-type natriuretic peptide is currently the most promising therapy for achondroplasia and related autosomal genetic diseases that manifest severe dwarfism. In these ways, investigation of cartilage and chondrocyte diseases at molecular and cellular levels has enlightened the development of effective therapies. Thus, identification of signaling pathways and transcription factors implicated in these diseases is important.
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Jo S, Yoon S, Lee SY, Kim SY, Park H, Han J, Choi SH, Han JS, Yang JH, Kim TH. DKK1 Induced by 1,25D3 Is Required for the Mineralization of Osteoblasts. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010236. [PMID: 31963554 PMCID: PMC7017072 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), the most popular drug for osteoporosis treatment, drives osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in commitment and differentiation of osteoblasts, but the role of the Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), a Wnt antagonist, in osteoblasts remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism of DKK1 induction by 1,25D3 and its physiological role during osteoblast differentiation. 1,25D3 markedly promoted the expression of both CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) and DKK1 at day 7 during osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, mRNA and protein levels of C/EBPβ and DKK1 in osteoblasts were elevated by 1,25D3. We also found that C/EBPβ, in response to 1,25D3, directly binds to the human DKK1 promoter. Knockdown of C/EBPβ downregulated the expression of DKK1 in osteoblasts, which was partially reversed by 1,25D3. In contrast, overexpression of C/EBPβ upregulated DKK1 expression in osteoblasts, which was enhanced by 1,25D3. Furthermore, 1,25D3 treatment in osteoblasts stimulated secretion of DKK1 protein within the endoplasmic reticulum to extracellular. Intriguingly, blocking DKK1 attenuated calcified nodule formation in mineralized osteoblasts, but not ALP activity or collagen synthesis. Taken together, these observations suggest that 1,25D3 promotes the mineralization of osteoblasts through activation of DKK1 followed by an increase of C/EBPβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsin Jo
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.J.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Subin Yoon
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.J.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (H.P.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.Y.L.); (J.-S.H.)
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.J.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyosun Park
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.J.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (H.P.)
| | | | - Sung Hoon Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.Y.L.); (J.-S.H.)
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.J.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.K.); (H.P.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2290-9245; Fax: +82-2-2298-8231
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7
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Nehlin JO, Jafari A, Tencerova M, Kassem M. Aging and lineage allocation changes of bone marrow skeletal (stromal) stem cells. Bone 2019; 123:265-273. [PMID: 30946971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with decreased bone mass and accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes. Both bone forming osteoblastic cells and bone marrow adipocytes are derived from a stem cell population within the bone marrow stroma called bone marrow stromal (skeletal or mesenchymal) stem cells (BMSC). In the present review, we provide an overview, based on the current literature, regarding the physiological aging processes that cause changes in BMSC lineage allocation, enhancement of adipocyte and defective osteoblast differentiation, leading to gradual exhaustion of stem cell regenerative potential and defects in bone tissue homeostasis and metabolism. We discuss strategies to preserve the "youthful" state of BMSC, to reduce bone marrow age-associated adiposity, and to counteract the overall negative effects of aging on bone tissues with the aim of decreasing bone fragility and risk of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Nehlin
- The Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Clinical Research Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Abbas Jafari
- The Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- The Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- The Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Wang W, Do HN, Aupperlee MD, Durairaj S, Flynn EE, Miksicek RJ, Haslam SZ, Schwartz RC. C/EBPβ LIP and c-Jun synergize to regulate expression of the murine progesterone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 477:57-69. [PMID: 29870755 PMCID: PMC6153074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is required for murine mammary ductal morphogenesis and alveologenesis. Progesterone is critical for proliferation and alveologenesis in adult mammary glands, and there is a similar requirement for progesterone receptor isoform B (PRB) in alveologenesis. We examined C/EBPβ regulation of PR expression. All three C/EBPβ isoforms, including typically inhibitory LIP, transactivated the PR promoter. LIP, particularly, strongly synergized with c-Jun to drive PR transcription. Endogenous C/EBPβ and c-Jun stimulated a PR promoter-reporter and these two factors showed promoter occupancy on the endogenous PR gene. Additionally, LIP overexpression elevated endogenous PR protein expression. In pregnancy, both PRB and the relative abundance of LIP among C/EBPβ isoforms increase. Consistent with a role in PRB expression, in vivo C/EBPβ and PR isoform A expression showed mutually exclusive localization in mammary epithelium, while C/EBPβ and PRB largely co-localized. We suggest a critical role for C/EBPβ, particularly LIP, in PRB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Han Ngoc Do
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Mark D Aupperlee
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Srinivasan Durairaj
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Emily E Flynn
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Richard J Miksicek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sandra Z Haslam
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Richard C Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Nishimura R, Hata K, Nakamura E, Murakami T, Takahata Y. Transcriptional network systems in cartilage development and disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:353-363. [PMID: 29308531 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of cartilage development by controlling the expression of chondrogenic genes. Genetic studies have revealed that Sox9/Sox5/Sox6, Runx2/Runx3 and Osterix in particular are essential for the sequential steps of cartilage development. Importantly, these transcription factors form network systems that are also required for appropriate cartilage development. Molecular cloning approaches have largely contributed to the identification of several transcriptional partners for Sox9 and Runx2 during cartilage development. Although the importance of a negative-feedback loop between Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in chondrocyte hypertrophy has been well established, recent studies indicate that several transcription factors interact with the Ihh-PTHrP loop and demonstrated that Ihh has multiple functions in the regulation of cartilage development. The most common cartilage disorder, osteoarthritis, has been reported to result from the pathological action of several transcription factors, including Runx2, C/EBPβ and HIF-2α. On the other hand, NFAT family members appear to play roles in the protection of cartilage from osteoarthritis. It is also becoming important to understand the homeostasis and regulation of articular chondrocytes, because they have different cellular and molecular features from chondrocytes of the growth plate. This review summarizes the regulation and roles of transcriptional network systems in cartilage development and their pathological roles in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Nishimura R, Hata K, Takahata Y, Murakami T, Nakamura E, Yagi H. Regulation of Cartilage Development and Diseases by Transcription Factors. J Bone Metab 2017; 24:147-153. [PMID: 28955690 PMCID: PMC5613019 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2017.24.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies and molecular cloning approaches have been successfully used to identify several transcription factors that regulate the numerous stages of cartilage development. Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (Sox9) is an essential transcription factor for the initial stage of cartilage development. Sox5 and Sox6 play an important role in the chondrogenic action of Sox9, presumably by defining its cartilage specificity. Several transcription factors have been identified as transcriptional partners for Sox9 during cartilage development. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Runx3 are necessary for hypertrophy of chondrocytes. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) function as co-activators for Runx2 during hypertrophy of chondrocytes. In addition, myocyte-enhancer factor 2C (Mef2C) is required for initiation of chondrocyte hypertrophy, presumably by functioning upstream of Runx2. Importantly, the pathogenic roles of several transcription factors in osteoarthritis have been demonstrated based on the similarity of pathological phenomena seen in osteoarthritis with chondrocyte hypertrophy. We discuss the importance of investigating cellular and molecular properties of articular chondrocytes and degradation mechanisms in osteoarthritis, one of the most common cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Cell Fate and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3753581. [PMID: 27298623 PMCID: PMC4889852 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3753581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes originate from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and there appears to be a reciprocal relationship between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Alterations in the balance between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis in BMMSCs wherein adipogenesis is increased relative to osteoblastogenesis are associated with decreased bone quality and quantity. Several proteins have been reported to regulate this reciprocal relationship but the exact nature of the signals regulating the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte formation within the bone marrow space remains to be determined. In this review, we focus on the role of Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split 3 (TLE3), which was recently reported to regulate the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte formation from BMMSCs. We also discuss evidence implicating canonical Wnt signalling, which plays important roles in both adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, in regulating TLE3 expression. Currently, there is demand for new effective therapies that target the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation to enhance bone formation. We speculate that reducing TLE3 expression or activity in BMMSCs could be a useful approach towards increasing osteoblast numbers and reducing adipogenesis in the bone marrow environment.
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Tencerova M, Kassem M. The Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells: Commitment and Regulation of Adipogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27708616 PMCID: PMC5030474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment represents an important compartment of bone that regulates bone homeostasis and the balance between bone formation and bone resorption depending on the physiological needs of the organism. Abnormalities of BM microenvironmental dynamics can lead to metabolic bone diseases. BM stromal cells (also known as skeletal or mesenchymal stem cells) [bone marrow stromal stem cell (BMSC)] are multipotent stem cells located within BM stroma and give rise to osteoblasts and adipocytes. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms of BMSC lineage commitment to adipocytic lineage and regulation of BM adipocyte formation are not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss recent findings pertaining to identification and characterization of adipocyte progenitor cells in BM and the regulation of differentiation into mature adipocytes. We have also emphasized the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tencerova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Michaela Tencerova,
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Odense, Denmark
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Regulation of transcriptional network system during bone and cartilage development. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Morita Y, Hata K, Nakanishi M, Omata T, Morita N, Yura Y, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. Cellular fibronectin 1 promotes VEGF-C expression, lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis associated with human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:739-53. [PMID: 26319373 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is associated with poor survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is thought to be responsible for increased lymphangiogenesis and LNM. Understanding of the mechanism by which VEGF-C expression is regulated in OSCC is thus important to design logic therapeutic interventions. We showed that inoculation of the SAS human OSCC cells expressing the venus GFP (V-SAS cells) into the tongue in nude mice developed LNM. V-SAS cells in LNM were isolated by FACS and re-inoculated into the tongue. This procedure was repeated eight times, establishing V-SAS-LM8 cells. Differential metastasis PCR array between the parental V-SAS and V-SAS-LM8 was performed to identify a molecule responsible for lymphangiogenesis and LNM. Fibronectin 1 (FN1) expression was elevated in V-SAS-LM8 cells compared to V-SAS-cells. V-SAS-LM8 tongue tumor showed increased expression of FN1 and VEGF-C, and promoted lymphangiogenesis and LNM compared with V-SAS tumor. Further, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a main downstream signaling molecule of FN1, was up-regulated, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was promoted in V-SAS-LM8 cells. Silencing of FN1 by shRNA in V-SAS-LM8 cells decreased FAK phosphorylation, VEGF-C expression and inhibited lymphangiogenesis and LNM. EMT was also reversed. The FAK phosphorylation inhibitor PF573228 also decreased VEGF-C expression and reversed EMT in V-SAS-LM8 cells. Finally, we detected intense FN1 expression in some clinical specimens obtained from OSCC patients with LNM. These results demonstrate that elevated expression of cellular FN1 and following activation of FAK lead to increased VEGF-C expression, lymphangiogenesis and LNM and promoted EMT in SAS human OSCC cells and suggest that FN1-phosphorylated FAK signaling cascade is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of LNM in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Morita
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seichokai Hannan Municipal Hospital, Hannan, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Omata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kinan Hospital, Tanabe, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Morita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seichokai Hannan Municipal Hospital, Hannan, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kinan Hospital, Tanabe, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Oral-Maxillo-facial Surgery, NS Medical & Healthcare Service General Incorporation Foundation, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yura
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Walther Hall, R3-C321D, 980 W Walnut St, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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15
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C/EBPβ (CEBPB) protein binding to the C/EBP|CRE DNA 8-mer TTGC|GTCA is inhibited by 5hmC and enhanced by 5mC, 5fC, and 5caC in the CG dinucleotide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:583-9. [PMID: 25779641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian development, some methylated cytosines (5mC) in CG dinucleotides are iteratively oxidized by TET dioxygenases to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). The effect of these cytosine oxidative products on the sequence-specific DNA binding of transcription factors is being actively investigated. Here, we used the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to examine C/EBPα and C/EBPβ homodimers binding to all 25 chemical forms of a CG dinucleotide for two DNA sequences: the canonical C/EBP 8-mer TTGC|GCAA and the chimeric C/EBP|CRE 8-mer TTGC|GTCA. 5hmC in the CG dinucleotide in the C/EBP|CRE motif 8-mer TGAC|GCAA inhibits binding of C/EBPβ but not C/EBPα. Binding was increased by 5mC, 5fC and 5caC. Circular dichroism monitored thermal denaturations for C/EBPβ bound to the C/EBP|CRE motif confirmed the EMSA. The structural differences between C/EBPα and C/EBPβ that may account for the difference in binding 5hmC in the 8-mer TGAC|GCAA are explored.
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16
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Qiu Y, Yao J, Wu X, Zhou B, Shao H, Hua T, Xiong Z, Tang G. Longitudinal assessment of oxytocin efficacy on bone and bone marrow fat masses in a rabbit osteoporosis model through 3.0-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy and micro-CT. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:1081-92. [PMID: 25690480 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aims to longitudinally assess the effect of oxytocin on bone and bone fat masses using micro-CT, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and histopathological adipocyte quantification. Early in vivo oxytocin (OT) treatment to the osteoporosis (OP) rabbit model may reliably inhibit bone degeneration and reduce bone marrow fat accumulation by decreasing marrow adipocyte size and density. INTRODUCTION This study aims to longitudinally assess the effect of early OT treatment on bone and bone fat masses in a rabbit OP model by comparing the results of MRS and micro-CT with histopathological findings. METHODS Sixty 20-week-old female rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups. The control and OP groups were subjected to either sham surgery or bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). The OT group was subcutaneously injected with OT daily from the second week after OVX for 8 weeks. The left proximal femurs of the rabbits were evaluated through MRS, micro-CT, and histopathological examination at 0, 4, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after operation. Differences in fat fraction (FF) values, micro-CT parameters, and calculated pathological marrow adipocytes among three groups were analyzed. RESULTS The FF values of the OP group significantly increased (p = 0.019), but the tissue mineral density (TMD) decreased (p = 0.037) from eighth week compared with those of the control group. The FF values of the OT group significantly decreased (p = 0.044), but the TMD values increased (p = 0.042) from eighth week compared with those of the OP group. The adypocyte diameter of the OT group significantly decreased (p = 0.041) from eighth week and then adypocyte density did so too from tenth week, compared with those of the OP group at the same time point. No difference in adypocyte calculation was found between the OT and control groups until the 12th week after operation. CONCLUSION Early in vivo OT treatment slowed down bone deterioration and reduced bone marrow adiposity accumulation in a rabbit OP model, which is consistent with pathologic findings. OT treatment is a promising preventive OP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
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Tsushima H, Okazaki K, Ishihara K, Ushijima T, Iwamoto Y. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β promotes receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression and osteoclast formation in the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:31. [PMID: 25811130 PMCID: PMC4355365 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor that is activated in the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and promotes expression of various matrix metalloproteinases. In this study, we examined whether C/EBPβ mediates the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and drives osteoclast formation in primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients. The cooperation of C/EBPβ and activation transcription factor-4 (ATF4) in the regulation of the RANKL promoter was also investigated. METHODS Immunofluorescence staining was performed for C/EBPβ, RANKL, and ATF4 in synovium from RA patients. Adenovirus expression vectors for two major isoforms, C/EBPβ-liver-enriched activator protein (LAP) and - liver-enriched inhibitory protein (LIP), or small interfering RNA for C/EBPβ, were used to manipulate C/EBPβ expression in RA-FLS. RA-FLS over-expressing C/EBPβ were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to test osteoclast formation by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. A promoter assay for RANKL, a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and an immunoprecipitation (IP) assay were also performed. RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining showed colocalization of C/EBPβ, ATF4 and RANKL in RA synovium. Western blotting revealed the expression of C/EBPβ-LAP and -LIP in RA-FLS. Over-expression of either C/EBPβ-LAP or -LIP significantly increased the expression of RANKL mRNA, while C/EBPβ-LIP down-regulated osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA. The RANKL/OPG mRNA ratio was significantly increased by C/EBPβ-LIP over-expression. Knockdown of C/EBPβ with siRNA decreased the expression of RANKL mRNA. The number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells was increased in co-cultures of PBMCs and FLS over-expressing either C/EBPβ-LAP or -LIP, but was more significant with LIP. C/EBPβ-LIP does not have a transactivation domain. However, promoter assays showed that C/EBPβ-LIP and ATF4 synergistically transactivate the RANKL promoter. ChIP and IP assays revealed the cooperative binding of C/EBPβ and ATF4 on the RANKL promoter. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that C/EBPβ, especially C/EBPβ-LIP in cooperation with ATF4, is involved in osteoclast formation by regulating RANKL expression in RA-FLS. These findings suggest that C/EBPβ plays a crucial role in bone destruction in RA joints.
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18
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Perino A, Pols TWH, Nomura M, Stein S, Pellicciari R, Schoonjans K. TGR5 reduces macrophage migration through mTOR-induced C/EBPβ differential translation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5424-36. [PMID: 25365223 DOI: 10.1172/jci76289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid-responsive G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is involved in several metabolic processes, and recent studies suggest that TGR5 activation may promote pathways that are protective against diet-induced diabetes. Here, we investigated the role of macrophage-specific TGR5 signaling in protecting adipose tissue from inflammation and associated insulin resistance. Examination of adipose tissue from obese mice lacking macrophage Tgr5 revealed enhanced inflammation, increased chemokine expression, and higher macrophage numbers compared with control obese animals. Moreover, macrophage-specific deletion of Tgr5 exacerbated insulin resistance in obese animals. Conversely, pharmacological activation of TGR5 markedly decreased LPS-induced chemokine expression in primary macrophages. This reduction was mediated by AKT-dependent activation of mTOR complex 1, which in turn induced the differential translation of the dominant-negative C/EBPβ isoform, liver inhibitory protein (LIP). Overall, these studies reveal a signaling pathway downstream of TGR5 that modulates chemokine expression in response to high-fat diet and suggest that targeting this pathway has the potential to be therapeutically exploited for prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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19
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Hata K, Takashima R, Amano K, Ono K, Nakanishi M, Yoshida M, Wakabayashi M, Matsuda A, Maeda Y, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Whitson RH, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. Arid5b facilitates chondrogenesis by recruiting the histone demethylase Phf2 to Sox9-regulated genes. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2850. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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20
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Fakhry M, Hamade E, Badran B, Buchet R, Magne D. Molecular mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblasts. World J Stem Cells 2013; 5:136-148. [PMID: 24179602 PMCID: PMC3812518 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v5.i4.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly renewed by the coordinated action of two cell types, i.e., the bone-resorbing osteoclasts and the bone-forming osteoblasts. However, in some circumstances, bone regeneration exceeds bone self repair capacities. This is notably often the case after bone fractures, osteolytic bone tumor surgery, or osteonecrosis. In this regard, bone tissue engineering with autologous or allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is been widely developed. MSCs can be isolated from bone marrow or other tissues such as adipose tissue or umbilical cord, and can be implanted in bone defects with or without prior amplification and stimulation. However, the outcome of most pre-clinical studies remains relatively disappointing. A better understanding of the successive steps and molecular mechanisms involved in MSC-osteoblastic differentiation appears to be crucial to optimize MSC-bone therapy. In this review, we first present the important growth factors that stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Then we review the main transcription factors that modulate osteoblast differentiation, and the microRNAs (miRs) that inhibit their expression. Finally, we also discuss articles dealing with the use of these factors and miRs in the development of new bone MSC therapy strategies. We particularly focus on the studies using human MSCs, since significant differences exist between osteoblast differentiation mechanisms in humans and mice for instance.
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21
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Esteves CL, Verma M, Róg-Zielińska E, Kelly V, Sai S, Breton A, Donadeu FX, Seckl JR, Chapman KE. Pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in A549 cells requires phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at Thr235. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75874. [PMID: 24086653 PMCID: PMC3784397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts inert glucocorticoids into active forms, thereby increasing intracellular glucocorticoid levels, important to restrain acute inflammation. 11β-HSD1 is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in a variety of cells. Here, we show 11β-HSD1 expression in human A549 epithelial cells is increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α/TNFα) via the P2 promoter of the HSD11B1 gene. Inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of mRNA encoding 11β-HSD1 as well as that encoding C/EBPβ. IL-1α/TNFα-induced phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at Thr235 was also attenuated by p38 MAPK inhibition suggesting involvement of a p38 MAPK-C/EBPβ pathway. siRNA-mediated knock-down of C/EBPβ and NF-κB/RelA implicated both transcription factors in the IL-1α/TNFα induction of HSD11B1 mRNA. Transient transfections of HSD11B1 promoter-reporter constructs identified the proximal region of the P2 promoter of HSD11B1 as essential for this induction. IL-1α increased binding of C/EBPβ to the HSD11B1 P2 promoter, but this was not observed for NF-κB/RelA, suggesting indirect regulation by NF-κB/RelA. Ectopic expression of mutant chicken C/EBPβ constructs unable to undergo phosphorylation at the threonine equivalent to Thr235 attenuated the IL-1α-induction of HSD11B1, whereas mimicking constitutive phosphorylation of Thr235 (by mutation to aspartate) increased basal expression of HSD11B1 mRNA without affecting IL-1α-induced levels. These data clearly demonstrate a role for both C/EBPβ and NF-κB/RelA in the pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of HSD11B1 in human epithelial cells and show that p38 MAPK-induced phosphorylation of C/EBPβ at Thr235 is critical in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L. Esteves
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Verma
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Róg-Zielińska
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Val Kelly
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shuji Sai
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amandine Breton
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francesc X. Donadeu
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kokabu S, Nguyen T, Ohte S, Sato T, Katagiri T, Yoda T, Rosen V. TLE3, transducing-like enhancer of split 3, suppresses osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:205-10. [PMID: 23880346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In senile osteoporosis the balance of adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is disrupted so that adipogenesis is increased with respect to osteoblastogenesis, and as a result, bone mass is decreased. While the molecular mechanisms controlling the balance between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis are of great interest, the exact nature of the signals regulating this process remains to be determined. In general, adipogenesis is a reciprocal relationship with osteoblastogenesis in BMSCs. Recently transducin-like enhancer of split 3 (TLE3), was reported to enhance adipogenesis in pre adipocytes. However, the effect of TLE3 on osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs is completely unknown. Here we report that TLE3 not only enhances adipocyte differentiation in BMSCs but also suppresses osteoblast differentiation. Firstly we examined the expression and localization of TLE3. We found that TLE3 is expressed in the nucleus of bone marrow stromal cells and that over-expression of TLE3 induced adipocyte differentiation and suppressed ALP activity induced by treatment with BMP2 in these cells. In contrast, adipocyte differentiation was decreased and ALP activity increased when endogenous TLE3 was knocked down by shRNA in BMSCs. To examine the mechanism by which TLE3 is able to suppress osteoblast differentiation, we focused on Runx2, a transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation. We found that TLE3 strongly suppressed ALP activity and OSE2-luciferase activity induced by Runx2 and this repression of Runx2 by TLE3 occurs via HDACs because treatment with TSA, a class I and II HDAC inhibitor, rescued this repression. In conclusion, we identify TLE3 as a suppressor of BMSC differentiation in osteoblast lineage cells in vitro. Our data suggest that TLE3 activity may be a key in balancing adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation in the adult bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Kokabu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Jin HS, Kim BY, Kim J, Hong KW, Jung SY, Lee YS, Huh D, Oh B, Chung YS, Jeong SY. Association between the SPRY1 gene polymorphism and obesity-related traits and osteoporosis in Korean women. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:95-101. [PMID: 23146288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has revealed a close relationship between obesity and osteoporosis. It was reported recently that conditional knockout of the Spry1 gene in mice adipocytes causes an increase in body fat and a decrease in bone mass, and that these phenotypes are rescued by Spry1 overexpression in adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated whether genetic variation in the human SPRY1 gene is associated with obesity-related phenotypes and/or osteoporosis in humans. METHODS We performed a candidate gene association analysis between the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 14 imputed SNPs in the SPRY1 gene and obesity-related traits and osteoporosis in a Korean women cohort (3013 subjects). RESULTS All four SPRY1 gene SNPs were significantly associated with either obesity-related traits or osteoporosis. The TGCC haplotype in the SRPY1 gene showed simultaneous association with an increased risk for obesity-related traits, percentage body fat (p=0.0087) and percentage abdominal fat (p=0.047), and osteoporosis (odds ratio=1.50; p=0.025) in the recessive genetic model. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a previous finding in conditional Spry1 gene knockout mice and suggest that the SPRY1 gene is an important genetic factor for determining the risk of both obesity and osteoporosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Hisada K, Hata K, Ichida F, Matsubara T, Orimo H, Nakano T, Yatani H, Nishimura R, Yoneda T. Retinoic acid regulates commitment of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and adipocytes. J Bone Miner Metab 2013; 31:53-63. [PMID: 23014973 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that the balance between osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regulated by several hormones, growth factors, and their downstream signaling cascades. Previous studies suggest that retinoic acid (RA) plays a role in osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis. However, it is unknown whether RA regulates commitment of MSCs into osteoblasts and adipocytes. In this study, we investigated the role of RA in differentiation of MSCs using the C3H10T1/2 cell line. RA stimulated activity and expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and upregulated activity of the ALP gene promoter. The effects of RA were further enhanced by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and resultant Smad signaling. Furthermore, overexpression of Runx2 and Msx2, critical transcription factors for bone formation and BMP2-dependent osteoblastogenesis, enhanced RA-dependent ALP activity. In view of these findings, RA likely stimulates osteoblast differentiation through the BMP2-Smad-Runx2/Msx2 pathway. In contrast, RA markedly inhibited BMP2-induced adipocyte differentiation, suppressing expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and C/EBPδ, and inhibiting adipogenic function of C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, and PPARγ. In conclusion, our data suggest that RA regulates commitment of MSCs into osteoblasts and adipocytes by controlling transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Hisada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Myxoid liposarcoma-associated EWSR1-DDIT3 selectively represses osteoblastic and chondrocytic transcription in multipotent mesenchymal cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36682. [PMID: 22570737 PMCID: PMC3343026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liposarcomas are the most common class of soft tissue sarcomas, and myxoid liposarcoma is the second most common liposarcoma. EWSR1-DDIT3 is a chimeric fusion protein generated by the myxoid liposarcoma-specific chromosomal translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12). Current studies indicate that multipotent mesenchymal cells are the origin of sarcomas. The mechanism whereby EWSR1-DDIT3 contributes to the phenotypic selection of target cells during oncogenic transformation remains to be elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings Reporter assays showed that the EWSR1-DDIT3 myxoid liposarcoma fusion protein, but not its wild-type counterparts EWSR1 and DDIT3, selectively repressed the transcriptional activity of cell lineage-specific marker genes in multipotent mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells. Specifically, the osteoblastic marker Opn promoter and chondrocytic marker Col11a2 promoter were repressed, while the adipocytic marker Ppar-γ2 promoter was not affected. Mutation analyses, transient ChIP assays, and treatment of cells with trichostatin A (a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases) or 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (a methylation-resistant cytosine homolog) revealed the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned selective transcriptional repression. The first is a genetic action of the EWSR1-DDIT3 fusion protein, which results in binding to the functional C/EBP site within Opn and Col11a2 promoters through interaction of its DNA-binding domain and subsequent interference with endogenous C/EBPβ function. Another possible mechanism is an epigenetic action of EWSR1-DDIT3, which enhances histone deacetylation, DNA methylation, and histone H3K9 trimethylation at the transcriptional repression site. We hypothesize that EWSR1-DDIT3-mediated transcriptional regulation may modulate the target cell lineage through target gene-specific genetic and epigenetic conversions. Conclusions/Significance This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying EWSR1-DDIT3 fusion protein-mediated phenotypic selection of putative target multipotent mesenchymal cells during myxoid liposarcoma development. A better understanding of this process is fundamental to the elucidation of possible direct lineage reprogramming in oncogenic sarcoma transformation mediated by fusion proteins.
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Zhang YY, Li X, Qian SW, Guo L, Huang HY, He Q, Liu Y, Ma CG, Tang QQ. Down-regulation of type I Runx2 mediated by dexamethasone is required for 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:798-808. [PMID: 22422618 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2, a runt-related transcriptional factor family member, is involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. Interestingly, it is abundant in growth-arrested 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and was dramatically down-regulated during adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown of Runx2 expression promoted 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, whereas overexpression inhibited adipocyte differentiation and promoted the trans-differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to bone cells. Runx2 was down-regulated specifically by dexamethasone (DEX). Only type I Runx2 was expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Using luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR analysis, it was found that DEX repressed this type of Runx2 at the transcriptional level through direct binding of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to a GR-binding element in the Runx2 P2 promoter. Further studies indicated that GR recruited histone deacetylase 1 to the Runx2 P2 promoter which then mediated the deacetylation of histone H4 and down-regulated Runx2 expression. Runx2 might play its repressive role through the induction of p27 expression, which blocked 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting mitotic clonal expansion. Taken together, we identified Runx2 as a new downstream target of DEX and explored a new pathway between DEX, Runx2, and p27 which contributed to the mechanism of the 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-you Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Smink JJ, Leutz A. Instruction of mesenchymal cell fate by the transcription factor C/EBPβ. Gene 2012; 497:10-7. [PMID: 22306325 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) plays a role in the differentiation of a large variety of cell types. C/EBPβ was initially described as an early inducer of adipocyte differentiation, however, recent data have shown that this is not the only mesenchymal cell lineage where C/EBPβ has an instructive function. Mouse models and tissue culture studies have now established a regulatory role of C/EBPβ in osteoblast and in chondrocyte differentiation. These three different cell lineages are derived from the same precursor, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). This review will focus on the emerging role of C/EBPβ and its different protein isoforms in various mesenchymal cell lineages and its function in adipocyte, chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, the mesenchymal stem cell has attracted the attention of regenerative medicine in recent years, and the possible role of C/EBPβ in this respect will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeske J Smink
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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Nishimura R, Hata K, Matsubara T, Wakabayashi M, Yoneda T. Regulation of bone and cartilage development by network between BMP signalling and transcription factors. J Biochem 2012; 151:247-54. [PMID: 22253449 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein(s) (BMP) are very powerful cytokines that induce bone and cartilage formation. BMP also stimulate osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation. During bone and cartilage development, BMP regulates the expression and/or the function of several transcription factors through activation of Smad signalling. Genetic studies revealed that Runx2, Osterix and Sox9, all of which function downstream of BMP, play essential roles in bone and/or cartilage development. In addition, two other transcription factors, Msx2 and Dlx5, which interact with BMP signalling, are involved in bone and cartilage development. The importance of these transcription factors in bone and cartilage development has been supported by biochemical and cell biological studies. Interestingly, BMP is regulated by several negative feedback systems that appear necessary for fine-tuning of bone and cartilage development induced by BMP. Thus, BMP harmoniously regulates bone and cartilage development by forming network with several transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.
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Henriquez B, Hepp M, Merino P, Sepulveda H, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein GS, Stein JL, Montecino M. C/EBPβ binds the P1 promoter of the Runx2 gene and up-regulates Runx2 transcription in osteoblastic cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3043-52. [PMID: 21302301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Runx2 factor is an essential component of the regulatory mechanisms that control transcription during skeletogenesis. Runx2/p57 expression in osteoblastic cells is controlled by the P1 promoter, which is recognized by key regulators of osteoblast differentiation including homeodomain factors and Wnt- and BMP-signaling mediators. Here, we report that the transcription factor C/EBPβ up-regulates Runx2/p57 expression by directly binding to the Runx2 P1 promoter in mesenchymal, pre-osteoblastic, and osteoblastic cells. This C/EBPβ-mediated up-regulation is principally dependent on C/EBP site II that is located within the first 180 bp of the proximal P1 promoter region and is highly conserved among mouse, rat, and human Runx2 genes. Our studies reveal how the C/EBPβ factor, known to have a key role during osteogenesis, contributes to regulating the expression of Runx2, the master regulator of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Henriquez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomedical Research, Andres Bello University, Santiago, Chile
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Petrella BL, Armstrong DA, Vincenti MP. CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta activation of MMP-1 gene expression in SW1353 Cells: Independent roles of extracellular signal-regulated and p90/ribosomal S6 kinases. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3349-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Li H, Baldwin BR, Zahnow CA. LIP expression is regulated by IGF-1R signaling and participates in suppression of anoikis. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:100. [PMID: 21854628 PMCID: PMC3176234 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor, CCAAT enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2 and LIP) that have opposing actions in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Increases in the ratio of LIP/LAP are associated with aggressive, metastatic breast cancer; however, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate LIP expression or the biological actions of an increase in the LIP/LAP ratio. Metastasis is highly dependent upon the suppression of anoikis and the role of C/EBPβ and LIP in this anchorage-independent, survival process is currently not known in mammary epithelial cells. IGF-1R signaling is important for the survival of breast cancer cells and crosstalk between IGF-1R and EGFR signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of more aggressive disease. We therefore evaluated in mammary epithelial cells whether IGF-1R signaling regulates the LIP/LAP ratio, analyzed the potential interplay between EGFR and IGF-1R signaling and addressed the biological significance of increased LIP expression in cellular survival and suppression of anoikis. Results Our data provide the first evidence that IGF-1R signaling regulates LIP expression in an EGFR independent manner to increase the LIP/LAP ratio in mammary epithelial cells. Although crosstalk between IGF-1R signaling and EGFR signaling is detectable in MCF10A cells, this crosstalk is not required for the IGF-1 mediated regulation of LIP expression. Rather, the critical regulator of IGF-1 induced LIP expression appears to be EGFR-independent, Akt activity. Our data also demonstrate that increases in LIP expression promote cell survival via suppression of anoikis. Likewise, knockdown of total C/EBPβ leads to increased cell death and suggest that C/EBPβ expression is important for survival and resistance to anoikis. IGF-1 treatment can partially rescue vector control cells from anoikis; however, cells with reduced C/EBPβ expression do not survive anoikis. Conclusions Taken together, our data demonstrate that IGF-1R signaling regulates LIP expression in an EGFR independent manner to increase the LIP/LAP ratio in mammary epithelial cells. C/EBPβ expression and elevations in LIP play an important role in regulating cellular survival via suppression of anoikis, in an IGF-1R mediated context or in a manner independent of IGF-1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Nishisho T, Hata K, Nakanishi M, Morita Y, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Yasui N, Yoneda T. The a3 isoform vacuolar type H⁺-ATPase promotes distant metastasis in the mouse B16 melanoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:845-55. [PMID: 21669964 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the acidic microenvironments critically influence malignant behaviors of cancer including invasiveness, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Because the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) has been shown to cause extracellular acidification by pumping protons, we studied the role of V-ATPase in distant metastasis. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the high-metastatic B16-F10 melanoma cells strongly expressed the a3 isoform V-ATPase compared to the low-metastatic B16 parental cells. Consistent with this, B16-F10 cells created acidic environments in lung metastases by acridine orange staining and strong a3 V-ATPase expression in bone metastases by immunohistochemistry. Immunocytochemical analysis showed B16-F10 cells expressed a3 V-ATPase not only in cytoplasm but also plasma membrane, whereas B16 parental cells exhibited its expression only in cytoplasm. Of note, knockdown of a3 V-ATPase suppressed invasiveness and migration with reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in B16-F10 cells and significantly decreased lung and bone metastases, despite that tumor growth was not altered. Importantly, administration of a specific V-ATPase a3 inhibitor FR167356 reduced bone metastasis of B16-F10 cells. These results suggest that a3 V-ATPase promotes distant metastasis of B16-F10 cells by creating acidic environments via proton secretion. Our results also suggest that inhibition of the development of cancer-associated acidic environments by suppressing a3 V-ATPase could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Nishisho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Dingwall M, Marchildon F, Gunanayagam A, Louis CS, Wiper-Bergeron N. Retinoic acid-induced Smad3 expression is required for the induction of osteoblastogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation 2011; 82:57-65. [PMID: 21612856 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent precursor cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and myocytes. Despite their important therapeutic potential little is known about the transcriptional cascades that govern lineage decisions in these cells. Treatment of C3H10T1/2 mouse mesenchymal stem cells with retinoic acid (RA) inhibits adipogenesis and enhances osteoblastogenesis. In particular, RA treatment stimulates the expression of the osteoblast master regulator, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), whose expression is necessary for the formation of bone. We have shown previously in mesenchymal stem cells that RA acts to stimulate osteoblastogenesis by interfering with the actions of the bzip transcription factor CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein beta (C/EBPβ), where it binds to a negative regulatory element within the Runx2 promoter and inhibits its expression. Herein we show that Smad3, whose expression is stimulated by RA, relays the effects of RA on differentiation by initiating the displacement of C/EBPβ from the Runx2 promoter. In addition to stimulating Smad3 expression, RA also stimulated the nuclear localization of this factor, such that in the absence of RA, ectopic Smad3 was unable to drive osteoblastogenesis. While not sufficient to promote osteoblastogenesis, knockdown of Smad3 using a specific shRNA prevented the RA-mediated stimulation of differentiation and displacement of C/EBPβ from the Runx2 P1 promoter. Taken together, these data indicate that Smad3 is an important mediator of RA activity during mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and is necessary for the stimulation of osteoblastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Dingwall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Abstract
Conserved upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are found within many eukaryotic transcripts and are known to regulate protein translation. Evidence from genetic and bioinformatic studies implicates disturbed uORF-mediated translational control in the etiology of human diseases. A genetic mouse model has recently provided proof-of-principle support for the physiological relevance of uORF-mediated translational control in mammals. The targeted disruption of the uORF initiation codon within the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) gene resulted in deregulated C/EBPβ protein isoform expression, associated with defective liver regeneration and impaired osteoclast differentiation. The high prevalence of uORFs in the human transcriptome suggests that intensified search for mutations within 5' RNA leader regions may reveal a multitude of alterations affecting uORFs, causing pathogenic deregulation of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wethmar
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany
- Charité, University Medicine BerlinGermany
| | - Jeske J Smink
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany
| | - Achim Leutz
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin, Germany
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Zhao L, Jiang S, Hantash BM. Transforming growth factor beta1 induces osteogenic differentiation of murine bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:725-33. [PMID: 19769530 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have been shown to contribute to regeneration of numerous mesodermal tissue types including adipose, bone, and cartilage. Recent studies have shown that BMSCs migrate into damaged bone and help facilitate effects such as fracture healing. Although bone morphogenic proteins have been shown to stimulate bone repair, their levels remain low postfracture. Peripheral blood levels of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), on the other hand, rise dramatically within 2 weeks postfracture. Therefore, we investigated the role of TGF-beta1 on BMSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Murine BMSCs were freshly isolated from femurs, fluorescence-activated cell sorted for Sca-1, cultured in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium, and exposed to TGF-beta1. After 14 days, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining were performed to examine the expression of self-renewal and terminal differentiation markers. Results showed that the treatment with TGF-beta1 reduced mRNA levels of self-renewal markers (Oct4, Stella, Nanos3, and Abcg2) by twofold and increased osteoblast differentiation markers (Runx2, Opn, and Col1) up to sevenfold compared with controls. We also observed decreased mRNA levels of adipogenic markers (Pparg2 and Adn) and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) mRNA and protein levels were elevated up to threefold following TGF-beta1 stimulation. In conclusion, our findings revealed an unexpected osteogenic differentiation pathway in murine BMSCs under the control of TGF-beta that is mediated by TAZ, which is known to increase RUNX2-dependent gene transcription while repressing PPARgamma2-dependent transcription. This is the first report demonstrating the upregulation of TAZ activity in BMSCs by a physiological growth factor present during acute bone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhao
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Chiribau CB, Gaccioli F, Huang CC, Yuan CL, Hatzoglou M. Molecular symbiosis of CHOP and C/EBP beta isoform LIP contributes to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:3722-31. [PMID: 20479126 PMCID: PMC2897554 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01507-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of the transcription factor CHOP (CCAAT-binding homologous protein; GADD 153) is a critical cellular response for the transcriptional control of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Upon nuclear translocation, CHOP upregulates the transcription of proapoptotic factors and downregulates antiapoptotic genes. Transcriptional activation by CHOP involves heterodimerization with other members of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor (bZIP) family. We show that the bZIP protein C/EBP beta isoform LIP is required for nuclear translocation of CHOP during ER stress. In early ER stress, LIP undergoes proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasmic compartment. During later ER stress, LIP binds CHOP in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments and contributes to its nuclear import. By using CHOP-deficient cells and transfections of LIP-expressing vectors in C/EBP beta(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we show that the LIP-CHOP interaction has a stabilizing role for LIP. At the same time, CHOP uses LIP as a vehicle for nuclear import. LIP-expressing C/EBP beta(-/-) MEFs showed enhanced ER stress-induced apoptosis compared to C/EBP beta-null cells, a finding in agreement with the decreased levels of Bcl-2, a known transcriptional control target of CHOP. In view of the positive effect of CHOP-LIP interaction in mediating their proapoptotic functions, we propose this functional cooperativity as molecular symbiosis between proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin-Bogdan Chiribau
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Francesca Gaccioli
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Charlie C. Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Celvie L. Yuan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Pan K, Sun Q, Zhang J, Ge S, Li S, Zhao Y, Yang P. Multilineage differentiation of dental follicle cells and the roles of Runx2 over-expression in enhancing osteoblast/cementoblast-related gene expression in dental follicle cells. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:219-28. [PMID: 20546240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental follicle cells (DFCs) provide the origin of periodontal tissues, and Runx2 is essential for bone formation and tooth development. In this study, pluripotency of DFCs was evaluated and effects of Runx2 on them were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The DFCs were induced to differentiate towards osteoblasts, adipocytes or chondrocytes, and alizarin red staining, oil red O staining or alcian blue staining was performed to reveal the differentiated states. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and primary mouse fibroblasts served as controls. DFCs were also infected with recombinant retroviruses encoding either full-length Runx2 or mutant Runx2 without the VWRPY motif. Western blot analysis, real-time real time RT-PCR and in vitro mineralization assay were performed to evaluate the effects of full-length Runx2 or mutant Runx2 on osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of the cells. RESULTS The above-mentioned staining methods demonstrated that DFCs were successfully induced to differentiate towards osteoblasts, adipocytes or chondrocytes respectively, confirming the existence of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells in dental follicle tissues. However, staining intensity in DFC cultures was weaker than in BMSC cultures. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that mutant Runx2 induced a more pronounced increase in expression levels of OC, OPN, Col I and CP23 than full-length Runx2. Mineralization assay also showed that mutant Runx2 increased mineralization nodule formation more prominently than full-length Runx2. CONCLUSIONS Multipotent DFCs can be induced to differentiate towards osteoblasts, adipocytes or chondrocytes in vitro. Runx2 over-expression up-regulated expression levels of osteoblast/cementoblast-related genes and in vitro enhanced osteogenic differentiation of DFCs. In addition, mutant Runx2-induced changes in DFCs were more prominent than those induced by full-length Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pan
- Department of Periodontology and Institute of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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LaMarca HL, Visbal AP, Creighton CJ, Liu H, Zhang Y, Behbod F, Rosen JM. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta regulates stem cell activity and specifies luminal cell fate in the mammary gland. Stem Cells 2010; 28:535-44. [PMID: 20054865 DOI: 10.1002/stem.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bZIP transcription factor C/EBP beta is important for mammary gland development and its expression is deregulated in human breast cancer. To determine whether C/EBP beta regulates mammary stem cells (MaSCs), we employed two different knockout strategies. Using both a germline and a conditional knockout strategy, we demonstrate that mammosphere formation was significantly decreased in C/EBP beta-deficient mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Functional limiting dilution transplantation assays indicated that the repopulating ability of C/EBP beta-deleted MECs was severely impaired. Serial transplantation experiments demonstrated that C/EBP beta deletion resulted in decreased outgrowth potential and premature MaSC senescence. In accord, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis demonstrated that C/EBP beta-null MECs contained fewer MaSCs, the loss of luminal progenitors and an increase in differentiated luminal cells as compared with wild-type. Gene profiling of C/EBP beta-null stem cells revealed an alteration in cell fate specification, exemplified by the expression of basal markers in the luminal compartment. Thus, C/EBP beta is a critical regulator of both MaSC repopulation activity and luminal cell lineage commitment. These findings have critical implications for understanding both stem cell biology and the etiology of different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L LaMarca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Nakanishi M, Hata K, Nagayama T, Sakurai T, Nishisho T, Wakabayashi H, Hiraga T, Ebisu S, Yoneda T. Acid activation of Trpv1 leads to an up-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons via the CaMK-CREB cascade: a potential mechanism of inflammatory pain. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2568-77. [PMID: 20534813 PMCID: PMC2912344 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-01-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased CGRP expression in sensory neurons is associated with inflammatory pain. We examined the molecular basis of CGRP expression and found that acid-sensing nociceptor Trpv1 is activated under inflammatory acidic environments and up-regulates the CGRP expression through CaMK-CREB cascade. Increased production of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in sensory neurons is implicated in inflammatory pain. The inflammatory site is acidic due to proton release from infiltrating inflammatory cells. Acid activation of peripheral nociceptors relays pain signals to the CNS. Here, we examined whether acid activated the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (Trpv1), a widely recognized acid-sensing nociceptor and subsequently increased CGRP expression. Chemically induced inflammation was associated with thermal hyperalgesia and increased CGRP expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in rats. In organ cultures of DRG, acid (pH 5.5) elevated CGRP expression and the selective Trpv1 antagonist 5′-Iodoresiniferatoxin decreased it. Trpv1-deficient DRG showed reduced CGRP increase by acid. Of note, many of CGRP/Trpv1-positive DRG neurons exhibited the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a nociceptive transcription factor. Knockdown of CREB by small interfering RNA or a dominant-negative form of CREB diminished acid-elevated CGRP expression. Acid elevated the transcriptional activity of CREB, which in turn stimulated CGRP gene promoter activity. These effects were inhibited by a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) inhibitor KN-93. In conclusion, our results suggest that inflammatory acidic environments activate Trpv1, leading to an up-regulation of CGRP expression via CaMK-CREB cascade, a series of events that may be associated with inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Orellana D, Liu X, Wang GL, Jin J, Iakova P, Timchenko NA. Calmodulin controls liver proliferation via interactions with C/EBPbeta-LAP and C/EBPbeta-LIP. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23444-56. [PMID: 20498378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.129825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A truncated isoform of C/EBPbeta, C/EBPbeta-LIP, is required for liver proliferation. This isoform is expressed at high levels in proliferating liver and in liver tumors. However, high levels of C/EBPbeta-LIP are also observed in non-proliferating livers during acute phase response (APR). In this paper we present mechanisms by which liver regulates activities of C/EBPbeta-LIP. We found that calmodulin (CaM) inhibits the ability of C/EBPbeta-LIP to promote liver proliferation during APR through direct interactions. This activity of CaM is under negative control of Ca(2+), which is reduced in nuclei of livers with APR, whereas it is increased in nuclei of proliferating livers. A mutant CaM, which does not interact with C/EBPbeta-LIP, also fails to inhibit the growth promotion activity of C/EBPbeta-LIP. Down-regulation of CaM in livers of LPS-treated mice causes liver proliferation via activation of C/EBPbeta-LIP. Overexpression of C/EBPbeta-LIP above levels of CaM also initiates liver proliferation in LPS-treated mice. In addition, CaM regulates transcriptional activity of another isoform of C/EBPbeta, C/EBPbeta-LAP, and might control liver biology through the regulation of both isoforms of C/EBPbeta. In searching for molecular mechanisms by which C/EBPbeta-LIP promotes cell proliferation, we found that C/EBPbeta-LIP releases E2F.Rb-dependent repression of cell cycle genes by a disruption of E2F1.Rb complexes and by a direct interaction with E2F-dependent promoters. CaM inhibits these growth promotion activities of C/EBPbeta-LIP and, therefore, supports liver quiescence. Thus, our findings discover a new pathway of the regulation of liver proliferation that involves calcium-CaM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Orellana
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Wang Y, Zhao L, Hantash BM. Support of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell multipotency by a poloxamer-octapeptide hybrid hydrogel. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5122-30. [PMID: 20347134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of new biological materials, particularly those capable of serving as permissive substrates for cell growth, differentiation, and biological function, is a key area for advancing medical technology. In this work, we examined the characteristics of a hybrid hydrogel scaffold composed of poloxamer 407 (PO) and the self-assembling oligopeptdide EFK8 in vitro and in vivo. Rheological tests showed that the storage modulus of EFK8-PO increased by 4 orders of magnitude compared to that of EFK8 alone, indicating that EFK8-PO integrates PO's high and tunable mechanical strength and integrity with the superior bioactivity of EFK8. When human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) were cultured in PO, we observed severe aggregation. Conversely, almost no aggregation was observed in EFK8 or EFK8-PO after 6 days of culture. hAMSC viability in all 3 hydrogels remained above 80% after 2 weeks of culture. EFK8 and EFK8-PO significantly increased hAMSC proliferation rates. In addition, EFK8- and EFK8-PO- but not PO encapsulated hAMSCs differentiated into adipocytes or osteoblasts when exposed to appropriate induction medium, suggesting EFK8 supports hAMSC multipotency in vitro. Moreover, only EFK8-PO supported hAMSC engraftment and adipogenic differenitiation post-transplantation into nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the new tissue was human in origin. Our studies show that EFK8-PO maintains improved mechanical properties and bioactivity relative to its individual constituents, supporting its potential use as a stem cell scaffold in soft tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Molecular mechanisms of BMP-induced bone formation: Cross-talk between BMP and NF-κB signaling pathways in osteoblastogenesis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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43
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Rapamycin and the transcription factor C/EBPbeta as a switch in osteoclast differentiation: implications for lytic bone diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 88:227-33. [PMID: 19943027 PMCID: PMC2836244 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lytic bone diseases and in particular osteoporosis are common age-related diseases characterized by enhanced bone fragility due to loss of bone density. Increasingly, osteoporosis poses a major global health-care problem due to the growth of the elderly population. Recently, it was found that the gene regulatory transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) is involved in bone metabolism. C/EBPbeta occurs as different protein isoforms of variable amino terminal length, and regulation of the C/EBPbeta isoform ratio balance was found to represent an important factor in osteoclast differentiation and bone homeostasis. Interestingly, adjustment of the C/EBPbeta isoform ratio by the process of translational control is downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), a sensor of the nutritional status and a target of immunosuppressive and anticancer drugs. The findings imply that modulating the process of translational control of C/EBPbeta isoform expression could represent a novel therapeutic approach in osteolytic bone diseases, including cancer and infection-induced bone loss.
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Niimi K, Takahashi E, Itakura C. Adiposity-related biochemical phenotype in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6). Comp Med 2009; 59:431-436. [PMID: 19887026 PMCID: PMC2771603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) is a model of senile osteoporosis. From 10 to 22 wk of age, SAMP6 mice were heavier than age-matched AKR/J and SAMR1 mice. Body mass indices of 10- and 25-wk-old SAMP6 mice were higher than those of age-matched AKR/J and SAMR1 mice, indicating obesity in the SAMP6 animals. We compared the blood biochemical values among SAMP6, SAMR1, and AKR/J mice to assess whether the SAMP6 strain has abnormal obesity-related parameters. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, insulin, and leptin levels were higher in 10-wk-old SAMP6 mice than in age-matched SAMR1 and AKR/J mice, whereas plasma glucagon and adiponectin levels in 25-wk-old SAMP6 were lower compared with those in age-matched SAMR1 and AKR/J. Total cholesterol levels in SAMR1 and SAMP6 mice at 10 and 25 wk of age were higher than those in AKR/J mice. Hepatic lipid levels were higher in 10- and 25-wk-old SAMP6 mice compared with age-matched AKR/J and SAMR1 animals. These results indicate that SAMP6 mice exhibit obesity and hyperlipidemia, suggesting that the SAMP6 strain is a potential tool for the study of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Niimi
- Brain Science and Life Technology Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Research Resources Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Research Resources Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Itakura
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Research Resources Center, Saitama, Japan
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Transcription factor C/EBPbeta isoform ratio regulates osteoclastogenesis through MafB. EMBO J 2009; 28:1769-81. [PMID: 19440205 PMCID: PMC2685610 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disequilibrium between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is central to many bone diseases. Here, we show that dysregulated expression of translationally controlled isoforms of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) differentially affect bone mass. Alternative translation initiation that is controlled by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway generates long transactivating (LAP*, LAP) and a short repressive (LIP) isoforms from a single C/EBPβ transcript. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR signalling increases the ratio of LAP over LIP and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in wild type (WT) but not in C/EBPβ null (c/ebpβ−/−) or in LIP knock-in (L/L) osteoclast precursors. C/EBPβ mutant mouse strains exhibit increased bone resorption and attenuated expression of MafB, a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Ectopic expression of LAP and LIP in monocytes differentially affect the MafB promoter activity, MafB gene expression and dramatically affect osteoclastogenesis. These data show that mTOR regulates osteoclast formation by modulating the C/EBPβ isoform ratio, which in turn affects osteoclastogenesis by regulating MafB expression.
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Zanotti S, Stadmeyer L, Smerdel-Ramoya A, Durant D, Canalis E. Misexpression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta causes osteopenia. J Endocrinol 2009; 201:263-74. [PMID: 19218285 PMCID: PMC2674520 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are expressed by osteoblasts and adipocytes during differentiation. C/EBP beta is critical for adipogenesis; however, its role in osteoblastogenesis is unclear, and its function in the postnatal skeleton is not known. To study C/EBP beta in osteoblasts in vivo, we created transgenic mice expressing full length C/EBP beta under the control of a 3.8 kb fragment of the human osteocalcin promoter. Two transgenic lines were established in a friend leukemia virus strain B genetic background, and compared with wild type littermate controls. Both C/EBP beta transgenic lines exhibited osteopenia, with a 30% decrease in bone volume, due to a decrease in trabecular number. The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts per bone perimeter was not changed. Bone marrow stromal cells from C/EBP beta transgenics showed reduced mineralization, and reduced alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels. Calvarial osteoblasts from C/EBP beta transgenics displayed reduced alkaline phosphatase activity. To determine the consequences of the Cebpb deletion in vivo, the phenotype of Cebpb null mice was compared with that of wild type controls of identical genetic composition. Cebpb null mice exhibited reduced weight, body fat, and bone mineral density, and decreased bone volume, due to a decrease in trabecular number. The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts per bone perimeter was not changed. C/EBP beta downregulation by RNA interference in calvarial osteoblasts had no effect on osteoblast differentiation/function. The phenotype of the Cebpb inactivation may be secondary to systemic indirect effects, and to direct effects of C/EBP beta in osteoblasts. In conclusion, C/EBP beta plays a role in mesenchymal cell differentiation and its misexpression in vivo causes osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zanotti
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06105
| | - Lisa Stadmeyer
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06105
| | - Anna Smerdel-Ramoya
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06105
| | - Deena Durant
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06105
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06105
- The University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030
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CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta: its role in breast cancer and associations with receptor tyrosine kinases. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e12. [PMID: 19351437 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of leucine-zipper transcription factors that regulate gene expression to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and metabolism. Encoded by an intronless gene, C/EBPbeta is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, LIP) whose expression is regulated by the differential use of several in-frame translation start sites. LAP1 and LAP2 are transcriptional activators and are associated with differentiation, whereas LIP is frequently elevated in proliferative tissue and acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of transcription. However, emerging evidence suggests that LIP can serve as a transcriptional activator in some cellular contexts, and that LAP1 and LAP2 might also have unique actions. The LIP:LAP ratio is crucial for the maintenance of normal growth and development, and increases in this ratio lead to aggressive forms of breast cancer. This review discusses the regulation of C/EBPbeta activity by post-translational modification, the individual actions of LAP1, LAP2 and LIP, and the functions and downstream targets that are unique to each isoform. The role of the C/EBPbeta isoforms in breast cancer is discussed and emphasis is placed on their interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Soltanoff CS, Yang S, Chen W, Li YP. Signaling networks that control the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009; 19:1-46. [PMID: 19191755 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v19.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the two major bone cells involved in the bone remodeling process. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation while osteoclasts are the bone-resorbing cells. The major event that triggers osteogenesis and bone remodeling is the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into differentiating osteoblast cells and monocyte/macrophage precursors into differentiating osteoclasts. Imbalance in differentiation and function of these two cell types will result in skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteopetrosis, periodontal disease, and bone cancer metastases. Osteoblast and osteoclast commitment and differentiation are controlled by complex activities involving signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of the multiple factors and signaling networks that control the differentiation process at a molecular level. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Understanding the signaling networks that control the commitment and differentiation of bone cells will not only expand our basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal development but will also aid our ability to develop therapeutic means of intervention in skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Soltanoff
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hirata M, Kugimiya F, Fukai A, Ohba S, Kawamura N, Ogasawara T, Kawasaki Y, Saito T, Yano F, Ikeda T, Nakamura K, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H. C/EBPbeta Promotes transition from proliferation to hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes through transactivation of p57. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4543. [PMID: 19229324 PMCID: PMC2638010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although transition from proliferation to hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes is a crucial step for endochondral ossification in physiological skeletal growth and pathological disorders like osteoarthritis, the underlying mechanism remains an enigma. This study investigated the role of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) in chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mouse embryos with homozygous deficiency in C/EBPbeta (C/EBPbeta-/-) exhibited dwarfism with elongated proliferative zone and delayed chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate cartilage. In the cultures of primary C/EBPbeta-/- chondrocytes, cell proliferation was enhanced while hypertrophic differentiation was suppressed. Contrarily, retroviral overexpression of C/EBPbeta in chondrocytes suppressed the proliferation and enhanced the hypertrophy, suggesting the cell cycle arrest by C/EBPbeta. In fact, a DNA cell cycle histogram revealed that the C/EBPbeta overexpression caused accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 fraction. Among cell cycle factors, microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses have identified the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(Kip2) as the transcriptional target of C/EBPbeta. p57(Kip2) was co-localized with C/EBPbeta in late proliferative and pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes of the mouse growth plate, which was decreased by the C/EBPbeta deficiency. Luciferase-reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified the core responsive element of C/EBPbeta in the p57(Kip2) promoter between -150 and -130 bp region containing a putative C/EBP motif. The knockdown of p57(Kip2) by the siRNA inhibited the C/EBPbeta-induced chondrocyte hypertrophy. Finally, when we created the experimental osteoarthritis model by inducing instability in the knee joints of adult mice of wild-type and C/EBPbeta+/- littermates, the C/EBPbeta insufficiency caused resistance to joint cartilage destruction. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE C/EBPbeta transactivates p57(Kip2) to promote transition from proliferation to hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes during endochondral ossification, suggesting that the C/EBPbeta-p57(Kip2) signal would be a therapeutic target of skeletal disorders like growth retardation and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirata
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kugimiya
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukai
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kawamura
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ogasawara
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawasaki
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ikeda
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Nakamura
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Chen CS, Nelson CM, Khauv D, Bennett S, Radisky ES, Hirai Y, Bissell MJ, Radisky DC. Homology with vesicle fusion mediator syntaxin-1a predicts determinants of epimorphin/syntaxin-2 function in mammary epithelial morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6877-84. [PMID: 19129200 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805908200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that branching morphogenesis of mammary ductal structures requires the action of the morphogen epimorphin/syntaxin-2. Epimorphin, originally identified as an extracellular molecule, is identical to syntaxin-2, an intracellular molecule that is a member of the extensively investigated syntaxin family of proteins that mediate vesicle trafficking. We show here that, although epimorphin/syntaxin-2 is highly homologous to syntaxin-1a, only epimorphin/syntaxin-2 can stimulate mammary branching morphogenesis. We construct a homology model of epimorphin/syntaxin-2 based on the published structure of syntaxin-1a, and we use this model to identify the structural motif responsible for the morphogenic activity. We identify four residues located within the cleft between helices B and C that differ between syntaxin-1a and epimorphin/syntaxin-2; through site-directed mutagenesis of these four amino acids, we confer the properties of epimorphin for cell adhesion, gene activation, and branching morphogenesis onto the inactive syntaxin-1a template. These results provide a dramatic demonstration of the use of structural information about one molecule to define a functional motif of a second molecule that is related at the sequence level but highly divergent functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie S Chen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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