1
|
Huang CJ, Lu MY, Chang YW, Li WH. Experimental Evolution of Yeast for High-Temperature Tolerance. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:1823-1839. [PMID: 29684163 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermotolerance is a polygenic trait that contributes to cell survival and growth under unusually high temperatures. Although some genes associated with high-temperature growth (Htg+) have been identified, how cells accumulate mutations to achieve prolonged thermotolerance is still mysterious. Here, we conducted experimental evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strain with stepwise temperature increases for it to grow at 42 °C. Whole genome resequencing of 14 evolved strains and the parental strain revealed a total of 153 mutations in the evolved strains, including single nucleotide variants, small INDELs, and segmental duplication/deletion events. Some mutations persisted from an intermediate temperature to 42 °C, so they might be Htg+ mutations. Functional categorization of mutations revealed enrichment of exonic mutations in the SWI/SNF complex and F-type ATPase, pointing to their involvement in high-temperature tolerance. In addition, multiple mutations were found in a general stress-associated signal transduction network consisting of Hog1 mediated pathway, RAS-cAMP pathway, and Rho1-Pkc1 mediated cell wall integrity pathway, implying that cells can achieve Htg+ partly through modifying existing stress regulatory mechanisms. Using pooled segregant analysis of five Htg+ phenotype-orientated pools, we inferred causative mutations for growth at 42 °C and identified those mutations with stronger impacts on the phenotype. Finally, we experimentally validated a number of the candidate Htg+ mutations. This study increased our understanding of the genetic basis of yeast tolerance to high temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schön I, Martens K. Are ancient asexuals less burdened? Selfish DNA, transposons and reproductive mode. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930110089148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
3
|
Xue C, Hsueh YP, Heitman J. Magnificent seven: roles of G protein-coupled receptors in extracellular sensing in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:1010-32. [PMID: 18811658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of transmembrane receptors and are responsible for transducing extracellular signals into intracellular responses that involve complex intracellular-signaling networks. This review highlights recent research advances in fungal GPCRs, including classification, extracellular sensing, and G protein-signaling regulation. The involvement of GPCRs in pheromone and nutrient sensing has been studied extensively over the past decade. Following recent advances in fungal genome sequencing projects, a panoply of GPCR candidates has been revealed and some have been documented to play key roles sensing diverse extracellular signals, such as pheromones, sugars, amino acids, nitrogen sources, and even photons. Identification and deorphanization of additional putative GPCRs may require the development of new research tools. Here, we compare research on GPCRs in fungi with information derived from mammalian systems to provide a useful road map on how to better understand ligand-GPCR-G protein interactions in general. We also emphasize the utility of yeast as a discovery tool for systemic studies of GPCRs from other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Xue
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Avruch J. MAP kinase pathways: the first twenty years. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:1150-60. [PMID: 17229475 PMCID: PMC2043147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The MAP kinases, discovered approximately 20 years ago, together with their immediate upstream regulators, are among the most highly studied signal transduction molecules. This body of work has shaped many aspects of our present views of signal transduction by protein kinases. The effort expended in this area reflects the extensive participation of these regulatory modules in the control of cell fate decisions, i.e., proliferation, differentiation and death, across all eukaryotic phylla and in all tissues of metazoans. The discovery of these kinases is reviewed, followed by a discussion of some of the features of this signaling module that account for its broad impact on cell function and its enormous interest to many investigators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Diabetes Unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwan JJ, Warner N, Pawson T, Donaldson LW. The solution structure of the S.cerevisiae Ste11 MAPKKK SAM domain and its partnership with Ste50. J Mol Biol 2004; 342:681-93. [PMID: 15327964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ste11 is a MAPKKK from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that helps mediate the response to mating pheromone and the ability to thrive in high-salt environments. These diverse functions are facilitated by a direct interaction between the SAM domain of Ste11 with the SAM domain of its regulatory partner, Ste50. We have solved the NMR structure of the Ste11 SAM domain (PDB 1OW5), which reveals a compact, five alpha-helix bundle and a high degree of structural similarity to the Polyhomeotic SAM domain. The combined study of Ste11 SAM rotational correlation times and crosslinking to Ste50-SAM has suggested a mode through which Ste11-SAM oligomerizes and selectively associates with Ste50-SAM. To probe homotypic and heterotypic interations, Ste11-SAM variants each containing a substitution of a surface-exposed hydrophobic residue were constructed. An I59R variant of Ste11-SAM, disrupted binding to Ste50-SAM in vitro. Yeast expressing full-length Ste11-I59R could neither respond to mating pheromone nor thrive in high salt media-demonstrating that the interaction between Ste11 and Ste50 SAM domains is a prerequisite for key signal transduction events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kwan
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei H, Requena N, Fischer R. The MAPKK kinase SteC regulates conidiophore morphology and is essential for heterokaryon formation and sexual development in the homothallic fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2003; 47:1577-88. [PMID: 12622813 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental signals can be transduced into intracellular responses by the action of MAP kinase cascades. Sequential phosphorylation results in the transient activation of a MAP kinase, which in turn activates certain transcription factors and thus a set of pathway-specific genes. Many steps in this cascade are conserved, and homologues have been discovered from yeast to human. We have characterized the MAPKK kinase, SteC, a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ste11, in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The 886-amino-acid-long protein shares the highest similarity to Neurospora crassa Nrc-1. Deletion of the gene in A. nidulans results in a slower growth rate, the formation of more branched hyphae, altered conidiophore morphology, an inhibition of heterokaryon formation and a block of cleistothecium development. The gene is transcriptionally activated during asexual development and controls the phosphorylation of two putative MAP kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Marburg and Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Clarke DL, Woodlee GL, McClelland CM, Seymour TS, Wickes BL. The Cryptococcus neoformans STE11alpha gene is similar to other fungal mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) genes but is mating type specific. Mol Microbiol 2001; 40:200-13. [PMID: 11298287 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Partial sequence analysis of the Cryptococcus neoformans MATalpha mating type locus revealed the presence of a gene with substantial sequence similarity to other fungal mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) genes. The C. neoformans gene, designated STE11alpha, showed the highest degree of similarity to the Neurospora crassa nrc-1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe byr2 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE11 genes. A polymerase chain reaction-mediated sib-selection technique was successfully adapted for the purpose of disrupting STE11alpha. C. neoformans ste11alphaDelta mutants were found to be sterile, consistent with the phenotypes of ste11 and byr2 mutants in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe respectively. Haploid ste11alphaDelta mutants were also found to be unable to produce hyphae, suggesting that the C. neoformans gene is functionally conserved when compared with its S. cerevisiae MAPKKK counterpart. Comparison of the wild-type STE11alpha strain with a ste11alphaDelta disruptant for virulence using the mouse model showed that the ste11alphaDelta strain was less virulent, but the difference was only minor. In spite of some of the conserved functions of STE11alpha, linkage analysis showed that STE11alpha is only found in mating type alpha strains. These results demonstrate that, although functionally conserved, the mating pathway in C. neoformans has a unique organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7758, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Widmann C, Gibson S, Jarpe MB, Johnson GL. Mitogen-activated protein kinase: conservation of a three-kinase module from yeast to human. Physiol Rev 1999; 79:143-80. [PMID: 9922370 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1963] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli ranging from cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, cellular stress, and cell adherence. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. The basic assembly of MAPK pathways is a three-component module conserved from yeast to humans. The MAPK module includes three kinases that establish a sequential activation pathway comprising a MAPK kinase kinase (MKKK), MAPK kinase (MKK), and MAPK. Currently, there have been 14 MKKK, 7 MKK, and 12 MAPK identified in mammalian cells. The mammalian MAPK can be subdivided into five families: MAPKerk1/2, MAPKp38, MAPKjnk, MAPKerk3/4, and MAPKerk5. Each MAPK family has distinct biological functions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are five MAPK pathways involved in mating, cell wall remodelling, nutrient deprivation, and responses to stress stimuli such as osmolarity changes. Component members of the yeast pathways have conserved counterparts in mammalian cells. The number of different MKKK in MAPK modules allows for the diversity of inputs capable of activating MAPK pathways. In this review, we define all known MAPK module kinases from yeast to humans, what is known about their regulation, defined MAPK substrates, and the function of MAPK in cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Widmann
- Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gagiano M, van Dyk D, Bauer FF, Lambrechts MG, Pretorius IS. Msn1p/Mss10p, Mss11p and Muc1p/Flo11p are part of a signal transduction pathway downstream of Mep2p regulating invasive growth and pseudohyphal differentiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 1999; 31:103-16. [PMID: 9987114 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a network of signal transduction pathways governs the switch from yeast-type growth to pseudohyphal and invasive growth that occurs in response to nutrient limitation. Important elements of this network have been identified, including nutrient signal receptors, GTP-binding proteins, components of the pheromone-dependent MAP kinase cascade and several transcription factors. However, the structural and functional mapping of these pathways is far from complete. Here, we present data regarding three genes, MSN1/MSS10, MSS11 and MUC1/FLO11, which form an essential part of the signal transduction network establishing invasive growth. Both MSN1 and MSS11 are involved in the co-regulation of starch degradation and invasive growth. Msn1p and Mss11p act downstream of Mep2p and Ras2p and regulate the transcription of both STA2 and MUC1. We show that MUC1 mediates the effect of Msn1p and Mss11p on invasive growth. In addition, our results suggest that the activity of Msn1p is independent of the invasive growth MAP kinase cascade, but the Mss11p is required for the activation of pseudohyphal and invasive growth by Ste12p. We also show that starch metabolism in S. cerevisiae is subject to regulation by components of the MAP kinase cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gagiano
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hutchison M, Berman KS, Cobb MH. Isolation of TAO1, a protein kinase that activates MEKs in stress-activated protein kinase cascades. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:28625-32. [PMID: 9786855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.44.28625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several components of the budding yeast pheromone-response pathway are conserved in mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Thus, we used degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase Ste20p to amplify related sequences from the rat. One of these sequences was used to clone a rat Ste20p homolog, which we called TAO1 for its one thousand and one amino acids. Northern analysis shows TAO1 is highly expressed in brain, as is a homolog TAO2. Recombinant TAO1 was expressed and purified from Sf9 cells. In vitro, it activated MAP/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinases (MEKs) 3, 4, and 6 of the stress-responsive MAP kinase pathways, but not MEK1 or 2 of the classical MAP kinase pathway. TAO1 activated MEK3 but not MEK4 or MEK6 in transfected cells. MEK3 coimmunoprecipitated with TAO1 when they were expressed in 293 cells. In addition, immunoreactive MEK3 endogenous to Sf9 cells copurified with TAO1 produced from a recombinant baculovirus. The activation of and binding to MEK3 by TAO1 implicates TAO1 in the regulation of the p38-containing stress-responsive MAP kinase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hutchison
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9041, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
McKee AH, Kleckner N. A general method for identifying recessive diploid-specific mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its application to the isolation of mutants blocked at intermediate stages of meiotic prophase and characterization of a new gene SAE2. Genetics 1997; 146:797-816. [PMID: 9215888 PMCID: PMC1208052 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/146.3.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a general new approach for identifying recessive mutations that affect diploid strains of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the application of this method to the identification of mutations that confer an intermediate block in meiotic prophase chromosome metabolism. The method uses a temperature-sensitive conjugation mutation ste7-1 in combination with homothallism. The mutations of interest confer a defect in spore formation that is dependent upon a gene required for initiation of meiotic recombination and development of meiosis-specific chromosome structure (SPO11). Identified in this screen were null mutations of the DMC1 gene, nonnull mutations of RAD50 (rad50S), and mutations in three new genes designed SAE1, SAE2 and SAE3 (Sporulation in the Absence of Spo Eleven). Molecular characterization of the SAE2 gene and characterization of meiotic and mitotic phenotypes of sae2 mutants are also presented. The phenotypes conferred by a sae2 null mutation are virtually indistinguishable from those conferred by the previously identified nonnull mutations of RAD50 (rad50S). Most notably, both mutations confer only weak sensitivity to the radiomimetic agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) but completely block resection and turnover of meiosis-specific double-strand breaks. These observations provide further evidence that this constellation of phenotypes identifies a specific molecular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H McKee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-2092, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Holzman LB, Merritt SE, Fan G. Identification, molecular cloning, and characterization of dual leucine zipper bearing kinase. A novel serine/threonine protein kinase that defines a second subfamily of mixed lineage kinases. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
13
|
Printen JA, Sprague GF. Protein-protein interactions in the yeast pheromone response pathway: Ste5p interacts with all members of the MAP kinase cascade. Genetics 1994; 138:609-19. [PMID: 7851759 PMCID: PMC1206212 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/138.3.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used the two-hybrid system of Fields and Song to identify protein-protein interactions that occur in the pheromone response pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pathway components Ste4p, Ste5p, Ste7p, Ste11p, Ste12p, Ste20p, Fus3p and Kss1p were tested in all pairwise combinations. All of the interactions we detected involved at least one member of the MAP kinase cascade that is a central element of the response pathway. Ste5p, a protein of unknown biochemical function, interacted with protein kinases that operate at each step of the MAP kinase cascade, specifically with Ste11p (an MEKK), Ste7p (an MEK), and Fus3p (a MAP kinase). This finding suggests that one role of Ste5p is to serve as a scaffold to facilitate interactions among members of the kinase cascade. In this role as facilitator, Ste5p may make both signal propagation and signal attenuation more efficient. Ste5p may also help minimize cross-talk with other MAP kinase cascades and thus ensure the integrity of the pheromone response pathway. We also found that both Ste11p and Ste7p interact with Fus3p and Kss1p. Finally, we detected an interaction between one of the MAP kinases, Kss1p, and a presumptive target, the transcription factor Ste12p. We failed to detect interactions of Ste4p or Ste20p with any other component of the response pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Printen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403-1229
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cade RM, Errede B. MOT2 encodes a negative regulator of gene expression that affects basal expression of pheromone-responsive genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:3139-49. [PMID: 8164669 PMCID: PMC358681 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.5.3139-3149.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheromones induce haploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to differentiate into a mating-competent state. Ste11p is one of several protein kinases required to transmit the pheromone-induced signal and to maintain basal expression of certain mating-specific genes in the absence of pheromone stimulation. To identify potential regulators of Ste11p, we screened for suppressors that restored mating and basal transcriptional competence to a strain with a conditionally functional Ste11p. This screen uncovered a novel gene we call MOT2, for modulator of transcription. A mot2 deletion mutation leads to modest increases in the basal amounts of mRNA for several pheromone-responsive genes. Yet mot2 deletion does not affect the signal transmission activity of the pathway in either the presence or absence of pheromone stimulation. Therefore, we propose that Mot2p, directly or indirectly, represses basal transcription of certain mating-specific genes. Because mot2 deletion mutants also have a conditional cell lysis phenotype, we expect that Mot2p regulatory effects may be more global than for mating-specific gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Cade
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hasson MS, Blinder D, Thorner J, Jenness DD. Mutational activation of the STE5 gene product bypasses the requirement for G protein beta and gamma subunits in the yeast pheromone response pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:1054-65. [PMID: 8289786 PMCID: PMC358461 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1054-1065.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The STE5 gene encodes an essential element of the pheromone response pathway which is known to act either after the G subunit encoded by the STE4 gene or at the same step. Mutations in STE5, designated STE5Hyp, that partially activate the pathway in the absence of pheromone were isolated. One allele (STE5Hyp-2) was shown to cause a single amino acid substitution near the N terminus of the predicted STE5 protein. Immunoblotting with anti-Ste5 antibodies indicated that the phenotype was not due to an increased level of the mutant STE5 protein. A multicopy episomal plasmid containing a STE5Hyp allele partially suppressed both the block in pheromone-inducible transcription and the sterility phenotype caused by null alleles of the STE2, STE4, or STE18 gene, indicating that the STE5 product acts after the receptor (STE2 product) and after the G protein beta and gamma subunits (STE4 and STE18 products, respectively). However, the phenotypes of the STE5Hyp mutations were less pronounced in ste4 and ste18 mutants, suggesting that the STE5Hyp-generated signal partially depends on the proposed G beta gamma complex. The STE5Hyp alleles did not suppress ste7, ste11, ste12, or fus3 kss1 null mutants, consistent with previous findings that the STE5 product acts before the protein kinases encoded by STE7, STE11, FUS3, and KSS1 and the transcription factor encoded by STE12. The mating defects of the ste2 deletion mutant and the temperature-sensitive ste4-3 mutant were also suppressed by overexpression of wild-type STE5. The slow-growth phenotype manifested by cells carrying STE5Hyp alleles was enhanced by the sst2-1 mutation; this effect was eliminated in ste4 mutants. These results provide the first evidence that the STE5 gene product performs its function after the G protein subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Hasson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mattioni T, Louvion JF, Picard D. Regulation of protein activities by fusion to steroid binding domains. Methods Cell Biol 1994; 43 Pt A:335-52. [PMID: 7823870 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Mattioni
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases are regulators of proliferation and differentiation in many eukaryotes. Studies during the last year have revealed that functionally distinct signal pathways in yeast use related protein kinase cascades for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These cascades act as intracellular signaling modules that are likely to be conserved from yeast to mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Errede
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Styrkársdóttir U, Egel R, Nielsen O. Functional conservation between Schizosaccharomyces pombe ste8 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE11 protein kinases in yeast signal transduction. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 235:122-30. [PMID: 1435723 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), the mat1-Pm gene, which is required for entry into meiosis, is expressed in response to a pheromone signal. Cells carrying a mutation in the ste8 gene are unable to induce transcription of mat1-Pm in response to pheromone, suggesting that the ste8 gene product functions in the signal transduction pathway. The ste8+ gene encodes a 659 amino acid putative protein kinase, which is identical to the previously identified byr2 suppressor of the ras1 defect. Furthermore, ste8+ is highly homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae STE11 gene, which functions in signal transduction in budding yeast. Expression of the S. cerevisiae STE11 gene in S. pombe ste8 mutants restores the ability to transcribe mat1-Pm in response to pheromone. Also, such cells become capable of conjugation and sporulation. When mat1-Pm is artifically expressed from a heterologous promoter, ste8 mutant cells will enter meiosis. This demonstrates that the meiotic defect of ste8 mutants is due to the absence of the mat1-Pm gene product.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mastrangelo MF, Weinstock KG, Shafer BK, Hedge AM, Garfinkel DJ, Strathern JN. Disruption of a silencer domain by a retrotransposon. Genetics 1992; 131:519-29. [PMID: 1321064 PMCID: PMC1205026 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/131.3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A galactose-inducible Ty element carrying the HIS3 gene has been used as an insertional mutagen to generate alpha-factor resistant mutants. This collection of Ty-induced mutations includes insertions into the gene for the alpha-factor receptor (STE2), several nonspecific STE genes, and mutations that lead to the expression of the normally silent HML alpha locus. The hml alpha "on" mutations fall into two classes, those that disrupt trans-acting regulators involved in silencing HML alpha and a novel class of mutations that activate HML alpha by insertion at that locus. The hml alpha::Ty "on" mutations illustrate the unusual ability of these retrotransposons to activate genes by overcoming gene silencing mechanisms. The hml alpha::Ty "on" mutations include examples of multimeric Ty arrays. Single Ty and solo delta insertion derivatives of these Ty multimers restore the ability of the silencing mechanism to repress HML alpha.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal
- Mating Factor
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Peptides/genetics
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Mating Factor
- Receptors, Peptide
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Transcription Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Mastrangelo
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhargava J, Engebrecht J, Roeder GS. The rec102 mutant of yeast is defective in meiotic recombination and chromosome synapsis. Genetics 1992; 130:59-69. [PMID: 1732169 PMCID: PMC1204805 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/130.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation at the REC102 locus was identified in a screen for yeast mutants that produce inviable spores. rec102 spore lethality is rescued by a spo13 mutation, which causes cells to bypass the meiosis I division. The rec102 mutation completely eliminates meiotically induced gene conversion and crossing over but has no effect on mitotic recombination frequencies. Cytological studies indicate that the rec102 mutant makes axial elements (precursors to the synaptonemal complex), but homologous chromosomes fail to synapse. In addition, meiotic chromosome segregation is significantly delayed in rec102 strains. Studies of double and triple mutants indicate that the REC102 protein acts before the RAD52 gene product in the meiotic recombination pathway. The REC102 gene was cloned based on complementation of the mutant defect and the gene was mapped to chromosome XII between CDC25 and STE11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bhargava
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511-8112
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- J W Dolan
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fujimura H. Molecular cloning of the DAC2/FUS3 gene essential for pheromone-induced G1-arrest of the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 1990; 18:395-400. [PMID: 2078866 DOI: 10.1007/bf00309907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mating pheromones, known as a and alpha-factors, arrest the division of cells of opposite mating types, alpha and a respectively, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I have cloned the DAC2 gene, which is required for both pheromone-induced division-arrest and cell-fusion during conjugation. The constructed dac2::LEU2 null mutation leads to defects in both pheromone-induced division-arrest and cell-fusion during conjugation; it also suppresses the growth defect caused by the gpa1 mutation (a mutation in the alpha subunit of the S. cerevisiae G protein). These results indicate that DAC2 may be the same gene as FUS3, which was recently isolated by Elion et al. (1990) as a gene essential for cell-fusion during conjugation. The dac2::LEU2 null mutant also showed morphological alterations in response to mating pheromones. I show here that the DAC2 product plays an essential role in both the division-arrest signalling pathway of the yeast pheromone response and in cell-fusion during conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Fujimura
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Hoechst Japan Ltd., Kawagoe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mortimer RK, Schild D, Contopoulou CR, Kans JA. Genetic map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, edition 10. Yeast 1989; 5:321-403. [PMID: 2678811 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R K Mortimer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grant CM, Firoozan M, Tuite MF. Mistranslation induces the heat-shock response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 1989; 3:215-20. [PMID: 2548059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of heat-shock proteins can be triggered by a variety of stress-inducing conditions. Here we show that translational misreading caused by growth in the presence of the aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin will induce the heat-shock response in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was demonstrated (i) by the acquisition of thermotolerance, and (ii) by elevated levels of expression of the heat-shock protein, hsp70. In addition, transcription of the ubiquitin gene (UB14) was increased in paromomycin-grown cells. Control experiments with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (which does not induce translational misreading) demonstrated that the response was not due to inhibition of protein synthesis per se. These observations strongly suggest that the synthesis of abnormally high levels of aberrant proteins is the trigger of the heat-shock response in this simple eukaryote.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Grant
- Biological Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kelly R, Miller SM, Kurtz MB. One-step gene disruption by cotransformation to isolate double auxotrophs in Candida albicans. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1988; 214:24-31. [PMID: 2976118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00340174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Candida albicans LEU2 gene was disrupted by substituting lambda DNA for a small deletion within the LEU2 gene. Cotransformation with a selectable URA3 ARS vector was used to introduce a linear fragment containing the disruption into the genome of a C. albicans ura3 deletion mutant. Cotransformants containing the lambda DNA were identified by colony hybridization and the URA3 plasmid was subsequently cured. Leu2 disrupted heterozygotes were detected by Southern hybridization and one disruptant was subsequently treated with UV irradiation. Only one leu2 ura3 mutant (SGY-484) was isolated out of 11,000 mutagenized cells. SGY-484 was transformed to Leu+ with either the C. albicans or Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU2 gene. Southern hybridization analysis revealed that the mutant is not homozygous for the disruption; the leu2 mutation reverts and is most likely a point mutation. Unexpectedly, an ade2 ura3 mutant was isolated from the same mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kelly
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry and Genetics, Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Johnson DI, Jacobs CW, Pringle JR, Robinson LC, Carle GF, Olson MV. Mapping of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC3, CDC25, and CDC42 genes to chromosome XII by chromosome blotting and tetrad analysis. Yeast 1987; 3:243-53. [PMID: 3332976 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC3, CDC25 and CDC42 were localized to chromosome XII by hybridizing the cloned genes to Southern blots of chromosomes separated by orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. Meiotic tetrad analyses further localized these genes to the region distal to the RDN1 locus on the right arm of the chromosome. The STE11 gene, which had previously been mapped to chromosome XII (Chaleff and Tatchell, 1985), was found to be tightly linked to ILV5. The data suggest a map order of CEN12-RDN1-CDC42-(CDC25-CDC3)-(ILV5- STE11)-URA4. Certain oddities of the data set raise the possibility that there may be constraints on the patterns of recombination in this region of chromosome XII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D I Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|