1
|
Fichtner L, Schulze F, Braus GH. Differential Flo8p-dependent regulation of FLO1 and FLO11 for cell-cell and cell-substrate adherence of S. cerevisiae S288c. Mol Microbiol 2008; 66:1276-89. [PMID: 18001350 PMCID: PMC2780560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell–cell and cell–surface adherence represents initial steps in forming multicellular aggregates or in establishing cell–surface interactions. The commonly used Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strain S288c carries a flo8 mutation, and is only able to express the flocculin-encoding genes FLO1 and FLO11, when FLO8 is restored. We show here that the two flocculin genes exhibit differences in regulation to execute distinct functions under various environmental conditions. In contrast to the laboratory strain Σ1278b, haploids of the S288c genetic background require FLO1 for cell–cell and cell–substrate adhesion, whereas FLO11 is required for pseudohyphae formation of diploids. In contrast to FLO11, FLO1 repression requires the Sin4p mediator tail component, but is independent of the repressor Sfl1p. FLO1 regulation also differs from FLO11, because it requires neither the KSS1 MAP kinase cascade nor the pathways which lead to the transcription factors Gcn4p or Msn1p. The protein kinase A pathway and the transcription factors Flo8p and Mss11p are the major regulators for FLO1 expression. Therefore, S. cerevisiae is prepared to simultaneously express two genes of its otherwise silenced FLO reservoir resulting in an appropriate cellular surface for different environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Fichtner
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Halme A, Bumgarner S, Styles C, Fink GR. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of the FLO gene family generates cell-surface variation in yeast. Cell 2004; 116:405-15. [PMID: 15016375 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The FLO gene family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae includes an expressed gene, FLO11, and a set of silent, telomere-adjacent FLO genes. This gene family encodes cell-wall glycoproteins that regulate cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion. Epigenetic silencing of FLO11 regulates a key developmental switch: when FLO11 is expressed, diploid cells form pseudohyphal filaments; when FLO11 is silent, the cells grow in yeast form. The epigenetic state of FLO11 is heritable for many generations and regulated by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) Hda1p. The silent FLO10 gene is activated by high-frequency loss-of-function mutations at either IRA1 or IRA2. FLO10 is regulated by the same transcription factors that control FLO11: Sfl1p and Flo8p, but is silenced by a distinct set of HDACs: Hst1p and Hst2p. These sources of epigenetic and genetic variation explain the observed heterogeneity of cell-surface protein expression within a population of cells derived from a single clone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Halme
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laprade L, Boyartchuk VL, Dietrich WF, Winston F. Spt3 plays opposite roles in filamentous growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans and is required for C. albicans virulence. Genetics 2002; 161:509-19. [PMID: 12072450 PMCID: PMC1462142 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/161.2.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spt3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the normal transcription of many genes in vivo. Past studies have shown that Spt3 is required for both mating and sporulation, two events that initiate when cells are at G(1)/START. We now show that Spt3 is needed for two other events that begin at G(1)/START, diploid filamentous growth and haploid invasive growth. In addition, Spt3 is required for normal expression of FLO11, a gene required for filamentous growth, although this defect is not the sole cause of the spt3Delta/spt3Delta filamentous growth defect. To extend our studies of Spt3's role in filamentous growth to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, we have identified the C. albicans SPT3 gene and have studied its role in C. albicans filamentous growth and virulence. Surprisingly, C. albicans spt3Delta/spt3Delta mutants are hyperfilamentous, the opposite phenotype observed for S. cerevisiae spt3Delta/spt3Delta mutants. Furthermore, C. albicans spt3Delta/spt3Delta mutants are avirulent in mice. These experiments demonstrate that Spt3 plays important but opposite roles in filamentous growth in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Laprade
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
ter Schure EG, van Riel NA, Verrips CT. The role of ammonia metabolism in nitrogen catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000; 24:67-83. [PMID: 10640599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to use a wide variety of nitrogen sources for growth. Not all nitrogen sources support growth equally well. In order to select the best out of a large diversity of available nitrogen sources, the yeast has developed molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms consist of a sensing mechanism and a regulatory mechanism which includes induction of needed systems, and repression of systems that are not beneficial. The first step in use of most nitrogen sources is its uptake via more or less specific permeases. Hence the first level of regulation is encountered at this level. The next step is the degradation of the nitrogen source to useful building blocks via the nitrogen metabolic pathways. These pathways can be divided into routes that lead to the degradation of the nitrogen source to ammonia and glutamate, and routes that lead to the synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds in which glutamate and glutamine are used as nitrogen donor. Glutamine is synthesized out of ammonia and glutamate. The expression of the specific degradation routes is also regulated depending on the availability of a particular nitrogen source. Ammonia plays a central role as intermediate between degradative and biosynthetic pathways. It not only functions as a metabolite in metabolic reactions but is also involved in regulation of metabolic pathways at several levels. This review describes the central role of ammonia in nitrogen metabolism. This role is illustrated at the level of enzyme activity, translation and transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G ter Schure
- Unilever Research, Laboratorium Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Styles CA, Fink GR. Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C has a mutation in FLO8, a gene required for filamentous growth. Genetics 1996; 144:967-78. [PMID: 8913742 PMCID: PMC1207636 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/144.3.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diploid strains of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can grow in a cellular yeast form or in filaments called pseudohyphae. This dimorphic transition from yeast to pseudohyphae is induced by starvation for nitrogen. Not all laboratory strains are capable of this dimorphic switch; many grow only in the yeast form and fail to form pseudohyphae when starved for nitrogen. Analysis of the standard laboratory strain S288C shows that this defect in dimorphism results from a nonsense mutation in the FLO8 gene. This defect in FLO8 blocks pseudohyphal growth in diploids, haploid invasive growth, and flocculation. Since feral strains of S. cerevisiae are dimorphic and have a functional FLO8 gene, we suggest that the flo8 mutation was selected during laboratory cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith AN, Barth ML, McDowell TL, Moulin DS, Nuthall HN, Hollingsworth MA, Harris A. A regulatory element in intron 1 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:9947-54. [PMID: 8626632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.17.9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene exhibits a tightly regulated pattern of expression in human epithelial cells. The mechanism of this regulation is complex and is likely to involve a number of genetic elements that effect temporal and spatial expression. To date none of the elements that have been identified in the CFTR promoter regulate tissue-specific expression. We have identified a putative regulatory element within the first intron of the CFTR gene at 181+10kb. The region containing this element was first identified as a DNase I hypersensitive site that was present in cells that express the CFTR gene but absent from cells not transcribing CFTR. In vitro analysis of binding of proteins to this region of DNA sequence by gel mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting revealed that some proteins that are only present in CFTR-expressing cells bound to specific elements, and other proteins that bound to adjacent elements were present in all epithelial cells irrespective of their CFTR expression status. When assayed in transient expression systems in a cell line expressing CFTR endogenously, this DNA sequence augmented reporter gene expression through activation of the CFTR promoter but had no effect in nonexpressing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Smith
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
des Etages SA, Falvey DA, Reece RJ, Brandriss MC. Functional analysis of the PUT3 transcriptional activator of the proline utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 1996; 142:1069-82. [PMID: 8846888 PMCID: PMC1207108 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/142.4.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline can serve as a nitrogen source for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae when preferred sources of nitrogen are absent from the growth medium. PUT3, the activator of the proline utilization pathway, is required for the transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes that convert proline to glutamate. PUT3 is a 979 amino acid protein that constitutively binds a short DNA sequence to the promoters of its target genes, but does not activate their expression in the absence of induction by proline and in the presence of preferred sources of nitrogen. To understand how PUT3 is converted from an inactive to an active state, a dissection of its functional domains has been undertaken. Biochemical and molecular tests, domain swapping experiments, and an analysis of activator-constitutive and activator-defective mutant proteins indicate that PUT3 is dimeric and activates transcription with its negatively charged carboxyterminus, which does not appear to contain a proline-responsive domain. A mutation in the conserved central domain found in many fungal activators interferes with activation without affecting DNA binding protein stability. Intragenic suppressors of the central domain mutation have been isolated and analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A des Etages
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMD-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07013, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brandriss MC, Falvey DA, des Etages SAG, Xu S. The roles of PUT3, URE2, and GLN3 regulatory proteins in the proline utilization pathway ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/b95-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can use alternative nitrogen sources such as allantoin, urea, γ-aminobutyrate, or proline when preferred nitrogen sources such as asparagine, glutamine, or ammonium ions are unavailable in the environment. To use proline as the sole nitrogen source, cells must activate the expression of the proline transporters and the genes that encode the catabolic enzymes proline oxidase (PUT1) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (PUT2). Transcriptional activation of the PUT genes requires the PUT3 regulatory protein, proline, and relief from nitrogen repression. PUT3 is a 979 amino acid protein that binds a short DNA sequence in the promoters of PUT1 and PUT2, independent of the presence of proline. The functional domains of PUT3 have been studied by biochemical and molecular tests and analysis of activator-constitutive and activator-defective mutant proteins. Mutations in the URE2 gene relieve nitrogen repression, permitting inducer-independent transcription of the PUT genes in the presence of repressing nitrogen sources. The GLN3 protein that activates the expression of many genes in alternative nitrogen source pathways is not required for the expression of the PUT genes under inducing, derepressing conditions (proline) or noninducing, repressing conditions (ammonia). Although it has been speculated that the URE2 protein antagonizes the action of GLN3 in the regulation of many nitrogen assimilatory pathways, URE2 appears to act independently of GLN3 in the proline-utilization pathway. Key words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proline utilization, nitrogen repression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Svetlov VV, Cooper TG. Review: compilation and characteristics of dedicated transcription factors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1995; 11:1439-84. [PMID: 8750235 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V V Svetlov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 36163, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rai R, Daugherty JR, Cooper TG. UASNTR functioning in combination with other UAS elements underlies exceptional patterns of nitrogen regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1995; 11:247-60. [PMID: 7785325 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UASNTR, the UAS responsible for nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcriptional activation of many nitrogen catabolic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been previously thought to operate only as a pair of closely related dodecanucleotide sites each containing the sequence GATAA at its core. Here we show that a single UASNTR the unrelated cis-acting element was TTTGTTTAC situated upstream of GLN1, while in another the cis-acting element was the one previously shown to bind the PUT3 protein. When a UASNTR site functions in combination with an unrelated site, the regulatory responses observed are a hybrid consisting of characteristics derived from both the UASNTR site and the unrelated site as well. These observations resolve several significant inconsistencies that have plagued studies focused on elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the global regulation of nitrogen catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Daugherty JR, Rai R, el Berry HM, Cooper TG. Regulatory circuit for responses of nitrogen catabolic gene expression to the GLN3 and DAL80 proteins and nitrogen catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:64-73. [PMID: 8416910 PMCID: PMC196097 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.1.64-73.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that expression of the UGA1, CAN1, GAP1, PUT1, PUT2, PUT4, and DAL4 genes is sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression. The expression of all these genes, with the exception of UGA1 and PUT2, also required a functional GLN3 protein. In addition, GLN3 protein was required for expression of the DAL1, DAL2, DAL7, GDH1, and GDH2 genes. The UGA1, CAN1, GAP1, and DAL4 genes markedly increased their expression when the DAL80 locus, encoding a negative regulatory element, was disrupted. Expression of the GDH1, PUT1, PUT2, and PUT4 genes also responded to DAL80 disruption, but much more modestly. Expression of GLN1 and GDH2 exhibited parallel responses to the provision of asparagine and glutamine as nitrogen sources but did not follow the regulatory responses noted above for the nitrogen catabolic genes such as DAL5. Steady-state mRNA levels of both genes did not significantly decrease when glutamine was provided as nitrogen source but were lowered by the provision of asparagine. They also did not respond to disruption of DAL80.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Daugherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ljungdahl PO, Gimeno CJ, Styles CA, Fink GR. SHR3: a novel component of the secretory pathway specifically required for localization of amino acid permeases in yeast. Cell 1992; 71:463-78. [PMID: 1423607 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90515-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in SHR3 block amino acid uptake into yeast by reducing the levels of multiple amino acid permeases within the plasma membrane. SHR3 is a novel integral membrane protein component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). shr3 null mutants specifically accumulate amino acid permeases in the ER; other plasma membrane proteins, secretory proteins, and vacuolar proteins are processed and targeted correctly. Our findings suggest that SHR3 interacts with a structural domain shared by amino acid permeases, an interaction required for permease-specific processing and transport from the ER. Even in the presence of excess amino acids, shr3 mutants exhibit starvation responses. shr3 mutants constitutively express elevated levels of GCN4, and mutant shr3/shr3 diploids undergo dimorphic transitions that result in filamentous growth at enhanced frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P O Ljungdahl
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gimeno CJ, Ljungdahl PO, Styles CA, Fink GR. Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: regulation by starvation and RAS. Cell 1992; 68:1077-90. [PMID: 1547504 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diploid S. cerevisiae strains undergo a dimorphic transition that involves changes in cell shape and the pattern of cell division and results in invasive filamentous growth in response to starvation for nitrogen. Cells become long and thin and form pseudohyphae that grow away from the colony and invade the agar medium. Pseudohyphal growth allows yeast cells to forage for nutrients. Pseudohyphal growth requires the polar budding pattern of a/alpha diploid cells; haploid axially budding cells of identical genotype cannot undergo this dimorphic transition. Constitutive activation of RAS2 or mutation of SHR3, a gene required for amino acid uptake, enhance the pseudohyphal phenotype; a dominant mutation in RSR1/BUD1 that causes random budding suppresses pseudohyphal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Gimeno
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|