1
|
Flatschacher D, Eschlböck A, Zeilinger S. Identification and evaluation of suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analyses in Trichoderma atroviride under varying light conditions. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:20. [PMID: 37789459 PMCID: PMC10546744 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma atroviride is a competitive soil-borne mycoparasitic fungus with extensive applications as a biocontrol agent in plant protection. Despite its importance and application potential, reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in T. atroviride have not been evaluated. Light exerts profound effects on physiology, such as growth, conidiation, secondary metabolism, and stress response in T. atroviride, as well as in other fungi. In this study, we aimed to address this gap by identifying stable reference genes for RT-qPCR experiments in T. atroviride under different light conditions, thereby enhancing accurate and reliable gene expression analysis in this model mycoparasite. We measured and compared candidate reference genes using commonly applied statistical algorithms. RESULTS Under cyclic light-dark cultivation conditions, tbp and rho were identified as the most stably expressed genes, while act1, fis1, btl, and sar1 were found to be the least stable. Similar stability rankings were obtained for cultures grown under complete darkness, with tef1 and vma1 emerging as the most stable genes and act1, rho, fis1, and btl as the least stable genes. Combining the data from both cultivation conditions, gapdh and vma1 were identified as the most stable reference genes, while sar1 and fis1 were the least stable. The selection of different reference genes had a significant impact on the calculation of relative gene expression, as demonstrated by the expression patterns of target genes pks4 and lox1. CONCLUSION The data emphasize the importance of validating reference genes for different cultivation conditions in fungi to ensure accurate interpretation of gene expression data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Flatschacher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alexander Eschlböck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bayram ÖS, Bayram Ö. An Anatomy of Fungal Eye: Fungal Photoreceptors and Signalling Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050591. [PMID: 37233302 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms have developed different features to capture or sense sunlight. Vertebrates have evolved specialized organs (eyes) which contain a variety of photosensor cells that help them to see the light to aid orientation. Opsins are major photoreceptors found in the vertebrate eye. Fungi, with more than five million estimated members, represent an important clade of living organisms which have important functions for the sustainability of life on our planet. Light signalling regulates a range of developmental and metabolic processes including asexual sporulation, sexual fruit body formation, pigment and carotenoid production and even production of secondary metabolites. Fungi have adopted three groups of photoreceptors: (I) blue light receptors, White Collars, vivid, cryptochromes, blue F proteins and DNA photolyases, (II) red light sensors, phytochromes and (III) green light sensors and microbial rhodopsins. Most mechanistic data were elucidated on the roles of the White Collar Complex (WCC) and the phytochromes in the fungal kingdom. The WCC acts as both photoreceptor and transcription factor by binding to target genes, whereas the phytochrome initiates a cascade of signalling by using mitogen-activated protein kinases to elicit its cellular responses. Although the mechanism of photoreception has been studied in great detail, fungal photoreception has not been compared with vertebrate vision. Therefore, this review will mainly focus on mechanistic findings derived from two model organisms, namely Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa and comparison of some mechanisms with vertebrate vision. Our focus will be on the way light signalling is translated into changes in gene expression, which influences morphogenesis and metabolism in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Biology Department, Maynooth University, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schalamun M, Beier S, Hinterdobler W, Wanko N, Schinnerl J, Brecker L, Engl DE, Schmoll M. MAPkinases regulate secondary metabolism, sexual development and light dependent cellulase regulation in Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1912. [PMID: 36732590 PMCID: PMC9894936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a prolific producer of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, which are regulated in response to diverse environmental signals for optimal adaptation, but also produces a wide array of secondary metabolites. Available carbon source and light are the strongest cues currently known to impact secreted enzyme levels and an interplay with regulation of secondary metabolism became increasingly obvious in recent years. While cellulase regulation is already known to be modulated by different mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, the relevance of the light signal, which is transmitted by this pathway in other fungi as well, is still unknown in T. reesei as are interconnections to secondary metabolism and chemical communication under mating conditions. Here we show that MAPkinases differentially influence cellulase regulation in light and darkness and that the Hog1 homologue TMK3, but not TMK1 or TMK2 are required for the chemotropic response to glucose in T. reesei. Additionally, MAPkinases regulate production of specific secondary metabolites including trichodimerol and bisorbibutenolid, a bioactive compound with cytostatic effect on cancer cells and deterrent effect on larvae, under conditions facilitating mating, which reflects a defect in chemical communication. Strains lacking either of the MAPkinases become female sterile, indicating the conservation of the role of MAPkinases in sexual fertility also in T. reesei. In summary, our findings substantiate the previously detected interconnection of cellulase regulation with regulation of secondary metabolism as well as the involvement of MAPkinases in light dependent gene regulation of cellulase and secondary metabolite genes in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Sabrina Beier
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- MyPilz GmbH, Wienerbergstrasse 55/13-15, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Wanko
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Elisa Engl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu L, Su Y, Ma Z, Guo L, Yang S, Yu H. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals differential protein expression of Hypsizygus marmoreus in response to different light qualities. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1320-1334. [PMID: 36395936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light is important environmental stress that influences the growth, development, and metabolism of Hypsizygus marmoreus (white var.). However, the molecular basis of the light effect on H. marmoreus remains unclear. In this study, a label-free comparative proteomic analysis was applied to investigate the global protein expression profile of H. marmoreus mycelia growing under white, red, green, and blue light qualities and darkness (control). Among 3149 identified proteins in H. marmoreus, 2288 were found to be expressed in all tested conditions. Data of Each light quality was compared with darkness for further analysis, numerous differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified and the white light group showed the most. All the up-regulated and down-regulated DEPs were annotated and analyzed with the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that light stress was associated with primary metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, MAPK, proteasome, and carbohydrate-active enzyme pathways. This study advances valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of different light qualities in mushroom growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tiley AMM, Lawless C, Pilo P, Karki SJ, Lu J, Long Z, Gibriel H, Bailey AM, Feechan A. The Zymoseptoria tritici white collar-1 gene, ZtWco-1, is required for development and virulence on wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 161:103715. [PMID: 35709910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB), which is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in Europe. There are currently no fully durable methods of control against Z. tritici, so novel strategies are urgently required. One of the ways in which fungi are able to respond to their surrounding environment is through the use of photoreceptor proteins which detect light signals. Although previous evidence suggests that Z. tritici can detect light, no photoreceptor genes have been characterised in this pathogen. This study characterises ZtWco-1, a predicted photoreceptor gene in Z. tritici. The ZtWco-1 gene is a putative homolog to the blue light photoreceptor from Neurospora crassa, wc-1. Z. tritici mutants with deletions in ZtWco-1 have defects in hyphal branching, melanisation and virulence on wheat. In addition, we identify the putative circadian clock gene ZtFrq in Z. tritici. This study provides evidence for the genetic regulation of light detection in Z. tritici and it open avenues for future research into whether this pathogen has a circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M M Tiley
- Agri-Food Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Ln, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Colleen Lawless
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland; School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Paola Pilo
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Sujit J Karki
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jijun Lu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Zhuowei Long
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Hesham Gibriel
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andy M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen L, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Chen Q, Chen S, Adnan M, Wang J, Liu G, Xie N. Involvement of VIVID in white light-responsive pigmentation, sexual development and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2907-2923. [PMID: 35315561 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light serves as a source of information and regulates diverse physiological processes in living organisms. Fungi perceive and respond to light through a complex photosensory system. Fungi have evolved the desensitization mechanism to adapt to the changing light signal in a natural environment. White light exerts multiple essential impacts on the model filamentous fungus P. anserina. However, the light sensing and response in this species has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the light desensitization protein VIVID (VVD) in P. anserina triggered exacerbated light responses, and therefore led to drastic morphological and physiological changes. The white light-sensitive mutant Δvvd showed growth reduction, spermatia overproduction, enhanced hyphae pigmentation and reduced oxidative stress tolerance. We observed the decreased expression level of sterigmatocystin gene cluster by transcriptome analysis, and finally detected the reduced production of sterigmatocystin in Δvvd in response to white light. Our data indicate that VVD acts as a repressor of white collar complex. This study exhibits a vital role of VVD in governing white light-responsive gene expression and secondary metabolite production, and contributes to a better understanding of the photoreceptor VVD in P. anserina. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.,College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8236, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8236, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Qiyi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Sun T, Guo D, Gao J, Zhang J, Cai F, Fischer R, Shen Q, Yu Z. Comprehensive analysis of the regulatory network of blue-light-regulated conidiation and hydrophobin production in Trichoderma guizhouense. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6241-6256. [PMID: 34472181 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Conidia of Trichoderma guizhouense (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are frequently applied to the production of biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Conidiation of some Trichoderma species depends on blue light and the action of different blue light receptors. However, the interplay between different blue-light receptors in light signalling remained elusive. Here, we studied the functions of the blue light receptors BLR1 and ENV1, and the MAP kinase HOG1 in blue light signalling in T. guizhouense. We found that the BLR1 dominates light responses and ENV1 is responsible for photoadaptation. Genome-wide gene expression analyses revealed that 1615 genes, accounting for ~13.4% of the genes annotated in the genome, are blue-light regulated in T. guizhouense, and remarkably, these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 61 transcription factors. BLR1 and HOG1 are the core components of the light signalling network, which control 79.9% and 73.9% of the DEGs respectively. In addition, the strict regulation of hydrophobin production by the blue light signalling network is impressive. Our study unravels the regulatory network based on the blue light receptors and the MAPK HOG pathway for conidiation, hydrophobin production and other processes in T. guizhouense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Degang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenzhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pardo-Medina J, Gutiérrez G, Limón MC, Avalos J. Impact of the White Collar Photoreceptor WcoA on the Fusarium fujikuroi Transcriptome. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:619474. [PMID: 33574802 PMCID: PMC7871910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.619474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the White Collar 1 family (WC) constitute a major class of flavin photoreceptors, widely distributed in fungi, that work in cooperation with a WC 2 protein forming a regulatory complex. The WC complex was investigated in great detail in Neurospora crassa, a model fungus in photobiology studies, where it controls all its major photoresponses. The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, a model system in the production of secondary metabolites, contains a single WC-1 gene called wcoA. The best-known light response in this fungus is the photoinduction of the synthesis of carotenoids, terpenoid pigments with antioxidant properties. Loss of WcoA in F. fujikuroi results in a drastic reduction in the mRNA levels of the carotenoid genes, and a diversity of morphological and metabolic changes, including alterations in the synthesis of several secondary metabolites, suggesting a complex regulatory role. To investigate the function of WcoA, the transcriptome of F. fujikuroi was analyzed in the dark and after 15-, 60- or 240-min illumination in a wild strain and in a formerly investigated wcoA insertional mutant. Using a threshold of four-fold change in transcript levels, 298 genes were activated and 160 were repressed in the wild strain under at least one of the light exposures. Different response patterns were observed among them, with genes exhibiting either fast, intermediate, and slow photoinduction, or intermediate or slow repression. All the fast and intermediate photoresponses, and most of the slow ones, were lost in the wcoA mutant. However, the wcoA mutation altered the expression of a much larger number of genes irrespective of illumination, reaching at least 16% of the annotated genes in this fungus. Such genes include many related to secondary metabolism, as well as others related to photobiology and other cellular functions, including the production of hydrophobins. As judged by the massive transcriptomic changes exhibited by the wcoA mutant in the dark, the results point to WcoA as a master regulatory protein in F. fujikuroi, in addition to a central function as the photoreceptor responsible for most of the transcriptional responses to light in this fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pardo-Medina
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Molin M, Logg K, Bodvard K, Peeters K, Forsmark A, Roger F, Jörhov A, Mishra N, Billod JM, Amir S, Andersson M, Eriksson LA, Warringer J, Käll M, Blomberg A. Protein kinase A controls yeast growth in visible light. BMC Biol 2020; 18:168. [PMID: 33198745 PMCID: PMC7667738 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A wide variety of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species sense and respond to light, having developed protective mechanisms to adapt to damaging effects on DNA and proteins. While the biology of UV light-induced damage has been well studied, cellular responses to stress from visible light (400–700 nm) remain poorly understood despite being a regular part of the life cycle of many organisms. Here, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring growth under visible light stress and used it to screen for light sensitivity in the yeast gene deletion collection. Results We found genes involved in HOG pathway signaling, RNA polymerase II transcription, translation, diphthamide modifications of the translational elongation factor eEF2, and the oxidative stress response to be required for light resistance. Reduced nuclear localization of the transcription factor Msn2 and lower glycogen accumulation indicated higher protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA) activity in many light-sensitive gene deletion strains. We therefore used an ectopic fluorescent PKA reporter and mutants with constitutively altered PKA activity to show that repression of PKA is essential for resistance to visible light. Conclusion We conclude that yeast photobiology is multifaceted and that protein kinase A plays a key role in the ability of cells to grow upon visible light exposure. We propose that visible light impacts on the biology and evolution of many non-photosynthetic organisms and have practical implications for how organisms are studied in the laboratory, with or without illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Molin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Logg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Bodvard
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ken Peeters
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annabelle Forsmark
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Friederike Roger
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Jörhov
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Horizon Discovery, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Billod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Bio-Me A/S, Oslo Science Park, Gaustadalléen, 210349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabiha Amir
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Warringer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Käll
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1198-1232. [PMID: 32301582 PMCID: PMC7539958 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The question of how phenotypic and genomic complexity are inter-related and how they are shaped through evolution is a central question in biology that historically has been approached from the perspective of animals and plants. In recent years, however, fungi have emerged as a promising alternative system to address such questions. Key to their ecological success, fungi present a broad and diverse range of phenotypic traits. Fungal cells can adopt many different shapes, often within a single species, providing them with great adaptive potential. Fungal cellular organizations span from unicellular forms to complex, macroscopic multicellularity, with multiple transitions to higher or lower levels of cellular complexity occurring throughout the evolutionary history of fungi. Similarly, fungal genomes are very diverse in their architecture. Deep changes in genome organization can occur very quickly, and these phenomena are known to mediate rapid adaptations to environmental changes. Finally, the biochemical complexity of fungi is huge, particularly with regard to their secondary metabolites, chemical products that mediate many aspects of fungal biology, including ecological interactions. Herein, we explore how the interplay of these cellular, genomic and metabolic traits mediates the emergence of complex phenotypes, and how this complexity is shaped throughout the evolutionary history of Fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010BarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pawlik A, Jaszek M, Stefaniuk D, Świderska-Burek U, Mazur A, Wielbo J, Koper P, Żebracki K, Janusz G. Combined Effect of Light and Nutrients on the Micromorphology of the White rot Fungus Cerrena Unicolor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051678. [PMID: 32121417 PMCID: PMC7084710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light influences developmental pathways in fungi. Recent transcriptomic and biochemical analyses have demonstrated that light influences the metabolism of a white-rot basidiomycete Cerrena unicolor. However, the expression profile of genes involved in the growth and development, or micromorphological observations of the mycelium in response to variable lighting and culturing media, have not performed. We aim to reveal the effect of light and nutrients on C. unicolor growth and a potential relationship between the culture medium and lighting conditions on fungus micromorphological structures. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed for morphological observations of C. unicolor mycelium cultivated in red, blue, green, and white light and darkness on mineral and sawdust media. A comprehensive analysis of C. unicolor differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was employed to find global changes in the expression profiles of genes putatively involved in light-dependent morphogenesis. Both light and nutrients influenced C. unicolor growth and development. Considerable differences in the micromorphology of the mycelia were found, which were partially reflected in the functional groups of DEGs observed in the fungus transcriptomes. A complex cross-interaction of nutritional and environmental signals on C. unicolor growth and morphology was suggested. The results are a promising starting point for further investigations of fungus photobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-5375-042
| | - Magdalena Jaszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Stefaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Świderska-Burek
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wielbo
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Koper
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Żebracki
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Corrochano LM. Light in the Fungal World: From Photoreception to Gene Transcription and Beyond. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:149-170. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fungi see light of different colors by using photoreceptors such as the White Collar proteins and cryptochromes for blue light, opsins for green light, and phytochromes for red light. Light regulates fungal development, promotes the accumulation of protective pigments and proteins, and regulates tropic growth. The White Collar complex (WCC) is a photoreceptor and a transcription factor that is responsible for regulating transcription after exposure to blue light. In Neurospora crassa, light promotes the interaction of WCCs and their binding to the promoters to activate transcription. In Aspergillus nidulans, the WCC and the phytochrome interact to coordinate gene transcription and other responses, but the contribution of these photoreceptors to fungal photobiology varies across fungal species. Ultimately, the effect of light on fungal biology is the result of the coordinated transcriptional regulation and activation of signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu Z, Ali A, Igbalajobi OA, Streng C, Leister K, Krauß N, Lamparter T, Fischer R. Two hybrid histidine kinases, TcsB and the phytochrome FphA, are involved in temperature sensing in
Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1814-1830. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Yu
- Institute for Applied Biosciences Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4 Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Solid Waste Utilization College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095China
| | - Arin Ali
- Institute for Applied Biosciences Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4 Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| | - Olumuyiwa Ayokunle Igbalajobi
- Institute for Applied Biosciences Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4 Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| | - Christian Streng
- Institute for Applied Biosciences Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4 Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| | - Kai Leister
- Institute for Applied Biosciences Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4 Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Institute for Applied Biosciences Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ‐ South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4 Karlsruhe D‐76131Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tiley AMM, White HJ, Foster GD, Bailey AM. The ZtvelB Gene Is Required for Vegetative Growth and Sporulation in the Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2210. [PMID: 31632366 PMCID: PMC6779691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB), a major disease of wheat across Europe. Current understanding of the genetic components and the environmental cues which influence development and pathogenicity of this fungus is limited. The velvet B gene, velB, has conserved roles in development, secondary metabolism, and pathogenicity across fungi. The function of this gene is best characterised in the model ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans, where it is involved in co-ordinating the light response with downstream processes. There is limited knowledge of the role of light in Z. tritici, and of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the light response. We show that Z. tritici is able to detect light, and that the vegetative morphology of this fungus is influenced by light conditions. We also identify and characterise the Z. tritici velB gene, ZtvelB, by gene disruption. The ΔztvelB deletion mutants were fixed in a filamentous growth pattern and are unable to form yeast-like vegetative cells. Their morphology was similar under light and dark conditions, showing an impairment in light-responsive growth. In addition, the ΔztvelB mutants produced abnormal pycnidia that were impaired in macropycnidiospore production but could still produce viable infectious micropycnidiospores. Our results show that ZtvelB is required for yeast-like growth and asexual sporulation in Z. tritici, and we provide evidence for a role of ZtvelB in integrating light perception and developmental regulation in this important plant pathogenic fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M M Tiley
- Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J White
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, O'Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary D Foster
- Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andy M Bailey
- Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bayram ÖS, Dettmann A, Karahoda B, Moloney NM, Ormsby T, McGowan J, Cea-Sánchez S, Miralles-Durán A, Brancini GTP, Luque EM, Fitzpatrick DA, Cánovas D, Corrochano LM, Doyle S, Selker EU, Seiler S, Bayram Ö. Control of Development, Secondary Metabolism and Light-Dependent Carotenoid Biosynthesis by the Velvet Complex of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 2019; 212:691-710. [PMID: 31068340 PMCID: PMC6614901 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurospora crassa is an established reference organism to investigate carotene biosynthesis and light regulation. However, there is little evidence of its capacity to produce secondary metabolites. Here, we report the role of the fungal-specific regulatory velvet complexes in development and secondary metabolism (SM) in N. crassa Three velvet proteins VE-1, VE-2, VOS-1, and a putative methyltransferase LAE-1 show light-independent nucleocytoplasmic localization. Two distinct velvet complexes, a heterotrimeric VE-1/VE-2/LAE-1 and a heterodimeric VE-2/VOS-1 are found in vivo The heterotrimer-complex, which positively regulates sexual development and represses asexual sporulation, suppresses siderophore coprogen production under iron starvation conditions. The VE-1/VE-2 heterodimer controls carotene production. VE-1 regulates the expression of >15% of the whole genome, comprising mainly regulatory and developmental features. We also studied intergenera functions of the velvet complex through complementation of Aspergillus nidulans veA, velB, laeA, vosA mutants with their N. crassa orthologs ve-1, ve-2, lae-1, and vos-1, respectively. Expression of VE-1 and VE-2 in A. nidulans successfully substitutes the developmental and SM functions of VeA and VelB by forming two functional chimeric velvet complexes in vivo, VelB/VE-1/LaeA and VE-2/VeA/LaeA, respectively. Reciprocally, expression of veA restores the phenotypes of the N. crassa ve-1 mutant. All N. crassa velvet proteins heterologously expressed in A. nidulans are localized to the nuclear fraction independent of light. These data highlight the conservation of the complex formation in N. crassa and A. nidulans However, they also underline the intergenera similarities and differences of velvet roles according to different life styles, niches and ontogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Dettmann
- Institute for Biology II, Molecular Plant Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Betim Karahoda
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Nicola M Moloney
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Tereza Ormsby
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403 Oregon
| | - Jamie McGowan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Sara Cea-Sánchez
- Departmento de Genética, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Guilherme T P Brancini
- Departmento de Genética, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva M Luque
- Departmento de Genética, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - David Cánovas
- Departmento de Genética, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departmento de Genética, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Eric U Selker
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, 97403 Oregon
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Institute for Biology II, Molecular Plant Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
- Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Panzer S, Brych A, Batschauer A, Terpitz U. Opsin 1 and Opsin 2 of the Corn Smut Fungus Ustilago maydis Are Green Light-Driven Proton Pumps. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:735. [PMID: 31024506 PMCID: PMC6467936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In fungi, green light is absorbed by rhodopsins, opsin proteins carrying a retinal molecule as chromophore. The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen that infects corn plants, encodes three putative photoactive opsins, called ops1 (UMAG_02629), ops2 (UMAG_00371), and ops3 (UMAG_04125). UmOps1 and UmOps2 are expressed during the whole life cycle, in axenic cultures as well as in planta, whereas UmOps3 was recently shown to be absent in axenic cultures but highly expressed during plant infection. Here we show that expression of UmOps1 and UmOps2 is induced by blue light under control of white collar 1 (Wco1). UmOps1 is mainly localized in the plasma membrane, both when expressed in HEK cells and U. maydis sporidia. In contrast, UmOps2 was mostly found intracellularly in the membranes of vacuoles. Patch-clamp studies demonstrated that both rhodopsins are green light-driven outward rectifying proton pumps. UmOps1 revealed an extraordinary pH dependency with increased activity in more acidic environment. Also, UmOps1 showed a pronounced, concentration-dependent enhancement of pump current caused by weak organic acids (WOAs), especially by acetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In contrast, UmOps2 showed the typical behavior of light-driven, outwardly directed proton pumps, whereas UmOps3 did not exhibit any electrogenity. With this work, insights were gained into the localization and molecular function of two U. maydis rhodopsins, paving the way for further studies on the biological role of these rhodopsins in the life cycle of U. maydis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Panzer
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Brych
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfred Batschauer
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Red- and Blue-Light Sensing in the Plant Pathogen Alternaria alternata Depends on Phytochrome and the White-Collar Protein LreA. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00371-19. [PMID: 30967462 PMCID: PMC6456751 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00371-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Light controls many processes in filamentous fungi. The study of light regulation in a number of model organisms revealed an unexpected complexity. Although the molecular components for light sensing appear to be widely conserved in fungal genomes, the regulatory circuits and the sensitivity of certain species toward specific wavelengths seem different. In N. crassa, most light responses are triggered by blue light, whereas in A. nidulans, red light plays a dominant role. In Alternaria alternata, both blue and red light appear to be important. In A. alternata, photoreceptors control morphogenetic pathways, the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species, and the production of secondary metabolites. On the other hand, high-osmolarity sensing required FphA and LreA, indicating a sophisticated cross talk between light and stress signaling. The filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata is a common postharvest contaminant of food and feed, and some strains are plant pathogens. Many processes in A. alternata are triggered by light. Interestingly, blue light inhibits sporulation, and red light reverses the effect, suggesting interactions between light-sensing systems. The genome encodes a phytochrome (FphA), a white collar 1 (WC-1) orthologue (LreA), an opsin (NopA), and a cryptochrome (CryA) as putative photoreceptors. Here, we investigated the role of FphA and LreA and the interplay with the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. We created loss-of function mutations for fphA, lreA, and hogA using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Sporulation was reduced in all three mutant strains already in the dark, suggesting functions of the photoreceptors FphA and LreA independent of light perception. Germination of conidia was delayed in red, blue, green, and far-red light. We found that light induction of ccgA (clock-controlled gene in Neurospora crassa and light-induced gene in Aspergillus nidulans) and the catalase gene catA depended on FphA, LreA, and HogA. Light induction of ferA (a putative ferrochelatase gene) and bliC (bli-3, light regulated, unknown function) required LreA and HogA but not FphA. Blue- and green-light stimulation of alternariol formation depended on LreA. A lack of FphA or LreA led to enhanced resistance toward oxidative stress due to the upregulation of catalases and superoxide dismutases. Light activation of FphA resulted in increased phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of HogA. Our results show that germination, sporulation, and secondary metabolism are light regulated in A. alternata with distinct and overlapping roles of blue- and red-light photosensors.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hitzenhammer E, Büschl C, Sulyok M, Schuhmacher R, Kluger B, Wischnitzki E, Schmoll M. YPR2 is a regulator of light modulated carbon and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:211. [PMID: 30866811 PMCID: PMC6417087 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi have evolved to succeed in nature by efficient growth and degradation of substrates, but also due to the production of secondary metabolites including mycotoxins. For Trichoderma reesei, as a biotechnological workhorse for homologous and heterologous protein production, secondary metabolite secretion is of particular importance for industrial application. Recent studies revealed an interconnected regulation of enzyme gene expression and carbon metabolism with secondary metabolism. RESULTS Here, we investigated gene regulation by YPR2, one out of two transcription factors located within the SOR cluster of T. reesei, which is involved in biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids. Transcriptome analysis showed that YPR2 exerts its major function in constant darkness upon growth on cellulose. Targets (direct and indirect) of YPR2 overlap with induction specific genes as well as with targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 and a considerable proportion is regulated by photoreceptors as well. Functional category analysis revealed both effects on carbon metabolism and secondary metabolism. Further, we found indications for an involvement of YPR2 in regulation of siderophores. In agreement with transcriptome data, mass spectrometric analyses revealed a broad alteration in metabolite patterns in ∆ypr2. Additionally, YPR2 positively influenced alamethicin levels along with transcript levels of the alamethicin synthase tex1 and is essential for production of orsellinic acid in darkness. CONCLUSIONS YPR2 is an important regulator balancing secondary metabolism with carbon metabolism in darkness and depending on the carbon source. The function of YPR2 reaches beyond the SOR cluster in which ypr2 is located and happens downstream of carbon catabolite repression mediated by CRE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hitzenhammer
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Büschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kluger
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Wischnitzki
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pawlik A, Mazur A, Wielbo J, Koper P, Żebracki K, Kubik-Komar A, Janusz G. RNA Sequencing Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Cerrena Unicolor in Response to Variable Lighting Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020290. [PMID: 30642073 PMCID: PMC6358801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the light-dependent gene expression in Cerrena unicolor FCL139, the transcriptomes of the fungus growing in white, blue, green, and red lighting conditions and darkness were analysed. Among 10,413 all-unigenes detected in C. unicolor, 7762 were found to be expressed in all tested conditions. Transcripts encoding putative fungal photoreceptors in the C. unicolor transcriptome were identified. The number of transcripts uniquely produced by fungus ranged from 20 during its growth in darkness to 112 in the green lighting conditions. We identified numerous genes whose expression differed substantially between the darkness (control) and each of the light variants tested, with the greatest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (454 up- and 457 down-regulated) observed for the white lighting conditions. The DEGs comprised those involved in primary carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, autophagy, nucleotide repair systems, signalling pathways, and carotenoid metabolism as defined using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. The analysis of the expression profile of genes coding for lignocellulose-degrading enzymes suggests that the wood-degradation properties of C. unicolor may be independent of the lighting conditions and may result from the overall stimulation of fungal metabolism by daylight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Wielbo
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Koper
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kamil Żebracki
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kubik-Komar
- Chair of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13 St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Garrido-Bazán V, Jaimes-Arroyo R, Sánchez O, Lara-Rojas F, Aguirre J. SakA and MpkC Stress MAPKs Show Opposite and Common Functions During Stress Responses and Development in Aspergillus nidulans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2518. [PMID: 30405576 PMCID: PMC6205964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress activated MAP kinases (SAPKs) of the Hog1/Sty1/p38 family are specialized in transducing stress signals. In contrast to what is seen in animal cells, very few fungal species contain more than one SAPK. Aspergillus nidulans and other Aspergilli contain two SAPKs called SakA/HogA and MpkC. We have shown that SakA is essential for conidia to maintain their viability and to survive high H2O2 concentrations. H2O2 induces SakA nuclear accumulation and its interaction with transcription factor AtfA. Although SakA and MpkC show physical interaction, little is known about MpkC functions. Here we show that ΔmpkC mutants are not sensitive to oxidative stress but in fact MpkC inactivation partially restores the oxidative stress resistance of ΔsakA mutants. ΔmpkC mutants display about twofold increase in the production of fully viable conidia. The inactivation of the SakA upstream MAPKK PbsB or the simultaneous elimination of sakA and mpkC result in virtually identical phenotypes, including decreased radial growth, a drastic reduction of conidiation and a sharp, progressive loss of conidial viability. SakA and to a minor extent MpkC also regulate cell-wall integrity. Given the roles of MpkC in conidiation and oxidative stress sensitivity, we used a functional MpkC::GFP fusion to determine MpkC nuclear localization as an in vivo indicator of MpkC activation during asexual development and stress. MpkC is mostly localized in the cytoplasm of intact conidia, accumulates in nuclei during the first 2 h of germination and then becomes progressively excluded from nuclei in growing hyphae. In the conidiophore, MpkC nuclear accumulation increases in vesicles, metulae and phialides and decreases in older conidia. Oxidative and osmotic stresses induce MpkC nuclear accumulation in both germinating conidia and hyphae. In all these cases, MpkC nuclear accumulation is largely dependent on the MAPKK PbsB. Our results indicate that SakA and MpkC play major, distinct and sometimes opposing roles in conidiation and conidiospore physiology, as well as common roles in response to stress. We propose that two SAPKs are necessary to delay (MpkC) or fully stop (SakA) mitosis during conidiogenesis and the terminal differentiation of conidia, in the highly prolific phialoconidiation process characteristic of the Aspergilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Garrido-Bazán
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Jaimes-Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olivia Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The contribution of the White Collar complex to Cryptococcus neoformans virulence is independent of its light-sensing capabilities. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 121:56-64. [PMID: 30266690 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The White Collar complex is responsible for sensing light and transmitting that signal in many fungal species. In Cryptococcus neoformans and C. deneoformans the complex is involved in protection against damage from ultraviolet (UV) light, repression of mating in response to light, and is also required for virulence. The mechanism by which the Bwc1 photoreceptor contributes to virulence is unknown. In this study, a bwc1 deletion mutant of C. neoformans was transformed with three versions of the BWC1 gene, the wild type, BWC1C605A or BWC1C605S, in which the latter two have the conserved cysteine residue replaced with either alanine or serine within the light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain that interacts with the flavin chromophore. The bwc1+ BWC1 strain complemented the UV sensitivity and the repression of mating in the light. The bwc1+ BWC1C605A and bwc1+ BWC1C605S strains were not fully complemented for either of the phenotypes, indicating that these BWC1 alleles impair the light responses for strains with them. Transcript analysis showed that neither of the mutated strains (bwc1+ BWC1C605A and bwc1+ BWC1C605S) showed the light-inducible expression pattern of the HEM15 and UVE1 genes as occurs in the wild type strain. These results indicate that the conserved flavin-binding site in the LOV domain of Bwc1 is required for sensing and responding to light in C. neoformans. In contrast to defects in light responses, the wild type, bwc1+ BWC1, bwc1+ BWC1C605A and bwc1+ BWC1C605S strains were equally virulent, whereas the bwc1 knock out mutant was less virulent. Furthermore, pre-exposure of the strains to light prior to inoculation had no influence on the outcome of infection. These findings define a division in function of the White Collar complex in fungi, in that in C. neoformans the role of Bwc1 in virulence is independent of light sensing.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fettweiss T, Röllen K, Granzin J, Reiners O, Endres S, Drepper T, Willbold D, Jaeger KE, Batra-Safferling R, Krauss U. Mechanistic Basis of the Fast Dark Recovery of the Short LOV Protein DsLOV from Dinoroseobacter shibae. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4833-4847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Fettweiss
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Röllen
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim Granzin
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiners
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Endres
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Renu Batra-Safferling
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Olmedo M, Roenneberg T, Merrow M, Corrochano LM. Glucose sensing and light regulation: A mutation in the glucose sensor RCO-3 modifies photoadaptation in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:497-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
25
|
Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Light-regulated promoters for tunable, temporal, and affordable control of fungal gene expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3849-3863. [PMID: 29569180 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatable promoters are important genetic tools, particularly for assigning function to essential and redundant genes. They can also be used to control the expression of enzymes that influence metabolic flux or protein secretion, thereby optimizing product yield in bioindustry. This review will focus on regulatable systems for use in filamentous fungi, an important group of organisms whose members include key research models, devastating pathogens of plants and animals, and exploitable cell factories. Though we will begin by cataloging those promoters that are controlled by nutritional or chemical means, our primary focus will rest on those who can be controlled by a literal flip-of-the-switch: promoters of light-regulated genes. The vvd promoter of Neurospora will first serve as a paradigm for how light-driven systems can provide tight, robust, tunable, and temporal control of either autologous or heterologous fungal proteins. We will then discuss a theoretical approach to, and practical considerations for, the development of such promoters in other species. To this end, we have compiled genes from six previously published light-regulated transcriptomic studies to guide the search for suitable photoregulatable promoters in your fungus of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brancini GT, Bachmann L, Ferreira MEDS, Rangel DE, Braga GÚ. Exposing Metarhizium acridum mycelium to visible light up-regulates a photolyase gene and increases photoreactivating ability. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 152:35-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
HyphaTracker: An ImageJ toolbox for time-resolved analysis of spore germination in filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:605. [PMID: 29330515 PMCID: PMC5766585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of early fungal development and its interference with physiological signals and environmental factors is yet poorly understood. Especially computational analysis tools for the evaluation of the process of early spore germination and germ tube formation are still lacking. For the time-resolved analysis of conidia germination of the filamentous ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi we developed a straightforward toolbox implemented in ImageJ. It allows for processing of microscopic acquisitions (movies) of conidial germination starting with drift correction and data reduction prior to germling analysis. From the image time series germling related region of interests (ROIs) are extracted, which are analysed for their area, circularity, and timing. ROIs originating from germlings crossing other hyphae or the image boundaries are omitted during analysis. Each conidium/hypha is identified and related to its origin, thus allowing subsequent categorization. The efficiency of HyphaTracker was proofed and the accuracy was tested on simulated germlings at different signal-to-noise ratios. Bright-field microscopic images of conidial germination of rhodopsin-deficient F. fujikuroi mutants and their respective control strains were analysed with HyphaTracker. Consistent with our observation in earlier studies the CarO deficient mutant germinated earlier and grew faster than other, CarO expressing strains.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Z, Wang J, Li N, Li J, Trail F, Dunlap JC, Townsend JP. Light sensing by opsins and fungal ecology: NOP-1 modulates entry into sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:216-232. [PMID: 29134709 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of the switch from asexual to sexual lifestyles in response to sometimes rapid environmental changes is one of the major challenges in fungal ecology. Light appears to play a critical role in the asexual-sexual switch-but fungal genomes harbour diverse light sensors. Fungal opsins are homologous to bacterial green-light-sensory rhodopsins, and their organismal functions in fungi have not been well understood. Three of these opsin-like proteins were widely distributed across fungal genomes, but homologs of the Fusarium opsin-like protein CarO were present only in plant-associated fungi. Key amino acids, including potential retinal binding sites, functionally diverged on the phylogeny of opsins. This diversification of opsin-like proteins could be correlated with life history-associated differences among fungi in their expression and function during morphological development. In Neurospora crassa and related species, knockout of the opsin NOP-1 led to a phenotype in the regulation of the asexual-sexual switch, modulating response to both light and oxygen conditions. Sexual development commenced early in ∆nop-1 strains cultured in unsealed plates under constant blue and white light. Furthermore, comparative transcriptomics showed that the expression of nop-1 is light-dependent and that the ∆nop-1 strain abundantly expresses genes involved in oxidative stress response, genes enriched in NAD/NADP binding sites, genes with functions in proton transmembrane movement and catalase activity, and genes involved in the homeostasis of protons. Based on these observations, we contend that light and oxidative stress regulate the switch via light-responsive and ROS pathways in model fungus N. crassa and other fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Junrui Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alder-Rangel A, Bailão AM, da Cunha AF, Soares CMA, Wang C, Bonatto D, Dadachova E, Hakalehto E, Eleutherio ECA, Fernandes ÉKK, Gadd GM, Braus GH, Braga GUL, Goldman GH, Malavazi I, Hallsworth JE, Takemoto JY, Fuller KK, Selbmann L, Corrochano LM, von Zeska Kress MR, Bertolini MC, Schmoll M, Pedrini N, Loera O, Finlay RD, Peralta RM, Rangel DEN. The second International Symposium on Fungal Stress: ISFUS. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:386-399. [PMID: 29801782 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The topic of 'fungal stress' is central to many important disciplines, including medical mycology, chronobiology, plant and insect pathology, industrial microbiology, material sciences, and astrobiology. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brought together researchers, who study fungal stress in a variety of fields. The second ISFUS was held in May 8-11 2017 in Goiania, Goiás, Brazil and hosted by the Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública at the Universidade Federal de Goiás. It was supported by grants from CAPES and FAPEG. Twenty-seven speakers from 15 countries presented their research related to fungal stress biology. The Symposium was divided into seven topics: 1. Fungal biology in extreme environments; 2. Stress mechanisms and responses in fungi: molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and cellular biology; 3. Fungal photobiology in the context of stress; 4. Role of stress in fungal pathogenesis; 5. Fungal stress and bioremediation; 6. Fungal stress in agriculture and forestry; and 7. Fungal stress in industrial applications. This article provides an overview of the science presented and discussed at ISFUS-2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre M Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Anderson F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Genética Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 90040-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia M A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 13565-905, RS, Brazil
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Elias Hakalehto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.B. 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elis C A Eleutherio
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geoffrey M Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jon Y Takemoto
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcia R von Zeska Kress
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Bertolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Octavio Loera
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Light, stress, sex and carbon - The photoreceptor ENVOY as a central checkpoint in the physiology of Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:479-486. [PMID: 29801792 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most prolific producers of homologous and heterologous proteins. Discovery of the photoreceptor ENV1 as a regulator of cellulase gene expression initiated analysis of light response pathways and their physiological relevance for T. reesei. The function of ENV1 in regulation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes is conserved in Neurospora crassa. ENV1 emerged as a central checkpoint for integration of nutrient sensing, light response and development. This photoreceptor exerts its function by influencing transcript abundance and feedback cycles of the alpha subunits of the heterotrimeric G-protein pathway and impacts regulation of the beta and gamma subunits via mutual regulation with the phosducin PhLP1. The output of regulation by ENV1 is in part mediated by the cAMP pathway and likely aimed at cellulose recognition. Lack of ENV1 causes deregulation of the pheromone system and female sterility in light. A regulatory interconnection with VEL1 and influence on other regulators of secondary metabolism like YPR2 as well as polyketide synthase encoding genes indicates a function in secondary metabolism. The function of ENV1 in integrating light response with signaling of osmotic and oxidative stress is evolutionary conserved in Hypocreales and distinct from other sordariomycetes including N. crassa.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cohrs KC, Schumacher J. The Two Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family Proteins Fulfill Distinct Roles in DNA Photorepair and Regulation of Conidiation in the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00812-17. [PMID: 28667107 PMCID: PMC5561282 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00812-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic leotiomycete Botrytis cinerea is known for the strict regulation of its asexual differentiation programs by environmental light conditions. Sclerotia are formed in constant darkness; black/near-UV (NUV) light induces conidiation; and blue light represses both differentiation programs. Sensing of black/NUV light is attributed to proteins of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF). To elucidate the molecular basis of the photoinduction of conidiation, we functionally characterized the two CPF proteins encoded in the genome of B. cinerea as putative positive-acting components. B. cinerea CRY1 (BcCRY1), a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase, acts as the major enzyme of light-driven DNA repair (photoreactivation) and has no obvious role in signaling. In contrast, BcCRY2, belonging to the cry-DASH proteins, is dispensable for photorepair but performs regulatory functions by repressing conidiation in white and especially black/NUV light. The transcription of bccry1 and bccry2 is induced by light in a White Collar complex (WCC)-dependent manner, but neither light nor the WCC is essential for the repression of conidiation through BcCRY2 when bccry2 is constitutively expressed. Further, BcCRY2 affects the transcript levels of both WCC-induced and WCC-repressed genes, suggesting a signaling function downstream of the WCC. Since both CPF proteins are dispensable for photoinduction by black/NUV light, the origin of this effect remains elusive and may be connected to a yet unknown UV-light-responsive system.IMPORTANCEBotrytis cinerea is an economically important plant pathogen that causes gray mold diseases in a wide variety of plant species, including high-value crops and ornamental flowers. The spread of disease in the field relies on the formation of conidia, a process that is regulated by different light qualities. While this feature has been known for a long time, we are just starting to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Conidiation in B. cinerea is induced by black/near-UV light, whose sensing is attributed to the action of cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) proteins. Here we report on the distinct functions of two CPF proteins in the photoresponse of B. cinerea While BcCRY1 acts as the major photolyase in photoprotection, BcCRY2 acts as a cryptochrome with a signaling function in regulating photomorphogenesis (repression of conidiation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Cohrs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Avalos J, Pardo-Medina J, Parra-Rivero O, Ruger-Herreros M, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Hornero-Méndez D, Limón MC. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E39. [PMID: 29371556 PMCID: PMC5715946 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many fungi of the genus Fusarium stand out for the complexity of their secondary metabolism. Individual species may differ in their metabolic capacities, but they usually share the ability to synthesize carotenoids, a family of hydrophobic terpenoid pigments widely distributed in nature. Early studies on carotenoid biosynthesis in Fusariumaquaeductuum have been recently extended in Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium oxysporum, well-known biotechnological and phytopathogenic models, respectively. The major Fusarium carotenoid is neurosporaxanthin, a carboxylic xanthophyll synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through the activity of four enzymes, encoded by the genes carRA, carB, carT and carD. These fungi produce also minor amounts of β-carotene, which may be cleaved by the CarX oxygenase to produce retinal, the rhodopsin's chromophore. The genes needed to produce retinal are organized in a gene cluster with a rhodopsin gene, while other carotenoid genes are not linked. In the investigated Fusarium species, the synthesis of carotenoids is induced by light through the transcriptional induction of the structural genes. In some species, deep-pigmented mutants with up-regulated expression of these genes are affected in the regulatory gene carS. The molecular mechanisms underlying the control by light and by the CarS protein are currently under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Javier Pardo-Medina
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Macarena Ruger-Herreros
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Ortiz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
- Present Address: CONACYT-Instituto de Neurobiología-UNAM, Juriquilla, Querétaro 076230, Mexico.
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Making Time: Conservation of Biological Clocks from Fungi to Animals. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0039-2016. [PMID: 28527179 PMCID: PMC5446046 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0039-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity for biological timekeeping arose at least three times through evolution, in prokaryotic cyanobacteria, in cells that evolved into higher plants, and within the group of organisms that eventually became the fungi and the animals. Neurospora is a tractable model system for understanding the molecular bases of circadian rhythms in the last of these groups, and is perhaps the most intensively studied circadian cell type. Rhythmic processes described in fungi include growth rate, stress responses, developmental capacity, and sporulation, as well as much of metabolism; fungi use clocks to anticipate daily environmental changes. A negative feedback loop comprises the core of the circadian system in fungi and animals. In Neurospora, the best studied fungal model, it is driven by two transcription factors, WC-1 and WC-2, that form the White Collar Complex (WCC). WCC elicits expression of the frq gene. FRQ complexes with other proteins, physically interacts with the WCC, and reduces its activity; the kinetics of these processes is strongly influenced by progressive phosphorylation of FRQ. When FRQ becomes sufficiently phosphorylated that it loses the ability to influence WCC activity, the circadian cycle starts again. Environmental cycles of light and temperature influence frq and FRQ expression and thereby reset the internal circadian clocks. The molecular basis of circadian output is also becoming understood. Taken together, molecular explanations are emerging for all the canonical circadian properties, providing a molecular and regulatory framework that may be extended to many members of the fungal and animal kingdoms, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Regulation of conidiation in Botrytis cinerea involves the light-responsive transcriptional regulators BcLTF3 and BcREG1. Curr Genet 2017; 63:931-949. [PMID: 28382431 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogenic fungus with a broad host range. Due to its rapid growth and reproduction by asexual spores (conidia), which increases the inoculum pressure, the fungus is a serious problem in different fields of agriculture. The formation of the conidia is promoted by light, whereas the formation of sclerotia as survival structures occurs in its absence. Based on this observation, putative transcription factors (TFs) whose expression is induced upon light exposure have been considered as candidates for activating conidiation and/or repressing sclerotial development. Previous studies reported on the identification of six light-responsive TFs (LTFs), and two of them have been confirmed as crucial developmental regulators: BcLTF2 is the positive regulator of conidiation, whose expression is negatively regulated by BcLTF1. Here, the functional characterization of the four remaining LTFs is reported. BcLTF3 has a dual function, as it represses conidiophore development by repressing bcltf2 in light and darkness, and is moreover essential for conidiogenesis. In bcltf3 deletion mutants conidium initials grow out to hyphae, which develop secondary conidiophores. In contrast, no obvious functions could be assigned to BcLTF4, BcLTF5 and BcLTF6 in these experiments. BcREG1, previously reported to be required for virulence and conidiogenesis, has been re-identified as light-responsive transcriptional regulator. Studies with bcreg1 overexpression strains indicated that BcREG1 differentially affects conidiation by acting as a repressor of BcLTF2-induced conidiation in the light and as an activator of a BcLTF2-independent conidiation program in the dark.
Collapse
|