1
|
Nantongo M, Nguyen DC, Bethel CR, Taracila MA, Li Q, Dousa KM, Shin E, Kurz SG, Nguyen L, Kreiswirth BN, Boom WH, Plummer MS, Bonomo RA. Durlobactam, a Diazabicyclooctane β-Lactamase Inhibitor, Inhibits BlaC and Peptidoglycan Transpeptidases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1767-1779. [PMID: 38619138 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan synthesis is an underutilized drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Diazabicyclooctanes (DBOs) are a class of broad-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitors that also inhibit certain peptidoglycan transpeptidases that are important in mycobacterial cell wall synthesis. We evaluated the DBO durlobactam as an inhibitor of BlaC, the Mtb β-lactamase, and multiple Mtb peptidoglycan transpeptidases (PonA1, LdtMt1, LdtMt2, LdtMt3, and LdtMt5). Timed electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) captured acyl-enzyme complexes with BlaC and all transpeptidases except LdtMt5. Inhibition kinetics demonstrated durlobactam was a potent and efficient DBO inhibitor of BlaC (KI app 9.2 ± 0.9 μM, k2/K 5600 ± 560 M-1 s-1) and similar to clavulanate (KI app 3.3 ± 0.6 μM, k2/K 8400 ± 840 M-1 s-1); however, durlobactam had a lower turnover number (tn = kcat/kinact) than clavulanate (1 and 8, respectively). KI app values with durlobactam and clavulanate were similar for peptidoglycan transpeptidases, but ESI-MS captured durlobactam complexes at more time points. Molecular docking and simulation demonstrated several productive interactions of durlobactam in the active sites of BlaC, PonA1, and LdtMt2. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on 11 Mtb isolates with amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, meropenem, imipenem, clavulanate, and durlobactam. Durlobactam had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.5-16 μg/mL, similar to the ranges for meropenem (1-32 μg/mL) and imipenem (0.5-64 μg/mL). In β-lactam + durlobactam combinations (1:1 mass/volume), MICs were lowered 4- to 64-fold for all isolates except one with meropenem-durlobactam. This work supports further exploration of novel β-lactamase inhibitors that target BlaC and Mtb peptidoglycan transpeptidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Nantongo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David C Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Christopher R Bethel
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Magdalena A Taracila
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Khalid M Dousa
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Eunjeong Shin
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sebastian G Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liem Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Mark S Plummer
- Biopharmaworks, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antibiotic Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Departments of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Proteomics and Bioinformatics, CWRU, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Cleveland Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VANEOHS, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
LdtC Is a Key l,d-Transpeptidase for Peptidoglycan Assembly in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0042422. [PMID: 36541811 PMCID: PMC9879121 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00424-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan of mycobacteria has two types of direct cross-links, classical 4-3 cross-links that occur between diaminopimelate (DAP) and alanine residues, and nonclassical 3-3 cross-links that occur between DAP residues on adjacent peptides. The 3-3 cross-links are synthesized by the concerted action of d,d-carboxypeptidases and l,d-transpeptidases (Ldts). Mycobacterial genomes encode several Ldt proteins that can be classified into six classes based upon sequence identity. As a group, the Ldt enzymes are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics but are susceptible to carbapenem antibiotics, with the exception of LdtC, a class 5 enzyme. In previous work, we showed that loss of LdtC has the greatest effect on the carbapenem susceptibility phenotype of Mycobacterium smegmatis (also known as Mycolicibacterium smegmatis) compared to other ldt deletion mutants. In this work, we show that a M. smegmatis mutant lacking the five ldt genes other than ldtC has a wild-type phenotype with the exception of increased susceptibility to rifampin. In contrast, a mutant lacking all six ldt genes has pleiotropic cell envelope defects, is temperature sensitive, and has increased susceptibility to a variety of antibiotics. These results indicate that LdtC is capable of functioning as the sole l,d-transpeptidase in M. smegmatis and suggest that it may represent a carbapenem-resistant pathway for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE Mycobacteria have several enzymes to catalyze nonclassical 3-3 linkages in the cell wall peptidoglycan. Understanding the biology of these cross-links is important for the development of antibiotic therapies to target peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Our work provides evidence that LdtC can function as the sole enzyme for 3-3 cross-link formation in M. smegmatis and suggests that LdtC may be part of a carbapenem-resistant l,d-transpeptidase pathway.
Collapse
|
3
|
Galanis C, Maggioncalda EC, Kumar P, Lamichhane G. Glby, Encoded by MAB_3167c, Is Required for In Vivo Growth of Mycobacteroides abscessus and Exhibits Mild β-Lactamase Activity. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0004622. [PMID: 35380462 PMCID: PMC9112878 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00046-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteroides abscessus (Mab; also known as Mycobacterium abscessus) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen. Patients with structural lung conditions such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at high risk of developing pulmonary Mab disease. This disease is often chronic as the current treatment regimens are sub-efficacious. Here, we characterize the phenotype of a Mab strain lacking the MAB_3167c locus, which encodes a protein hereafter referred to as Glby. We demonstrate that the loss of Glby impairs normal planktonic growth in liquid broth, results in longer average cell length, and a melding of surfaces between cells. Glby also exhibits a mild β-lactamase activity. We also present evidence that amino acid substitutions that potentially alter Glby function are not favored. Lastly, we demonstrate that, in a mouse model of pulmonary Mab infection, the mutant lacking Glby was unable to proliferate, gradually cleared, and was undetectable after 3 weeks. These data suggest that an agent that inhibits Glby in vivo may be an efficacious treatment against Mab disease. IMPORTANCE Mycobacteroides abscessus can cause chronic pulmonary infections requiring administration of multiple antibiotics, still resulting in a low cure rate. The incidence of M. abscessus disease is increasing in the United States and the developed regions of the world. We show for the first time that a protein, Glby, affects growth of this bacterium. Using a mouse model of lung M. abscessus disease, we demonstrate that Glby is required for this bacterium to cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Galanis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily C. Maggioncalda
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | - Herbert W. Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jackson M, Stevens CM, Zhang L, Zgurskaya HI, Niederweis M. Transporters Involved in the Biogenesis and Functionalization of the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5124-5157. [PMID: 33170669 PMCID: PMC8107195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biology of mycobacteria is dominated by a complex cell envelope of unique composition and structure and of exceptionally low permeability. This cell envelope is the basis of many of the pathogenic features of mycobacteria and the site of susceptibility and resistance to many antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. This review is focused on the transporters that assemble and functionalize this complex structure. It highlights both the progress and the limits of our understanding of how (lipo)polysaccharides, (glyco)lipids, and other bacterial secretion products are translocated across the different layers of the cell envelope to their final extra-cytoplasmic location. It further describes some of the unique strategies evolved by mycobacteria to import nutrients and other products through this highly impermeable barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Casey M. Stevens
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- University of Oklahoma, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith TC, Pullen KM, Olson MC, McNellis ME, Richardson I, Hu S, Larkins-Ford J, Wang X, Freundlich JS, Ando DM, Aldridge BB. Morphological profiling of tubercle bacilli identifies drug pathways of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18744-18753. [PMID: 32680963 PMCID: PMC7414088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002738117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological profiling is a method to classify target pathways of antibacterials based on how bacteria respond to treatment through changes to cellular shape and spatial organization. Here we utilized the cell-to-cell variation in morphological features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli to develop a rapid profiling platform called Morphological Evaluation and Understanding of Stress (MorphEUS). MorphEUS classified 94% of tested drugs correctly into broad categories according to modes of action previously identified in the literature. In the other 6%, MorphEUS pointed to key off-target activities. We observed cell wall damage induced by bedaquiline and moxifloxacin through secondary effects downstream from their main target pathways. We implemented MorphEUS to correctly classify three compounds in a blinded study and identified an off-target effect for one compound that was not readily apparent in previous studies. We anticipate that the ability of MorphEUS to rapidly identify pathways of drug action and the proximal cause of cellular damage in tubercle bacilli will make it applicable to other pathogens and cell types where morphological responses are subtle and heterogeneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trever C Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Krista M Pullen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Michaela C Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Morgan E McNellis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Ian Richardson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Roxbury Latin School, West Roxbury, MA 02132
| | - Sophia Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250
| | - Jonah Larkins-Ford
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Ruy V. Lourenco Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - D Michael Ando
- Applied Science Team, Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111;
- Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zandi TA, Marshburn RL, Stateler PK, Brammer Basta LA. Phylogenetic and Biochemical Analyses of Mycobacterial l,d-Transpeptidases Reveal a Distinct Enzyme Class That Is Preferentially Acylated by Meropenem. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2047-2054. [PMID: 31597040 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of diverse mycobacterial species encode multiple proteins with the canonical l,d-transpeptidase (Ldt) sequence motif. The reason for this apparent redundancy is not well understood, but evidence suggests paralogous Ldts may serve niche roles in maintaining and/or remodeling mycobacterial peptidoglycan. We examined 323 mycobacterial Ldts and determined these enzymes cluster into six clades. We identified a variably represented yet distinct Ldt class (class 6) containing Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) LdtF and built a homology model of Msm LdtF toward elucidating class 6 structural and functional differences. We report class 6 Ldts have structurally divergent catalytic domains containing a 10-residue insertion near the active site and additionally determined that meropenem preferentially acylates LdtF. Our data demonstrate an evolutionary basis for mycobacterial Ldt multiplicity that lends support to the idea that paralogous Ldts serve nonredundant roles in vivo and suggests class 6 Ldts can be selectively targeted by specific carbapenem antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Zandi
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Robert L. Marshburn
- Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Paige K. Stateler
- Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - Leighanne A. Brammer Basta
- Chemistry Department, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pidgeon SE, Apostolos AJ, Nelson JM, Shaku M, Rimal B, Islam MN, Crick DC, Kim SJ, Pavelka MS, Kana BD, Pires MM. L,D-Transpeptidase Specific Probe Reveals Spatial Activity of Peptidoglycan Cross-Linking. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2185-2196. [PMID: 31487148 PMCID: PMC6804245 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is a cross-linked, meshlike scaffold endowed with the strength to withstand the internal pressure of bacteria. Bacteria are known to heavily remodel their peptidoglycan stem peptides, yet little is known about the physiological impact of these chemical variations on peptidoglycan cross-linking. Furthermore, there are limited tools to study these structural variations, which can also have important implications on cell wall integrity and host immunity. Cross-linking of peptide chains within PG is an essential process, and its disruption thereof underpins the potency of several classes of antibiotics. Two primary cross-linking modes have been identified that are carried out by D,D-transpeptidases and L,D-transpeptidases (Ldts). The nascent PG from each enzymatic class is structurally unique, which results in different cross-linking configurations. Recent advances in PG cellular probes have been powerful in advancing the understanding of D,D-transpeptidation by Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs). In contrast, no cellular probes have been previously described to directly interrogate Ldt function in live cells. Herein, we describe a new class of Ldt-specific probes composed of structural analogs of nascent PG, which are metabolically incorporated into the PG scaffold by Ldts. With a panel of tetrapeptide PG stem mimics, we demonstrated that subtle modifications such as amidation of iso-Glu can control PG cross-linking. Ldt probes were applied to quantify and track the localization of Ldt activity in Enterococcus faecium, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These results confirm that our Ldt probes are specific and suggest that the primary sequence of the stem peptide can control Ldt cross-linking levels. We anticipate that unraveling the interplay between Ldts and other cross-linking modalities may reveal the organization of the PG structure in relation to the spatial localization of cross-linking machineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Pidgeon
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Alexis J. Apostolos
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Julia M. Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Moagi Shaku
- DST/NRF
Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- MRC-CAPRISA
HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Binayak Rimal
- Institute
of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
| | - Martin S. Pavelka
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Bavesh D. Kana
- DST/NRF
Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- MRC-CAPRISA
HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synergistic Efficacy of β-Lactam Combinations against Mycobacterium abscessus Pulmonary Infection in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00614-19. [PMID: 31109979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00614-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging pathogen capable of causing invasive pulmonary infections in patients with chronic lung diseases. These infections are difficult to treat, necessitating prolonged multidrug therapy, which is further complicated by extensive intrinsic and acquired resistance exhibited by clinical M. abscessus isolates. Therefore, development of novel treatment regimens effective against drug-resistant strains is crucial. Prior studies have demonstrated synergistic efficacy of several β-lactams against M. abscessus in vitro; however, these combinations have never been tested in an animal model of M. abscessus pulmonary disease. We utilized a recently developed murine system of sustained M. abscessus lung infection delivered via an aerosol route to test the bactericidal efficacy of four novel dual β-lactam combinations and one β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. All five of the novel combinations exhibited synergy and resulted in at least 6-log10 reductions in bacterial burden in the lungs of mice at 4 weeks compared to untreated controls (P = 0.038).
Collapse
|
10
|
Catalão MJ, Filipe SR, Pimentel M. Revisiting Anti-tuberculosis Therapeutic Strategies That Target the Peptidoglycan Structure and Synthesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:190. [PMID: 30804921 PMCID: PMC6378297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the leading cause of death by an infectious diseases. The biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall (CW) is an area of increasing research significance, as numerous antibiotics used to treat TB target biosynthesis pathways of essential CW components. The main feature of the mycobacterial cell envelope is an intricate structure, the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) complex responsible for its innate resistance to many commonly used antibiotics and involved in virulence. A hallmark of mAGP is its unusual peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which has subtleties that play a key role in virulence by enabling pathogenic species to survive inside the host and resist antibiotic pressure. This dynamic and essential structure is not a target of currently used therapeutics as Mtb is considered naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics due to a highly active β-lactamase (BlaC) that efficiently hydrolyses many β-lactam drugs to render them ineffective. The emergence of multidrug- and extensive drug-resistant strains to the available antibiotics has become a serious health threat, places an immense burden on health care systems, and poses particular therapeutic challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to explore additional Mtb vulnerabilities that can be used to combat TB. Remodeling PG enzymes that catalyze biosynthesis and recycling of the PG are essential to the viability of Mtb and are therefore attractive targets for novel antibiotics research. This article reviews PG as an alternative antibiotic target for TB treatment, how Mtb has developed resistance to currently available antibiotics directed to PG biosynthesis, and the potential of targeting this essential structure to tackle TB by attacking alternative enzymatic activities involved in Mtb PG modifications and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Catalão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio R. Filipe
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pimentel
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Story-Roller E, Maggioncalda EC, Cohen KA, Lamichhane G. Mycobacterium abscessus and β-Lactams: Emerging Insights and Potential Opportunities. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2273. [PMID: 30319581 PMCID: PMC6167491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactams, the most widely used class of antibiotics, are well-tolerated, and their molecular mechanisms of action against many bacteria are well-documented. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) is a highly drug-resistant rapidly-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Only in recent years have we started to gain insight into the unique relationship between β-lactams and their targets in Mab. In this mini-review, we summarize recent findings that have begun to unravel the molecular basis for overall efficacy of β-lactams against Mab and discuss emerging evidence that indicates that we have yet to harness the full potential of this antibiotic class to treat Mab infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Story-Roller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emily C Maggioncalda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Keira A Cohen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Story-Roller E, Lamichhane G. Have we realized the full potential of β-lactams for treating drug-resistant TB? IUBMB Life 2018; 70:881-888. [PMID: 29934998 PMCID: PMC6119476 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
β-lactams are the most widely used antibiotics and are effective against a spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we focus on the state-of-the-art understanding of the molecular underpinnings that determine the overall efficacy of β-lactams against TB and include historical perspectives of this antibiotic class against this ancient disease. We summarize literature that describes why earlier generations of β-lactams are ineffective and the potential promise of newer β-lactams that exhibit improved efficacy against TB. Emerging evidence warrants renewed consideration of newer β-lactams in regimens for treatment of drug-resistant TB. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):881-888, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Story-Roller
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Catalão MJ, Pimentel M. Mycobacteriophage Lysis Enzymes: Targeting the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope. Viruses 2018; 10:E428. [PMID: 30110929 PMCID: PMC6116114 DOI: 10.3390/v10080428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect mycobacteria, which ultimately culminate in host cell death. Dedicated enzymes targeting the complex mycobacterial cell envelope arrangement have been identified in mycobacteriophage genomes, thus being potential candidates as antibacterial agents. These comprise lipolytic enzymes that target the mycolic acid-containing outer membrane and peptidoglycan hydrolases responsive to the atypical mycobacterial peptidoglycan layer. In the recent years, a remarkable progress has been made, particularly on the comprehension of the mechanisms of bacteriophage lysis proteins activity and regulation. Notwithstanding, information about mycobacteriophages lysis strategies is limited and is mainly represented by the studies performed with mycobacteriophage Ms6. Since mycobacteriophages target a specific group of bacteria, which include Mycobacterium tuberculosis responsible for one of the leading causes of death worldwide, exploitation of the use of these lytic enzymes demands a special attention, as they may be an alternative to tackle multidrug resistant tuberculosis. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the function of lysis proteins encoded by mycobacteriophages and their potential applications, which may contribute to increasing the effectiveness of antimycobacterial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Catalão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Madalena Pimentel
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Puffal J, García-Heredia A, Rahlwes KC, Siegrist MS, Morita YS. Spatial control of cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953754. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Puffal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Szulc-Kielbik I, Pawelczyk J, Kielbik M, Kremer L, Dziadek J, Klink M. Severe inhibition of lipooligosaccharide synthesis induces TLR2-dependent elimination of Mycobacterium marinum from THP1-derived macrophages. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:217. [PMID: 29183333 PMCID: PMC5706390 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mycobacterial glycolipids are among the first-line molecules involved in host-pathogen interactions, their contribution in virulence remains incomplete. Mycobacterium marinum is a waterborne pathogen of fish and other ectotherms, closely related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Since it causes tuberculosis-like systemic infection it is widely used as a model organism for studying the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. It is also an occasional opportunistic human pathogen. The M. marinum surface-exposed lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are immunogenic molecules that participate in the early interactions with macrophages and modulate the host immune system. Four major LOS species, designated LOS-I to LOS-IV, have been identified and characterized in M. marinum. Herein, we investigated the interactions between a panel of defined M. marinum LOS mutants that exhibited various degrees of truncation in the LOS structure, and human-derived THP-1 macrophages to address the potential of LOSs to act as pro- or avirulence factors. RESULTS A moderately truncated LOS structure did not interfere with M. marinum invasion. However, a deeper shortening of the LOS structure was associated with increased entry of M. marinum into host cells and increased elimination of the bacilli by the macrophages. These effects were dependent on Toll-like receptor 2. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that LOSs inhibit the interaction between mycobacterial cell wall ligands and appropriate macrophage pattern recognition receptors, affecting uptake and elimination of the bacteria by host phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szulc-Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pawelczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Laurent Kremer
- IRIM (ex-CPBS)-UMR 9004, Research Institute of Infectiology of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Structural basis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:1355-1367. [PMID: 27826050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosides (PIMs) are glycolipids of unique chemical structure found in the inner and outer membranes of the cell envelope of all Mycobacterium species. The PIM family of glycolipids comprises phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexamannosides with different degrees of acylation. PIMs are considered not only essential structural components of the cell envelope but also the precursors of lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan, two major lipoglycans implicated in host-pathogen interactions. Since the description of the complete chemical structure of PIMs, major efforts have been committed to defining the molecular bases of its biosynthetic pathway. The structural characterization of the integral membrane phosphatidyl-myo-inositol phosphate synthase (PIPS), and that of three enzymes working at the protein-membrane interface, the phosphatidyl-myo-inositol mannosyltransferases A and B, and the acyltransferase PatA, established the basis of the early steps of the PIM pathway at the molecular level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stringent Response Factors PPX1 and PPK2 Play an Important Role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolism, Biofilm Formation, and Sensitivity to Isoniazid In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6460-6470. [PMID: 27527086 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01139-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global health threat largely due to the lengthy duration of curative antibiotic treatment, contributing to medical nonadherence and the emergence of drug resistance. This prolonged therapy is likely due to the presence of M. tuberculosis persisters, which exhibit antibiotic tolerance. Inorganic polyphosphate [poly(P)] is a key regulatory molecule in the M. tuberculosis stringent response mediating antibiotic tolerance. The polyphosphate kinase PPK1 is responsible for poly(P) synthesis in M. tuberculosis, while the exopolyphosphatases PPX1 and PPX2 and the GTP synthase PPK2 are responsible for poly(P) hydrolysis. In the present study, we show by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry that poly(P)-accumulating M. tuberculosis mutant strains deficient in ppx1 or ppk2 had significantly lower intracellular levels of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and 1-deoxy-xylulose-5-phosphate. Real-time PCR revealed decreased expression of genes in the G3P synthesis pathway in each mutant. The ppx1-deficient mutant also showed a significant accumulation of metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as altered arginine and NADH metabolism. Each poly(P)-accumulating strain showed defective biofilm formation, while deficiency of ppk2 was associated with increased sensitivity to plumbagin and meropenem and deficiency of ppx1 led to enhanced susceptibility to clofazimine. A DNA vaccine expressing ppx1 and ppk2, together with two other members of the M. tuberculosis stringent response, M. tuberculosis rel and sigE, did not show protective activity against aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis, but vaccine-induced immunity enhanced the killing activity of isoniazid in a murine model of chronic tuberculosis. In summary, poly(P)-regulating factors of the M. tuberculosis stringent response play an important role in M. tuberculosis metabolism, biofilm formation, and antibiotic sensitivity in vivo.
Collapse
|
18
|
Grzegorzewicz AE, de Sousa-d'Auria C, McNeil MR, Huc-Claustre E, Jones V, Petit C, Angala SK, Zemanová J, Wang Q, Belardinelli JM, Gao Q, Ishizaki Y, Mikušová K, Brennan PJ, Ronning DR, Chami M, Houssin C, Jackson M. Assembling of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Core. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18867-79. [PMID: 27417139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.739227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique cell wall of mycobacteria is essential to their viability and the target of many clinically used anti-tuberculosis drugs and inhibitors under development. Despite intensive efforts to identify the ligase(s) responsible for the covalent attachment of the two major heteropolysaccharides of the mycobacterial cell wall, arabinogalactan (AG) and peptidoglycan (PG), the enzyme or enzymes responsible have remained elusive. We here report on the identification of the two enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, CpsA1 (Rv3267) and CpsA2 (Rv3484), responsible for this function. CpsA1 and CpsA2 belong to the widespread LytR-Cps2A-Psr (LCP) family of enzymes that has been shown to catalyze a variety of glycopolymer transfer reactions in Gram-positive bacteria, including the attachment of wall teichoic acids to PG. Although individual cpsA1 and cpsA2 knock-outs of M. tuberculosis were readily obtained, the combined inactivation of both genes appears to be lethal. In the closely related microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum, the ortholog of cpsA1 is the only gene involved in this function, and its conditional knockdown leads to dramatic changes in the cell wall composition and morphology of the bacteria due to extensive shedding of cell wall material in the culture medium as a result of defective attachment of AG to PG. This work marks an important step in our understanding of the biogenesis of the unique cell envelope of mycobacteria and opens new opportunities for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Grzegorzewicz
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael R McNeil
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Emilie Huc-Claustre
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Victoria Jones
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Cécile Petit
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Shiva Kumar Angala
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Júlia Zemanová
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qinglan Wang
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE & MOH, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Manuel Belardinelli
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Qian Gao
- the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE & MOH, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yoshimasa Ishizaki
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, the Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 3-14-23, Japan, and
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Donald R Ronning
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Mohamed Chami
- the C-CINA Center for Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Houssin
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France,
| | - Mary Jackson
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The RipA and RipB Peptidoglycan Endopeptidases Are Individually Nonessential to Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1464-75. [PMID: 26977111 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00059-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycobacteria possess a series of Rip peptidoglycan endopeptidases that have been characterized in various levels of detail. The RipA and RipB proteins have been extensively studied and are DL-endopeptidases, and RipA has been considered essential to Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis We show here that the ripA and ripB genes are individually dispensable in M. smegmatis and that at least one of the genes must be expressed for viability. We characterized strains carrying in-frame deletion mutations of ripA and ripB and found that both mutant strains exhibited increased susceptibility to a limited number of antibiotics and to detergent but that only the ΔripA mutant displayed hypersusceptibility to lysozyme. We also constructed and characterized ΔripD and ΔripAΔripD mutants and found that the single mutant had only an intermediate lysozyme hypersusceptibility phenotype compared to that of wild-type cells while loss of ripD in the ΔripA background partially rescued the antibiotic and lysozyme phenotypes of the ΔripA mutant. IMPORTANCE We show that the RipA endopeptidase, which has been considered essential for cell division in certain mycobacteria, is not essential but that at least it or a similar protein, RipB, must be expressed by the bacteria for viability. This work is the first description of strains carrying single deletion mutations of RipA, RipB, and a novel endopeptidase-like protein, RipD.
Collapse
|
20
|
Angala SK, Belardinelli JM, Huc-Claustre E, Wheat WH, Jackson M. The cell envelope glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:361-99. [PMID: 24915502 PMCID: PMC4436706 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.925420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent. The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease in humans, is a source of unique glycoconjugates and the most distinctive feature of the biology of this organism. It is the basis of much of Mtb pathogenesis and one of the major causes of its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time, the unique structures of Mtb cell envelope glycoconjugates, their antigenicity and essentiality for mycobacterial growth provide opportunities for drug, vaccine, diagnostic and biomarker development, as clearly illustrated by recent advances in all of these translational aspects. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure and biogenesis of Mtb glycoconjugates with particular emphasis on one of the most intriguing and least understood aspect of the physiology of mycobacteria: the translocation of these complex macromolecules across the different layers of the cell envelope. It further reviews the rather impressive progress made in the last 10 years in the discovery and development of novel inhibitors targeting their biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|