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Human rhinovirus promotes STING trafficking to replication organelles to promote viral replication. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1406. [PMID: 35301296 PMCID: PMC8931115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV), like coronavirus (HCoV), are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause both upper and lower respiratory tract illness, with their replication facilitated by concentrating RNA-synthesizing machinery in intracellular compartments made of modified host membranes, referred to as replication organelles (ROs). Here we report a non-canonical, essential function for stimulator of interferon genes (STING) during HRV infections. While the canonical function of STING is to detect cytosolic DNA and activate inflammatory responses, HRV infection triggers the release of STIM1-bound STING in the ER by lowering Ca2+, thereby allowing STING to interact with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and traffic to ROs to facilitates viral replication and transmission via autophagy. Our results thus hint a critical function of STING in HRV viral replication and transmission, with possible implications for other RO-mediated RNA viruses. Evidence exists that the typically antiviral signaling mediator STING is, counterintuitively, needed for optimal human rhinovirus infection. Here the authors confirm this finding and show how human rhinovirus can reduce stored Ca2+ levels to drive this effect.
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Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T, Ivković-Jureković I, Kolarić B, Slović A, Forčić D, Tot T, Mijač M, Vraneš J. The Emerging Role of Rhinoviruses in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children - Clinical and Molecular Epidemiological Study From Croatia, 2017-2019. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2737. [PMID: 31849887 PMCID: PMC6901631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are increasingly implicated not only in mild upper respiratory tract infections, but also in more severe lower respiratory tract infections; however, little is known about species diversity and viral epidemiology of RVs among the infected children. Therefore, we investigated the rhinovirus (RV) infection prevalence over a 2-year period, compared it with prevalence patterns of other common respiratory viruses, and explored clinical and molecular epidemiology of RV infections among 590 children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in north-western and central parts of Croatia. For respiratory virus detection, nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal flocked swabs were taken from each patient and subsequently analyzed with multiplex RT-PCR. To determine the RV species in a subset of positive children, 5'UTR in RV-positive samples has been sequenced. Nucleotide sequences of referent RV strains were retrieved by searching the database with Basic Local Alignment Tool, and used to construct alignments and phylogenetic trees using MAFFT multiple sequence alignment tool and the maximum likelihood method, respectively. In our study population RV was the most frequently detected virus, diagnosed in 197 patients (33.4%), of which 60.4% was detected as a monoinfection. Median age of RV-infected children was 2.25 years, and more than half of children infected with RV (55.8%) presented with lower respiratory tract infections. Most RV cases were detected from September to December, and all three species co-circulated during the analyzed period (2017-2019). Sequence analysis based on 5'UTR region yielded 69 distinct strains; the most prevalent was RV-C (47.4%) followed by RV-A (44.7%) and RV-B (7.9%). Most of RV-A sequences formed a distinct phylogenetic group; only strains RI/HR409-18 (along with a reference strain MF978777) clustered with RV-C strains. Strains belonging to the group C were the most diverse (41.6% identity among strains), while group B was the most conserved (71.5% identity among strains). Despite such differences in strain groups (hitherto undescribed in Croatia), clinical presentation of infected children was rather similar. Our results are consistent with newer studies that investigated the etiology of acute respiratory infections, especially those focused on children with lower respiratory tract infections, where RVs should always be considered as potentially serious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Polyclinic “Dr. Zora Profozić”, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Irena Ivković-Jureković
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Children’s Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty for Dental Medicine and Healthcare/School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Branko Kolarić
- Department of Epidemiology, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slović
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forčić
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Tot
- Department of Microbiology, General Hospital Karlovac, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - Maja Mijač
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Vraneš
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Dr. Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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