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Shan S, Alanazi AH, Han Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Pro-Inflammatory Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles in the Vitreous of Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2053. [PMID: 39335566 PMCID: PMC11428929 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness, yet its molecular mechanisms are unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to dysfunction in DR, but the characteristics and functions of vitreous EVs are unclear. This study investigated the inflammatory properties of type 2 diabetic (db) vitreous EVs. EVs isolated from the vitreous of db and non-db donors were used for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunogold staining, Western blotting, and proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry. Intracellular uptake of vitreous EVs by differentiated macrophages was evaluated using ExoGlow membrane labeling, and the impact of EVs on macrophage (THP-1) activation was assessed by cytokine levels using RT-qPCR. NTA and TEM analysis of db and non-db vitreous EVs showed non-aggregated EVs with a heterogeneous size range below 200 nm. Western blot detected EV markers (Alix, Annexin V, HSP70, and Flotillin 1) and an upregulation of Cldn5 in db EVs. While the db EVs were incorporated into macrophages, treatment of THP-1 cells with db EVs significantly increased mRNA levels of TNFα and IL-1β compared to non-db EVs. Proteomic and gene enrichment analysis indicated pro-inflammatory characteristics of db EVs. Our results suggest a potential involvement of EC-derived Cldn5+ EVs in triggering inflammation, offering a novel mechanism involved and presenting a possible therapeutic avenue for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshuai Shan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Abdulaziz H. Alanazi
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Clinical Practice, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 76313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - S. Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Rajaiya J, Saha A, Zhou X, Chodosh J. Human Adenovirus Species D Interactions with Corneal Stromal Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:2505. [PMID: 34960773 PMCID: PMC8709199 DOI: 10.3390/v13122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notable among the many communicable agents known to infect the human cornea is the human adenovirus, with less than ten adenoviruses having corneal tropism out of more than 100 known types. The syndrome of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), caused principally by human adenovirus, presents acutely with epithelial keratitis, and later with stromal keratitis that can be chronic and recurrent. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular biology of adenovirus infection of corneal stromal cells, among which the fibroblast-like keratocyte is the most predominant, in order to elucidate basic pathophysiologic mechanisms of stromal keratitis in the human patient with EKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Rajaiya
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (A.S.); (X.Z.)
| | | | | | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (A.S.); (X.Z.)
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Argüeso P, Woodward AM, AbuSamra DB. The Epithelial Cell Glycocalyx in Ocular Surface Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729260. [PMID: 34497615 PMCID: PMC8419333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is the main component of the transcellular barrier located at the interface between the ocular surface epithelia and the external environment. This barrier extends up to 500 nm from the plasma membrane and projects into the tear fluid bathing the surface of the eye. Under homeostatic conditions, defense molecules in the glycocalyx, such as transmembrane mucins, resist infection. However, many pathogenic microorganisms have evolved to exploit components of the glycocalyx in order to gain access to epithelial cells and consequently exert deleterious effects. This manuscript reviews the implications of the ocular surface epithelial glycocalyx to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection. Moreover, it presents some ongoing controversies surrounding the functional relevance of the epithelial glycocalyx to ocular infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dina B AbuSamra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Adenovirus and the Cornea: More Than Meets the Eye. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020293. [PMID: 33668417 PMCID: PMC7917768 DOI: 10.3390/v13020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses cause disease at multiple mucosal sites, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, and are common agents of conjunctivitis. One site of infection that has received sparse attention is the cornea, a transparent tissue and the window of the eye. While most adenovirus infections are self-limited, corneal inflammation (keratitis) due to adenovirus can persist or recur for months to years after infection, leading to reduced vision, discomfort, and light sensitivity. Topical corticosteroids effectively suppress late adenovirus keratitis but are associated with vision-threatening side effects. In this short review, we summarize current knowledge on infection of the cornea by adenoviruses, including corneal epithelial cell receptors and determinants of corneal tropism. We briefly discuss mechanisms of stromal keratitis due to adenovirus infection, and review an emerging therapy to mitigate adenovirus corneal infections based on evolving knowledge of corneal epithelial receptor usage.
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Mystery eye: Human adenovirus and the enigma of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100826. [PMID: 31891773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Known to occur in widespread outbreaks, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a severe ocular surface infection with a strong historical association with human adenovirus (HAdV). While the conjunctival manifestations can vary from mild follicular conjunctivitis to hyper-acute, exudative conjunctivitis with formation of conjunctival membranes, EKC is distinct as the only form of adenovirus conjunctivitis in which the cornea is also involved, likely due to the specific corneal epithelial tropism of its causative viral agents. The initial development of a punctate or geographic epithelial keratitis may herald the later formation of stromal keratitis, and manifest as subepithelial infiltrates which often persist or recur for months to years after the acute infection has resolved. The chronic keratitis in EKC is associated with foreign body sensation, photophobia, glare, and reduced vision. However, over a century since the first clinical descriptions of EKC, and over 60 years since the first causative agent, human adenovirus type 8, was identified, our understanding of this disorder remains limited. This is underscored by a current lack of effective diagnostic tools and treatments. In part, stasis in our knowledge base has been encouraged by the continued acceptance, and indeed propagation of, inaccurate paradigms pertaining to disease etiology and pathogenesis, particularly with regard to mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity within the cornea. Owing to its often persistent and medically refractory visual sequelae, reconsideration of key aspects of EKC disease biology is warranted to identify new treatment targets to curb its worldwide socioeconomic burden.
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Pennington MR, Saha A, Painter DF, Gavazzi C, Ismail AM, Zhou X, Chodosh J, Rajaiya J. Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E351. [PMID: 31540200 PMCID: PMC6780103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus infection of the ocular surface is associated with severe keratoconjunctivitis and the formation of subepithelial corneal infiltrates, which may persist and impair vision for months to years following infection. Long term pathology persists well beyond the resolution of viral replication, indicating that the prolonged immune response is not virus-mediated. However, it is not clear how these responses are sustained or even initiated following infection. This review discusses recent work from our laboratory and others which demonstrates different entry pathways specific to both adenovirus and cell type. These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Amrita Saha
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - David F Painter
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Christina Gavazzi
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ashrafali M Ismail
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Culp DJ, Stewart C, Wallet SM. Oral epithelial membrane-associated mucins and transcriptional changes with Sjögren's syndrome. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1325-1334. [PMID: 30920100 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine expression and localization of membrane-associated mucins within human keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia, and to explore transcriptional changes associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Mucin transcripts and glycoproteins were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in oral keratinized (hard palate) and non-keratinized (buccal) epithelia obtained from three cadavers. Mucin transcripts assessed by quantitative PCR were compared between cells harvested by brushing buccal and palatal epithelia of 25 female primary Sjögren's syndrome patients vs 25 healthy age-matched female control subjects. RESULTS In hard palate, MUC4 is absent and MUC1 localized to deeper cell layers. Both mucins are within the apical layers of buccal epithelium. MUC15 is localized throughout all palatal cell layers and in all but the basal layer of buccal epithelia. MUC16, MUC20, and MUC21 glycoproteins are localized within all but the basal cell layer of both tissue types. In buccal cells of primary Sjögren's patients, MUC21 transcripts are down-regulated 3.4-fold and MUC20 2.6-fold. Dysregulation of select epithelial mucins may therefore contribute to xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression of multiple mucins and down-regulation in Sjögren's syndrome support further study of oral epithelial mucin physiology and pathophysiology, including their functions in hydration and lubrication of the oral mucosal pellicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Culp
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carol Stewart
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Baudouin C, Rolando M, Benitez Del Castillo JM, Messmer EM, Figueiredo FC, Irkec M, Van Setten G, Labetoulle M. Reconsidering the central role of mucins in dry eye and ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 71:68-87. [PMID: 30471351 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are key actors in tear film quality and tear film stability. Alteration of membrane-bound mucin expression on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells and/or gel-forming mucin secretion by goblet cells (GCs) promotes in ocular surface diseases and dry eye disease (DED). Changes in the mucin layer may lead to enhanced tear evaporation eventually contributing to tear hyperosmolarity which has been associated with ocular surface inflammation. Inflammatory mediators in turn may have a negative impact on GCs differentiation, proliferation, and mucin secretion. This sheds new light on the position of GCs in the vicious circle of DED. As contributor to ocular surface immune homeostasis, GC loss may contribute to impaired ocular surface immune tolerance observed in DED. In spite of this, there are no tools in routine clinical practice for exploring ocular surface mucin deficiency/dysregulation. Therefore, when selecting the most appropriate treatment options, there is a clear unmet need for a better understanding of the importance of mucins and options for their replacement. Here, we comprehensively revisited the current knowledge on ocular surface mucin biology, including functions, synthesis, and secretion as well as the available diagnostic tools and treatment options to improve mucin-associated homeostasis. In particular, we detailed the potential link between mucin dysfunction and inflammation as part of the uncontrolled chronic inflammation which perpetuates the vicious circle in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, University Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France.
| | - Maurizio Rolando
- Ocular Surface & Dry Eye Center, ISPRE Ophthalmics, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Francisco C Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Murat Irkec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Marc Labetoulle
- Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, South Paris University, Ophthalmology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Bacterial RecA Protein Promotes Adenoviral Recombination during In Vitro Infection. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00105-18. [PMID: 29925671 PMCID: PMC6010623 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00105-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are common human mucosal pathogens of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts and ocular surface. Here, we report finding Chi-like sequences in adenovirus recombination hot spots. Adenovirus coinfection in the presence of bacterial RecA protein facilitated homologous recombination between viruses. Genetic recombination led to evolution of an important external feature on the adenoviral capsid, namely, the penton base protein hypervariable loop 2, which contains the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif critical to viral internalization. We speculate that free Rec proteins present in gastrointestinal secretions upon bacterial cell death facilitate the evolution of human adenoviruses through homologous recombination, an example of viral commensalism and the complexity of virus-host interactions, including regional microbiota. Adenovirus infections in humans are common and sometimes lethal. Adenovirus-derived vectors are also commonly chosen for gene therapy in human clinical trials. We have shown in previous work that homologous recombination between adenoviral genomes of human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D), the largest and fastest growing HAdV species, is responsible for the rapid evolution of this species. Because adenovirus infection initiates in mucosal epithelia, particularly at the gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and ocular surfaces, we sought to determine a possible role for mucosal microbiota in adenovirus genome diversity. By analysis of known recombination hot spots across 38 human adenovirus genomes in species D (HAdV-D), we identified nucleotide sequence motifs similar to bacterial Chi sequences, which facilitate homologous recombination in the presence of bacterial Rec enzymes. These motifs, referred to here as ChiAD, were identified immediately 5′ to the sequence encoding penton base hypervariable loop 2, which expresses the arginine-glycine-aspartate moiety critical to adenoviral cellular entry. Coinfection with two HAdV-Ds in the presence of an Escherichia coli lysate increased recombination; this was blocked in a RecA mutant strain, E. coli DH5α, or upon RecA depletion. Recombination increased in the presence of E. coli lysate despite a general reduction in viral replication. RecA colocalized with viral DNA in HAdV-D-infected cell nuclei and was shown to bind specifically to ChiAD sequences. These results indicate that adenoviruses may repurpose bacterial recombination machinery, a sharing of evolutionary mechanisms across a diverse microbiota, and unique example of viral commensalism. IMPORTANCE Adenoviruses are common human mucosal pathogens of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts and ocular surface. Here, we report finding Chi-like sequences in adenovirus recombination hot spots. Adenovirus coinfection in the presence of bacterial RecA protein facilitated homologous recombination between viruses. Genetic recombination led to evolution of an important external feature on the adenoviral capsid, namely, the penton base protein hypervariable loop 2, which contains the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif critical to viral internalization. We speculate that free Rec proteins present in gastrointestinal secretions upon bacterial cell death facilitate the evolution of human adenoviruses through homologous recombination, an example of viral commensalism and the complexity of virus-host interactions, including regional microbiota.
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The Spl Serine Proteases Modulate Staphylococcus aureus Protein Production and Virulence in a Rabbit Model of Pneumonia. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00208-16. [PMID: 27747296 PMCID: PMC5061998 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00208-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile human pathogen that produces an array of virulence factors, including several proteases. Of these, six proteases called the Spls are the least characterized. Previous evidence suggests that the Spls are expressed during human infection; however, their function is unknown. Our study shows that the Spls are required for S. aureus to cause disseminated lung damage during pneumonia. Further, we present the first example of a human protein cut by an Spl protease. Although the Spls were predicted not to cut staphylococcal proteins, we also show that an spl mutant has altered abundance of both secreted and surface-associated proteins. This work provides novel insight into the function of Spls during infection and their potential ability to degrade both staphylococcal and human proteins. The Spl proteases are a group of six serine proteases that are encoded on the νSaβ pathogenicity island and are unique to Staphylococcus aureus. Despite their interesting biochemistry, their biological substrates and functions in virulence have been difficult to elucidate. We found that an spl operon mutant of the community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA300 strain LAC induced localized lung damage in a rabbit model of pneumonia, characterized by bronchopneumonia observed histologically. Disease in the mutant-infected rabbits was restricted in distribution compared to that in wild-type USA300-infected rabbits. We also found that SplA is able to cleave the mucin 16 glycoprotein from the surface of the CalU-3 lung cell line, suggesting a possible mechanism for wild-type USA300 spreading pneumonia to both lungs. Investigation of the secreted and surface proteomes of wild-type USA300 and the spl mutant revealed multiple alterations in metabolic proteins and virulence factors. This study demonstrates that the Spls modulate S. aureus physiology and virulence, identifies a human target of SplA, and suggests potential S. aureus targets of the Spl proteases. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a versatile human pathogen that produces an array of virulence factors, including several proteases. Of these, six proteases called the Spls are the least characterized. Previous evidence suggests that the Spls are expressed during human infection; however, their function is unknown. Our study shows that the Spls are required for S. aureus to cause disseminated lung damage during pneumonia. Further, we present the first example of a human protein cut by an Spl protease. Although the Spls were predicted not to cut staphylococcal proteins, we also show that an spl mutant has altered abundance of both secreted and surface-associated proteins. This work provides novel insight into the function of Spls during infection and their potential ability to degrade both staphylococcal and human proteins.
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