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Walter J, Eludin Z, Drabovich AP. Redefining serological diagnostics with immunoaffinity proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:42. [PMID: 37821808 PMCID: PMC10568870 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological diagnostics is generally defined as the detection of specific human immunoglobulins developed against viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases. Serological tests facilitate the detection of past infections, evaluate immune status, and provide prognostic information. Serological assays were traditionally implemented as indirect immunoassays, and their design has not changed for decades. The advantages of straightforward setup and manufacturing, analytical sensitivity and specificity, affordability, and high-throughput measurements were accompanied by limitations such as semi-quantitative measurements, lack of universal reference standards, potential cross-reactivity, and challenges with multiplexing the complete panel of human immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses. Redesign of conventional serological tests to include multiplex quantification of immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses, utilize universal reference standards, and minimize cross-reactivity and non-specific binding will facilitate the development of assays with higher diagnostic specificity. Improved serological assays with higher diagnostic specificity will enable screenings of asymptomatic populations and may provide earlier detection of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. In this review, we present the major clinical needs for serological diagnostics, overview conventional immunoassay detection techniques, present the emerging immunoassay detection technologies, and discuss in detail the advantages and limitations of mass spectrometry and immunoaffinity proteomics for serological diagnostics. Finally, we explore the design of novel immunoaffinity-proteomic assays to evaluate cell-mediated immunity and advance the sequencing of clinically relevant immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Walter
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Zicki Eludin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Wolf AS, Mitsi E, Jones S, Jochems SP, Roalfe L, Thindwa D, Meiring JE, Msefula J, Bonomali F, Makhaza Jere T, Mbewe M, Collins AM, Gordon SB, Gordon MA, Ferreira DM, French N, Goldblatt D, Heyderman RS, Swarthout TD. Quality of antibody responses by adults and young children to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation. Vaccine 2022; 40:7201-7210. [PMID: 36210249 PMCID: PMC10615833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) protects against invasive pneumococcal disease caused by vaccine-serotype (VT) Streptococcus pneumoniae by generating opsonophagocytic anti-capsular antibodies, but how vaccination protects against and reduces VT carriage is less well understood. Using serological samples from PCV-vaccinated Malawian individuals and a UK human challenge model, we explored whether antibody quality (IgG subclass, opsonophagocytic killing, and avidity) is associated with protection from carriage. Following experimental challenge of adults with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B, 3/21 PCV13-vaccinees were colonised with pneumococcus compared to 12/24 hepatitis A-vaccinated controls; PCV13-vaccination induced serotype-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2, and strong opsonophagocytic responses. However, there was no clear relationship between antibody quality and protection from carriage or carriage intensity after vaccination. Similarly, among PCV13-vaccinated Malawian infants there was no relationship between serotype-specific antibody titre or quality and carriage through exposure to circulating serotypes. Although opsonophagocytic responses were low in infants, antibody titre and avidity to circulating serotypes 19F and 6A were maintained or increased with age. These data suggest a complex relationship between antibody-mediated immunity and pneumococcal carriage, and that PCV13-driven antibody quality may mature with age and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia-Sophia Wolf
- NIHR Global Health Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Mitsi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Scott Jones
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon P. Jochems
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucy Roalfe
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deus Thindwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James E. Meiring
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Andrea M. Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Melita A. Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil French
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- NIHR Global Health Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Todd D. Swarthout
- NIHR Global Health Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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