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Cheng W, Li F, Gao Y, Yang R. Fungi and tumors: The role of fungi in tumorigenesis (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:52. [PMID: 38551162 PMCID: PMC10997370 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi inhabit different anatomic sites in the human body. Advances in omics analyses of host‑microbiome interactions have tremendously improved our understanding of the effects of fungi on human health and diseases such as tumors. Due to the significant enrichment of specific fungi in patients with malignant tumors, the associations between fungi and human cancer have attracted an increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, cancer type‑specific fungal profiles have been found in different tumor tissues. Importantly, fungi also influence tumorigenesis through multiple factors, such as host immunity and bioactive metabolites. Microbiome interactions, host factors and fungal genetic and epigenetic factors could be involved in fungal enrichment in tumor tissues and/or in the conversion from a commensal fungus to a pathogenic fungus. Exploration of the interactions of fungi with the bacterial microbiome and the host may enable them to be a target for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In the present review, the associations between fungi and human cancer, cancer type‑specific fungal profiles and the mechanisms by which fungi cause tumorigenesis were discussed. In addition, possible factors that can lead to the enrichment of fungi in tumor tissues and/or the conversion of commensal fungi to pathogenic fungi, as well as potential therapeutic and preventive strategies for tumors based on intratumoral fungi were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yunhuan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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2
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Goryunov K, Ivanov M, Kulikov A, Shevtsova Y, Burov A, Podurovskaya Y, Zubkov V, Degtyarev D, Sukhikh G, Silachev D. A Review of the Use of Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Neonatal Diseases: Current State and Problems with Translation to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2879. [PMID: 38474125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal disorders, particularly those resulting from prematurity, pose a major challenge in health care and have a significant impact on infant mortality and long-term child health. The limitations of current therapeutic strategies emphasize the need for innovative treatments. New cell-free technologies utilizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a compelling opportunity for neonatal therapy by harnessing the inherent regenerative capabilities of EVs. These nanoscale particles, secreted by a variety of organisms including animals, bacteria, fungi and plants, contain a repertoire of bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the therapeutic effects of EVs and mechanistic insights into EVs from stem cells, biological fluids and non-animal sources, with a focus on common neonatal conditions such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and necrotizing enterocolitis. This review summarizes evidence for the therapeutic potential of EVs, analyzes evidence of their mechanisms of action and discusses the challenges associated with the implementation of EV-based therapies in neonatal clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Goryunov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey Kulikov
- Medical Institute, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Yulia Shevtsova
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Artem Burov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Yulia Podurovskaya
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Victor Zubkov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Dmitry Degtyarev
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Denis Silachev
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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3
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Nenciarini S, Cavalieri D. Immunomodulatory Potential of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Insights for Therapeutic Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1487. [PMID: 37892168 PMCID: PMC10605264 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicular organelles that perform a variety of biological functions including cell communication across different biological kingdoms. EVs of mammals and, to a lesser extent, bacteria have been deeply studied over the years, whereas investigations of fungal EVs are still in their infancy. Fungi, encompassing both yeast and filamentous forms, are increasingly recognized for their production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a wealth of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These EVs play pivotal roles in orchestrating fungal communities, bolstering pathogenicity, and mediating interactions with the environment. Fungal EVs have emerged as promising candidates for innovative applications, not only in the management of mycoses but also as carriers for therapeutic molecules. Yet, numerous questions persist regarding fungal EVs, including their mechanisms of generation, release, cargo regulation, and discharge. This comprehensive review delves into the present state of knowledge regarding fungal EVs and provides fresh insights into the most recent hypotheses on the mechanisms driving their immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, we explore the considerable potential of fungal EVs in the realms of medicine and biotechnology. In the foreseeable future, engineered fungal cells may serve as vehicles for tailoring cargo- and antigen-specific EVs, positioning them as invaluable biotechnological tools for diverse medical applications, such as vaccines and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
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4
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Ullah A, Huang Y, Zhao K, Hua Y, Ullah S, Rahman MU, Wang J, Wang Q, Hu X, Zheng L. Characteristics and potential clinical applications of the extracellular vesicles of human pathogenic Fungi. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:227. [PMID: 37598156 PMCID: PMC10439556 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of lipid membrane-enclosed compartments that contain different biomolecules and are released by almost all living cells, including fungal genera. Fungal EVs contain multiple bioactive components that perform various biological functions, such as stimulation of the host immune system, transport of virulence factors, induction of biofilm formation, and mediation of host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on EVs of human pathogenic fungi, mainly focusing on their biogenesis, composition, and biological effects. We also discuss the potential markers and therapeutic applications of fungal EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ullah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kening Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuneng Hua
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Department of pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rahman
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiumei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Mierzejewska J, Kowalska P, Marlicka K, Dworakowska S, Sitkiewicz E, Trzaskowski M, Głuchowska A, Mosieniak G, Milner-Krawczyk M. Exploring Extracellular Vesicles of Probiotic Yeast as Carriers of Biologically Active Molecules Transferred to Human Intestinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11340. [PMID: 37511103 PMCID: PMC10379187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles containing various bioactive cargos-e.g., proteins, RNAs, and lipids-that are released into the environment by all cell types. They are involved in, amongst other functions, intercellular communication. This article presents studies on EVs produced by the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745. The size distribution and concentration of EVs in the liquid culture of yeast were estimated. Moreover, the vesicles of S. boulardii were tested for their cytotoxicity against three model human intestinal cell lines. This study did not show any significant negative effect of yeast EVs on these cells under tested conditions. In addition, EVs of S. boulardii were verified for their ability to internalize in vitro with human cells and transfer their cargo. The yeast vesicles were loaded with doxorubicin, an anticancer agent, and added to the cellular cultures. Subsequently, microscopic observations revealed that these EVs transferred the compound to human intestinal cell lines. A cytotoxicity test confirmed the activity of the transferred doxorubicin. Detailed information about the proteins present in EVs might be important in terms of exploring yeast EVs as carriers of active molecules. Thus, proteomic analysis of the EV content was also conducted within the present study, and it allowed the identification of 541 proteins after matching them to the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD). Altogether, this study provides strong evidence that the EVs of the probiotic CNCM I-745 strain could be considered a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kowalska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Marlicka
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara Dworakowska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sitkiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Center for Advanced Materials and Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Głuchowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Mosieniak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Milner-Krawczyk
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Trentin G, Bitencourt TA, Guedes A, Pessoni AM, Brauer VS, Pereira AK, Costa JH, Fill TP, Almeida F. Mass Spectrometry Analysis Reveals Lipids Induced by Oxidative Stress in Candida albicans Extracellular Vesicles. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1669. [PMID: 37512842 PMCID: PMC10383470 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus in healthy humans that causes infection in immunocompromised individuals through the secretion of several virulence factors. The successful establishment of infection is owing to elaborate strategies to cope with defensive molecules secreted by the host, including responses toward oxidative stress. Extracellular vesicle (EV) release is considered an alternative to the biomolecule secretory mechanism that favors fungal interactions with the host cells. During candidiasis establishment, the host environment becomes oxidative, and it impacts EV release and cargo. To simulate the host oxidative environment, we added menadione (an oxidative stress inducer) to the culture medium, and we explored C. albicans EV metabolites by metabolomics analysis. This study characterized lipidic molecules transported to an extracellular milieu by C. albicans after menadione exposure. Through Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses, we identified biomolecules transported by EVs and supernatant. The identified molecules are related to several biological processes, such as glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid pathways, which may act at different levels by tuning compound production in accordance with cell requirements that favor a myriad of adaptive responses. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the role of EVs in fungal biology and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Trentin
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Arthur Guedes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - André M Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Veronica S Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alana Kelyene Pereira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jonas Henrique Costa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
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7
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Fernandes LB, D'Souza JS, Prasad TSK, Ghag SB. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, a banana wilt pathogen. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130382. [PMID: 37207907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana is a destructive widespread disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) that ravaged banana plantations globally, incurring huge economic losses. Current knowledge demonstrates the involvement of several transcription factors, effector proteins, and small RNAs in the Foc-banana interaction. However, the precise mode of communication at the interface remains elusive. Cutting-edge research has emphasized the significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in trafficking the virulent factors modulating the host physiology and defence system. EVs are ubiquitous inter- and intra-cellular communicators across kingdoms. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of Foc EVs from methods that make use of sodium acetate, polyethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, and high-speed centrifugation. Isolated EVs were microscopically visualized using Nile red staining. Further, the EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the presence of spherical, double-membrane, vesicular structures ranging in size from 50 to 200 nm (diameter). The size was also determined using the principle based on Dynamic Light Scattering. The Foc EVs contained proteins that were separated using SDS-PAGE and ranged between 10 and 315 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of EV-specific marker proteins, toxic peptides, and effectors. The Foc EVs were found to be cytotoxic, whose toxicity increased with EVs isolated from the co-culture preparation. Taken together, a better understanding of Foc EVs and their cargo will aid in deciphering the molecular crosstalk between banana and Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle B Fernandes
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Jacinta S D'Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Siddhesh B Ghag
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India.
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8
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Oliveira BTM, Dourado TMH, Santos PWS, Bitencourt TA, Tirapelli CR, Colombo AL, Almeida F. Extracellular Vesicles from Candida haemulonii var. vulnera Modulate Macrophage Oxidative Burst. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050562. [PMID: 37233272 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Candida haemulonii species complex are multidrug-resistant emergent yeast pathogens able to cause superficial and invasive infections in risk populations. Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in the pathogenicity and virulence of several species and may perform essential functions during infections, such as carrying virulence factors that behave in two-way communications with the host, affecting survival and fungal resistance. Our study aimed to describe EV production from Candida haemulonii var. vulnera and evaluate whether murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells respond to their stimuli by generating an oxidative response after 24 h. For this purpose, reactive oxygen species detection assays demonstrated that high concentrations of yeast and EVs (1010 particles/mL) of Candida haemulonii did not change macrophage viability. However, the macrophages recognized these EVs and triggered an oxidative response through the classical NOX-2 pathway, increasing O2•- and H2O2 levels. However, this stress did not cause lipid peroxidation in the RAW 264.7 cells and neither lead to the activation of the COX-2-PGE2 pathway. Thus, our data suggest that low concentrations of C. haemulonii EVs are not recognized by the classical pathway of the oxidative burst generated by macrophages, which might be an advantage allowing the transport of virulence factors via EVs, not identified by the host immune system that could work as fine tube regulators during infections caused by C. haemulonii. In contrast, C. haemulonii var. vulnera and high EV concentrations activated microbicidal actions in macrophages. Therefore, we propose that EVs could participate in the virulence of the species and that these particles could be a source of antigens to be exploited as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Thales M H Dourado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick W S Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo L Colombo
- Special Laboratory of Mycology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
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9
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Freitas MS, Bitencourt TA, Rezende CP, Martins NS, Dourado TDMH, Tirapelli CR, Almeida F. Aspergillus fumigatus Extracellular Vesicles Display Increased Galleria mellonella Survival but Partial Pro-Inflammatory Response by Macrophages. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050541. [PMID: 37233252 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intra- and interspecies communication and are critical in host-fungus interaction, modulating inflammation and immune responses. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of Aspergillus fumigatus EVs over innate leukocytes. A. fumigatus EVs induced a partial proinflammatory response by macrophages, characterized by increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and increased gene expression of induced nitric oxide synthase and adhesion molecules. EVs induce neither NETosis in human neutrophils nor cytokine secretion by peripheral mononuclear cells. However, prior inoculation of A. fumigatus EVs in Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in increased survival after the fungal challenge. Taken together, these findings show that A. fumigatus EVs play a role in protection against fungal infection, although they induce a partial pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Silveira Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires Aparecida Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Patini Rezende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Nubia Sabrina Martins
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
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10
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Silachev DN. Study of the Molecular Mechanisms of the Therapeutic Properties of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087093. [PMID: 37108256 PMCID: PMC10138466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small biological structures that are released by cells and have important roles in intercellular communication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis N Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Suri K, D'Souza A, Huang D, Bhavsar A, Amiji M. Bacterial extracellular vesicle applications in cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2022; 22:551-566. [PMID: 36382022 PMCID: PMC9637733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy is undergoing a paradigm shift toward immunotherapy focusing on various approaches to activate the host immune system. As research to identify appropriate immune cells and activate anti-tumor immunity continues to expand, scientists are looking at microbial sources given their inherent ability to elicit an immune response. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are actively studied to control systemic humoral and cellular immune responses instead of using whole microorganisms or other types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). BEVs also provide the opportunity as versatile drug delivery carriers. Unlike mammalian EVs, BEVs have already made it to the clinic with the meningococcal vaccine (Bexsero®). However, there are still many unanswered questions in the use of BEVs, especially for chronic systemically administered immunotherapies. In this review, we address the opportunities and challenges in the use of BEVs for cancer immunotherapy and provide an outlook towards development of BEV products that can ultimately translate to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Suri
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anisha D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 20115, USA
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 20115, USA
| | - Aashray Bhavsar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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12
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Sahu SR, Bose S, Singh M, Kumari P, Dutta A, Utkalaja BG, Patel SK, Acharya N. Vaccines against candidiasis: Status, challenges and emerging opportunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1002406. [PMID: 36061876 PMCID: PMC9433539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a mycosis caused by opportunistic Candida species. The occurrence of fungal infections has considerably increased in the last few years primarily due to an increase in the number of immune-suppressed individuals. Alarming bloodstream infections due to Candida sp. are associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality, and are emerged as major healthcare concerns worldwide. Currently, chemotherapy is the sole available option for combating fungal diseases. Moreover, the emergence of resistance to these limited available anti-fungal drugs has further accentuated the concern and highlighted the need for early detection of fungal infections, identification of novel antifungal drug targets, and development of effective therapeutics and prophylactics. Thus, there is an increasing interest in developing safe and potent immune-based therapeutics to tackle fungal diseases. In this context, vaccine design and its development have a priority. Nonetheless, despite significant advances in immune and vaccine biology over time, a viable commercialized vaccine remains awaited against fungal infections. In this minireview, we enumerate various concerted efforts made till date towards the development of anti-Candida vaccines, an option with pan-fugal vaccine, vaccines in the clinical trial, challenges, and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Ranjan Sahu
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional center of Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Swagata Bose
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Premlata Kumari
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional center of Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Abinash Dutta
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhabasha Gyanadeep Utkalaja
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional center of Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Shraddheya Kumar Patel
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional center of Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Narottam Acharya
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Narottam Acharya, ;
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13
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Martínez-López R, Hernáez ML, Redondo E, Calvo G, Radau S, Pardo M, Gil C, Monteoliva L. Candida albicans Hyphal Extracellular Vesicles Are Different from Yeast Ones, Carrying an Active Proteasome Complex and Showing a Different Role in Host Immune Response. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0069822. [PMID: 35604172 PMCID: PMC9241596 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00698-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the principal causative agent of lethal fungal infections, predominantly in immunocompromised hosts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as crucial in the interaction of microorganisms with their host. Since the yeast-to-hypha transition is an important virulence trait with great impact in invasive candidiasis (IC), we have addressed the characterization of EVs secreted by hyphal cells (HEVs) from C. albicans, comparing them to yeast EVs (YEVs). YEVs comprised a larger population of bigger EVs with mainly cell wall proteins, while HEVs were smaller, in general, and had a much higher protein diversity. YEVs were able to rescue the sensitivity of a cell wall mutant against calcofluor white, presumably due to the larger amount of cell wall proteins they contained. On the other hand, HEVs also contained many cytoplasmic proteins related to protein metabolism and intracellular protein transport and the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway related to exosome biogenesis, pointing to an intracellular origin of HEVs. Interestingly, an active 20S proteasome complex was secreted exclusively in HEVs. Moreover, HEVs contained a greater number of virulence-related proteins. As for their immunogenic role, both types of EV presented immune reactivity with human sera from patients suffering invasive candidiasis; however, under our conditions, only HEVs showed a cytotoxic effect on human macrophages and could elicit the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by these macrophages. IMPORTANCE This first analysis of HEVs of C. albicans has shown clear differences between them and the YEVs of C. albicans, showing their relevance and possible use in the discovery of new diagnostic markers and treatment targets against C. albicans infections. The data obtained point to different mechanisms of biogenesis of YEVs and HEVs, as well as different involvements in cell biology and host interaction. YEVs played a more relevant role in cell wall maintenance, while HEVs were more closely related to virulence, as they had greater effects on human immune cells. Importantly, an active 20S proteosome complex was described as a fungal-EV cargo. A deeper study of its role and those of many other proteins exclusively detected in HEVs and involved in different relevant biological processes of this fungus could open up interesting new areas of research in the battle against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martínez-López
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Redondo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonja Radau
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Concha Gil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Bitencourt TA, Hatanaka O, Pessoni AM, Freitas MS, Trentin G, Santos P, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM, Alves LL, Casadevall A, Rodrigues ML, Almeida F. Fungal Extracellular Vesicles Are Involved in Intraspecies Intracellular Communication. mBio 2022; 13:e0327221. [PMID: 35012355 PMCID: PMC8749427 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03272-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates in humans. The risk of fungal diseases creates the urgent need to broaden the knowledge base regarding their pathophysiology. In this sense, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been described to convey biological information and participate in the fungus-host interaction process. We hypothesized that fungal EVs work as an additional element in the communication routes regulating fungal responses in intraspecies interaction systems. In this respect, the aim of this study was to address the gene regulation profiles prompted by fungal EVs in intraspecies recipient cells. Our data demonstrated the intraspecies uptake of EVs in pathogenic fungi, such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and the effects triggered by EVs in fungal cells. In C. albicans, we evaluated the involvement of EVs in the yeast-to-hypha transition, while in P. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus the function of EVs as stress transducers was investigated. P. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus were exposed to an inhibitor of glycosylation or UV light, respectively. The results demonstrated the role of EVs in regulating the expression of target genes and triggering phenotypic changes. The EVs treatment induced cellular proliferation and boosted the yeast to hyphal transition in C. albicans, while they enhanced stress responsiveness in A. fumigatus and P. brasiliensis, establishing a role for EVs in fungal intraspecies communication. Thus, EVs regulate fungal behavior, acting as potent message effectors, and understanding their effects and mechanism(s) of action could be exploited in antifungal therapies. IMPORTANCE Here, we report a study about extracellular vesicles (EVs) as communication mediators in fungi. Our results demonstrated the role of EVs from Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis regulating the expression of target genes and phenotypic features. We asked whether fungal EVs play a role as message effectors. We show that fungal EVs are involved in fungal interaction systems as potent message effectors, and understanding their effects and mechanisms of action could be exploited in antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires A. Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Hatanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre M. Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus S. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Trentin
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lysangela L. Alves
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Pettersen VK, Dufour A, Arrieta MC. Metaproteomic profiling of fungal gut colonization in gnotobiotic mice. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:14. [PMID: 35193703 PMCID: PMC8862486 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eukaryotic microbes can modulate mammalian host health and disease states, yet the molecular contribution of gut fungi remains nascent. We previously showed that mice exclusively colonised with fungi displayed increased sensitivity to allergic airway inflammation and had fecal metabolite profiles similar to germ-free mice. This marginal effect on the host metabolome suggested that fungi do not primarily use metabolites to modulate the host immune system. Methods To describe functional changes attributed to fungal colonisation, we performed mass spectrometry-based analyses of feces (Label-Free Quantitative; LFQ) and the small intestine (labeling with Tandem Mass Tag; TMT) of gnotobiotic mice colonised with defined consortia of twelve bacterial species, five fungal species, or both. We also evaluated the effect of microbiome perturbances on the metaproteome by analysing feces from mouse pups treated with an antibiotic or antifungal. Results We detected 6675 proteins in the mice feces, of which 3845 had determined LFQ levels. Analysis of variance showed changes in the different gnotobiotic mouse groups; specifically, 46% of 2860 bacterial, 15% of 580 fungal, and 76% of 405 mouse quantified proteins displayed differential levels. The antimicrobial treatments resulted in lasting changes in the bacterial and fungal proteomes, suggesting that the antimicrobials impacted the entire community. Fungal colonisation resulted in changes in host proteins functional in innate immunity as well as metabolism, predicting specific roles of gut fungi on host systems during early developmental stages. Several of the detected fungal proteins (3% of 1492) have been previously reported as part of extracellular vesicles and having immunomodulating properties. Using an isobaric labelling TMT approach for profiling low abundant proteins of the jejunal tissue, we confirmed that the five fungal species differentially impacted the host intestinal proteome compared to the bacterial consortium. The detected changes in mouse jejunal proteins (4% of 1514) were mainly driven by metabolic proteins. Conclusions We used quantitative proteomic profiling of gnotobiotic conditions to show how colonisation with selected fungal species impacts the host gut proteome. Our results suggest that an increased abundance of certain gut fungal species in early life may affect the developing intracellular attributes of epithelial and immune cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00163-2.
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16
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Stotz HU, Brotherton D, Inal J. Communication is key: Extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host-microbe interactions in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6358524. [PMID: 34448857 PMCID: PMC8767456 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik U Stotz
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Dominik Brotherton
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Jameel Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK.,School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, UK
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17
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Rizzo J, Wong SSW, Gazi AD, Moyrand F, Chaze T, Commere P, Novault S, Matondo M, Péhau‐Arnaudet G, Reis FCG, Vos M, Alves LR, May RC, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Aimanianda V, Janbon G. Cryptococcus extracellular vesicles properties and their use as vaccine platforms. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12129. [PMID: 34377375 PMCID: PMC8329992 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas extracellular vesicle (EV) research has become commonplace in different biomedical fields, this field of research is still in its infancy in mycology. Here we provide a robust set of data regarding the structural and compositional aspects of EVs isolated from the fungal pathogenic species Cryptococcus neoformans, C. deneoformans and C. deuterogattii. Using cutting-edge methodological approaches including cryogenic electron microscopy and cryogenic electron tomography, proteomics, and flow cytometry, we revisited cryptococcal EV features and suggest a new EV structural model, in which the vesicular lipid bilayer is covered by mannoprotein-based fibrillar decoration, bearing the capsule polysaccharide as its outer layer. About 10% of the EV population is devoid of fibrillar decoration, adding another aspect to EV diversity. By analysing EV protein cargo from the three species, we characterized the typical Cryptococcus EV proteome. It contains several membrane-bound protein families, including some Tsh proteins bearing a SUR7/PalI motif. The presence of known protective antigens on the surface of Cryptococcus EVs, resembling the morphology of encapsulated virus structures, suggested their potential as a vaccine. Indeed, mice immunized with EVs obtained from an acapsular C. neoformans mutant strain rendered a strong antibody response in mice and significantly prolonged their survival upon C. neoformans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rizzo
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes FongiquesDépartement de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR2000Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Anastasia D. Gazi
- Ultrastructural Bio‐Imaging, UTechS UBI, CNRS UMR 3528Département de Biologie cellulaire et infection, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Frédérique Moyrand
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes FongiquesDépartement de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), CNRS UMR 2000Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Pierre‐Henri Commere
- Cytometry and BiomarkersCentre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Sophie Novault
- Cytometry and BiomarkersCentre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie (MSBio), CNRS UMR 2000Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Gérard Péhau‐Arnaudet
- Ultrastructural Bio‐Imaging, UTechS UBI, CNRS UMR 3528Département de Biologie cellulaire et infection, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Flavia C. G. Reis
- Instituto Carlos ChagasFundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)CuritibaBrazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnologico em Saude (CDTS‐Fiocruz)São PauloBrazil
| | - Matthijn Vos
- NanoImaging Core FacilityCentre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | | | - Robin C. May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG)Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos ChagasFundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)CuritibaBrazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG)Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR2000Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes FongiquesDépartement de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, F‐75015ParisFrance
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18
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Kwon S, Rupp O, Brachmann A, Blum CF, Kraege A, Goesmann A, Feldbrügge M. mRNA Inventory of Extracellular Vesicles from Ustilago maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070562. [PMID: 34356940 PMCID: PMC8306574 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer diverse RNA cargo for intercellular communication. EV-associated RNAs have been found in diverse fungi and were proposed to be relevant for pathogenesis in animal hosts. In plant-pathogen interactions, small RNAs are exchanged in a cross-kingdom RNAi warfare and EVs were considered to be a delivery mechanism. To extend the search for EV-associated molecules involved in plant-pathogen communication, we have characterised the repertoire of EV-associated mRNAs secreted by the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. For this initial survey, we examined EV-enriched fractions from axenic filamentous cultures that mimic infectious hyphae. EV-associated RNAs were resistant to degradation by RNases and the presence of intact mRNAs was evident. The set of mRNAs enriched inside EVs relative to the fungal cells are functionally distinct from those that are depleted from EVs. mRNAs encoding metabolic enzymes are particularly enriched. Intriguingly, mRNAs of some known effectors and other proteins linked to virulence were also found in EVs. Furthermore, several mRNAs enriched in EVs are also upregulated during infection, suggesting that EV-associated mRNAs may participate in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seomun Kwon
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (O.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Biocenter of the LMU Munich, Genetics Section, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Christopher Frederik Blum
- Institute for Mathematical Modelling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Anton Kraege
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (O.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-81-14720
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Cai Q, He B, Wang S, Fletcher S, Niu D, Mitter N, Birch PRJ, Jin H. Message in a Bubble: Shuttling Small RNAs and Proteins Between Cells and Interacting Organisms Using Extracellular Vesicles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:497-524. [PMID: 34143650 PMCID: PMC8369896 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Communication between plant cells and interacting microorganisms requires the secretion and uptake of functional molecules to and from the extracellular environment and is essential for the survival of both plants and their pathogens. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres that deliver RNA, protein, and metabolite cargos from donor to recipient cells and participate in many cellular processes. Emerging evidencehas shown that both plant and microbial EVs play important roles in cross-kingdom molecular exchange between hosts and interacting microbes to modulate host immunity and pathogen virulence. Recent studies revealed that plant EVs function as a defense system by encasing and delivering small RNAs (sRNAs) into pathogens, thereby mediating cross-species and cross-kingdom RNA interference to silence virulence-related genes. This review focuses on the latest advances in our understanding of plant and microbial EVs and their roles in transporting regulatory molecules, especially sRNAs, between hosts and pathogens. EV biogenesis and secretion are also discussed, as EV function relies on these important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
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Srivatsav AT, Kapoor S. The Emerging World of Membrane Vesicles: Functional Relevance, Theranostic Avenues and Tools for Investigating Membrane Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:640355. [PMID: 33968983 PMCID: PMC8101706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.640355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and govern various membrane functions. Lipid organization within membrane plane dictates recruitment of specific proteins and lipids into distinct nanoclusters that initiate cellular signaling while modulating protein and lipid functions. In addition, one of the most versatile function of lipids is the formation of diverse lipid membrane vesicles for regulating various cellular processes including intracellular trafficking of molecular cargo. In this review, we focus on the various kinds of membrane vesicles in eukaryotes and bacteria, their biogenesis, and their multifaceted functional roles in cellular communication, host-pathogen interactions and biotechnological applications. We elaborate on how their distinct lipid composition of membrane vesicles compared to parent cells enables early and non-invasive diagnosis of cancer and tuberculosis, while inspiring vaccine development and drug delivery platforms. Finally, we discuss the use of membrane vesicles as excellent tools for investigating membrane lateral organization and protein sorting, which is otherwise challenging but extremely crucial for normal cellular functioning. We present current limitations in this field and how the same could be addressed to propel a fundamental and technology-oriented future for extracellular membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin T. Srivatsav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Wadhwani Research Center of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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21
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Freitas MS, Pessoni AM, Coelho C, Bonato VLD, Rodrigues ML, Casadevall A, Almeida F. Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles from Pathogenic Fungi with Innate Leukocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:89-120. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Filamentous Fungi Extracellular Vesicles. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:45-55. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Garcia-Ceron D, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA. Fungal Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:151-177. [PMID: 33779917 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are a concern in medicine and agriculture that has been exacerbated by the emergence of antifungal-resistant varieties that severely threaten human and animal health, as well as food security. This had led to the search for new and sustainable treatments for fungal diseases. Innovative solutions require a deeper understanding of the interactions between fungal pathogens and their hosts, and the key determinants of fungal virulence. Recently, a link has emerged between the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and fungal virulence that may contribute to finding new methods for fungal control. Fungal EVs carry pigments, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids and other macromolecules with similar functions as those found in EVs from other organisms, however certain fungal features, such as the fungal cell wall, impact EV release and cargo. Fungal EVs modulate immune responses in the host, have a role in cell-cell communication and transport molecules that function in virulence. Understanding the function of fungal EVs will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen interactions and may provide new and specific targets for antifungal drugs and agrichemicals.
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Puccia R. Current Status on Extracellular Vesicles from the Dimorphic Pathogenic Species of Paracoccidioides. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:19-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rizzo J, Rodrigues ML, Janbon G. Extracellular Vesicles in Fungi: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:346. [PMID: 32760680 PMCID: PMC7373726 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered much interest in the cell biology and biomedical research fields. Many studies have reported the existence of EVs in all types of living cells, including in fifteen different fungal genera. EVs play diverse biological roles, from the regulation of physiological events and response to specific environmental conditions to the mediation of highly complex interkingdom communications. This review will provide a historical perspective on EVs produced by fungi and an overview of the recent discoveries in the field. We will also review the current knowledge about EV biogenesis and cargo, their role in cell-to-cell interactions, and methods of EV analysis. Finally, we will discuss the perspectives of EVs as vehicles for the delivery of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rizzo
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to several fungal infections. The genus Aspergillus can cause increased morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapies is essential to understand the fungal biology mechanisms. Fungal EVs carry important virulence factors, thus playing pivotal roles in fungal pathophysiology. No study to date has reported EV production by Aspergillus flavus, a fungus considered to be the second most common cause of aspergillosis and relevant food contaminator found worldwide. In this study, we produced A. flavus EVs and evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of EVs on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo effects in a Galleria mellonella model. Aspergillus flavus, a ubiquitous and saprophytic fungus, is the second most common cause of aspergillosis worldwide. Several mechanisms contribute to the establishment of the fungal infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as “virulence factor delivery bags” in several fungal species, demonstrating a crucial role during the infection. In this study, we evaluated production of A. flavus EVs and their immunomodulatory functions. We verified that A. flavus EVs induce macrophages to produce inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β. Furthermore, the A. flavus EVs enhance phagocytosis and killing by macrophages and induce M1 macrophage polarization in vitro. In addition, a prior inoculation of A. flavus EVs in Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in a protective effect against the fungal infection. Our findings suggest that A. flavus EVs are biologically active and affect the interaction between A. flavus and host immune cells, priming the innate immune system to eliminate the fungal infection. Collectively, our results suggest that A. flavus EVs play a crucial role in aspergillosis. IMPORTANCE Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to several fungal infections. The genus Aspergillus can cause increased morbidity and mortality. Developing new therapies is essential to understand the fungal biology mechanisms. Fungal EVs carry important virulence factors, thus playing pivotal roles in fungal pathophysiology. No study to date has reported EV production by Aspergillus flavus, a fungus considered to be the second most common cause of aspergillosis and relevant food contaminator found worldwide. In this study, we produced A. flavus EVs and evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of EVs on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo effects in a Galleria mellonella model.
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Comparative Study of Traditional Ablative CO 2 Laser-Assisted Topical Antifungal with only Topical Antifungal for Treating Onychomycosis: A Multicenter Study. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:575-582. [PMID: 32314298 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominance of onychomycosis has been increasing recently. New medications and treatment modalities are being researched for better saturation of the antifungal agents through the nail plate topically because of the low resilience of some patients for the oral antifungal agents. Treatment of onychomycosis, mainly moderate to severe, can be very challenging, expensive, and time consuming. OBJECTIVE The objective of this clinical trial is to compare the efficacy and safety of a manually operated ablative CO2 laser combined with a topical antifungal agent in patients with onychomycosis. STUDY DESIGN We conducted an open-label controlled prospective study of 160 eligible patients randomized into control and treatment groups with a 1:1 allocation in the department of dermatology in five different hospitals in Shanghai. It was a 6-month study where both groups were treated with a topical antifungal agent, with the treatment group also receiving ablation by the traditional CO2 laser once a month for the first 3 months. RESULTS The clinical efficacy and mycological cure rate were significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the treatment group. Three (3.75%) patients from the control group and 18 (25%) patients from the treatment group achieved complete nail clearance along with negative potassium hydroxide and negative culture (primary endpoint) results at 24 weeks. Mycological clearance with at least moderate nail clearance (secondary endpoint) for the treatment group was also significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the laser treatment group. The laser treatment was mildly painful but tolerable by the patients. No drug interactions for both groups were encountered. CONCLUSIONS The ablative CO2 laser is a primitive yet effective modality to be considered for the delivery of topical antifungal agents for the management of mild-to-severe onychomycosis. The laser has good tolerance in patients and is a common equipment found in most dermatology units even those without the latest medical technology.
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