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Jacoby ML, Hogg GD, Assaad MR, Williamson KE. Seasonal trends in lysogeny in an Appalachian oak-hickory forest soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0140823. [PMID: 38084945 PMCID: PMC10807418 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01408-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1989, investigations into viral ecology have revealed how bacteriophages can influence microbial dynamics within ecosystems at global scales. Most of the information we know about temperate phages, which can integrate themselves into the host genome and remain dormant via a process called lysogeny, has come from research in aquatic ecosystems. Soil environments remain under-studied, and more research is necessary to fully understand the range of impacts phage infections have on the soil bacteria they infect. The aims of this study were to compare the efficacy of different prophage-inducing agents and to elucidate potential temporal trends in lysogeny within a soil bacterial community. In addition to mitomycin C and acyl-homoserine lactones, our results indicated that halosulfuron methyl herbicides may also be potent inducing agents. In optimizing chemical induction assays, we determined that taking steps to reduce background virus particles and starve cells was critical in obtaining consistent results. A clear seasonal trend in inducible lysogeny was observed in an Appalachian oak-hickory forest soil. The average monthly air temperature was negatively correlated with inducible fraction and burst size, supporting the idea that lysogeny provides a mechanism for phage persistence when temperatures are low and host metabolism is slower. Furthermore, the inducible fraction was negatively correlated with both soil bacterial and soil viral abundance, supporting the idea that lysogeny provides a mechanism for temperate phage persistence when host density is lower. The present study is the first of its kind to reveal clear seasonal trends in inducible lysogeny in any soil.IMPORTANCELysogeny is a relationship in which certain viruses that infect bacteria (phages) may exist within their bacterial host cell as a segment of nucleic acid. In this state, the phage genome is protected from environmental damage and retains the potential to generate progeny particles in the future. It is thought that lysogeny provides a mechanism for long-term persistence for phages when host density is low or hosts are starved-two conditions likely to be found in soils. In the present study, we provide the first known evidence for a seasonal trend in lysogeny in a forest soil. Based on clear relationships observed between lysogeny, temperature, and soil microbial abundance, we find support for previous hypotheses regarding the factors governing lysogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaina L. Jacoby
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Graham D. Hogg
- American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Kurt E. Williamson
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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Cornell CR, Zhang Y, Ning D, Xiao N, Wagle P, Xiao X, Zhou J. Land use conversion increases network complexity and stability of soil microbial communities in a temperate grassland. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:2210-2220. [PMID: 37833523 PMCID: PMC10689820 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Soils harbor highly diverse microbial communities that are critical to soil health, but agriculture has caused extensive land use conversion resulting in negative effects on critical ecosystem processes. However, the responses and adaptations of microbial communities to land use conversion have not yet been understood. Here, we examined the effects of land conversion for long-term crop use on the network complexity and stability of soil microbial communities over 19 months. Despite reduced microbial biodiversity in comparison with native tallgrass prairie, conventionally tilled (CT) cropland significantly increased network complexity such as connectivity, connectance, average clustering coefficient, relative modularity, and the number of species acting at network hubs and connectors as well as resulted in greater temporal variation of complexity indices. Molecular ecological networks under CT cropland became significantly more robust and less vulnerable, overall increasing network stability. The relationship between network complexity and stability was also substantially strengthened due to land use conversion. Lastly, CT cropland decreased the number of relationships between network structure and environmental properties instead being strongly correlated to management disturbances. These results indicate that agricultural disturbance generally increases the complexity and stability of species "interactions", possibly as a trade-off for biodiversity loss to support ecosystem function when faced with frequent agricultural disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Cornell
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Daliang Ning
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Naijia Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Pradeep Wagle
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Oklahoma and Central Plains Agricultural Research Center, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok, USA.
- School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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3
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Santos-Medellín C, Blazewicz SJ, Pett-Ridge J, Firestone MK, Emerson JB. Viral but not bacterial community successional patterns reflect extreme turnover shortly after rewetting dry soils. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1809-1822. [PMID: 37770548 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
As central members of soil trophic networks, viruses have the potential to drive substantial microbial mortality and nutrient turnover. Pinpointing viral contributions to terrestrial ecosystem processes remains a challenge, as temporal dynamics are difficult to unravel in the spatially and physicochemically heterogeneous soil environment. In Mediterranean grasslands, the first rainfall after seasonal drought provides an ecosystem reset, triggering microbial activity during a tractable window for capturing short-term dynamics. Here, we simulated precipitation in microcosms from four distinct dry grassland soils and generated 144 viromes, 84 metagenomes and 84 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon datasets to characterize viral, prokaryotic and relic DNA dynamics over 10 days. Vastly different viral communities in each soil followed remarkably similar successional trajectories. Wet-up triggered a significant increase in viral richness, followed by extensive compositional turnover. Temporal succession in prokaryotic communities was much less pronounced, perhaps suggesting differences in the scales of activity captured by viromes (representing recently produced, ephemeral viral particles) and total DNA. Still, differences in the relative abundances of Actinobacteria (enriched in dry soils) and Proteobacteria (enriched in wetted soils) matched those of their predicted phages, indicating viral predation of dominant bacterial taxa. Rewetting also rapidly depleted relic DNA, which subsequently reaccumulated, indicating substantial new microbial mortality in the days after wet-up, particularly of the taxa putatively under phage predation. Production of abundant, diverse viral particles via microbial host cell lysis appears to be a conserved feature of the early response to soil rewetting, and results suggest the potential for 'Cull-the-Winner' dynamics, whereby viruses infect and cull but do not decimate dominant host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J Blazewicz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Life & Environmental Sciences Department, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary K Firestone
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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4
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Naumova N, Barsukov P, Baturina O, Rusalimova O, Kabilov M. West-Siberian Chernozem: How Vegetation and Tillage Shape Its Bacteriobiome. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2431. [PMID: 37894089 PMCID: PMC10609427 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing soil biodiversity using reduced tillage is a popular approach, yet soil bacteriobiomes in the agroecosystems of Siberia has been scarcely studied, especially as they are related to tillage. We studied bacteriobiomes in Chernozem under natural steppe vegetation and cropped for wheat using conventional or no tillage in a long-term field trial in the Novosibirsk region, Russia, by using the sequence diversity of the V3/V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria summarily accounted for 80% of the total number of sequences, with Actinobacteria alone averaging 51%. The vegetation (natural vs. crop) and tillage (ploughed vs. no-till) affected the bacterial relative abundance at all taxonomic levels and many taxa, e.g., hundreds of OTUs. However, such changes did not translate into α-biodiversity changes, i.e., observed and potential OTUs' richness, Shannon, and Simpson, excepting the slightly higher evenness and equitability in the top 0-5 cm of the undisturbed soil. As for the β-biodiversity, substituting conventional ploughing with no tillage and maintaining the latter for 12 years notably shifted the soil bacteriobiome closer to the one in the undisturbed soil. This study, presenting the first inventory of soil bacteriobiomes under different tillage in the south of West Siberia, underscores the need to investigate the seasonality and longevity aspects of tillage, especially as they are related to crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Naumova
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Pavel Barsukov
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Olga Baturina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Olga Rusalimova
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (P.B.); (O.R.)
| | - Marsel Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.B.); (M.K.)
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Song A, Peng J, Si Z, Xu D, Sun M, Zhang J, Wang S, Wang E, Bi J, Chong F, Fan F. Metagenomics reveals the increased antibiotics resistome through prokaryote rather than virome after overuse of rare earth element compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160704. [PMID: 36481142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) are extensively exploited in the agricultural ecosystems due to their various beneficial roles on plant growth. However, the ecotoxicological effects and environmental risk of REE are poorly assessed. Here, we investigated the effects of lanthanum and cerium nitrate on soil prokaryote and viral metal resistance genes (MRGs) and antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) using a metagenomic-based approach. We found that relative abundances of prokaryote phyla Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi decreased with increasing of both REE compounds. In addition, low level REE nitrate (0.05 and 0.1 mmol kg-1 soil) inhibited the viral family Phycodanaviridae, Rudiviridae, Schitoviridae, whereas high level (0.16 and 0.32 mmol kg-1 soil) REE nitrate suppressed the viral family Herelleviridae, Iridoviridae, Podoviridae. ARGs were not significantly affected by low level of REE nitrate. However, high level of both REEs nitrate increased the abundances of dominant prokaryote genes resisting to most of the drug classes, such as aminoglycoside, elfamycin, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, rifamycin. Abundance of MRGs in prokaryote did not change consistently with REE nitrate compound type and input rate. MRGs were only partially detected in the virome in some of the treatments, while ARGs was not detected in virome. Together, we demonstrated that overuse of REE nitrate in agriculture would increase the risk of dissemination of ARGs through prokaryotes but not virus, although viral community was substantially shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Si
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Duanyang Xu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Enzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fayao Chong
- China North Rare Earth Hi Tech Co., Ltd., Baotou 014030, China
| | - Fenliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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6
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Jansson JK. Soil viruses: Understudied agents of soil ecology. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:143-146. [PMID: 36271323 PMCID: PMC10100255 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Jansson
- Department of Biosciences, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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7
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Roux S, Emerson JB. Diversity in the soil virosphere: to infinity and beyond? Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:1025-1035. [PMID: 35644779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are key members of Earth's microbiomes, shaping microbial community composition and metabolism. Here, we describe recent advances in 'soil viromics', that is, virus-focused metagenome and metatranscriptome analyses that offer unprecedented windows into the soil virosphere. Given the emerging picture of high soil viral activity, diversity, and dynamics over short spatiotemporal scales, we then outline key eco-evolutionary processes that we hypothesize are the major diversity drivers for soil viruses. We argue that a community effort is needed to establish a 'global soil virosphere atlas' that can be used to address the roles of viruses in soil microbiomes and terrestrial biogeochemical cycles across spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roux
- DOE (Department of Energy) Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Sood U, Dhingra GG, Anand S, Hira P, Kumar R, Kaur J, Verma M, Singhvi N, Lal S, Rawat CD, Singh VK, Kaur J, Verma H, Tripathi C, Singh P, Dua A, Saxena A, Phartyal R, Jayaraj P, Makhija S, Gupta R, Sahni S, Nayyar N, Abraham JS, Somasundaram S, Lata P, Solanki R, Mahato NK, Prakash O, Bala K, Kumari R, Toteja R, Kalia VC, Lal R. Microbial Journey: Mount Everest to Mars. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:323-337. [PMID: 35974919 PMCID: PMC9375815 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A rigorous exploration of microbial diversity has revealed its presence on Earth, deep oceans, and vast space. The presence of microbial life in diverse environmental conditions, ranging from moderate to extreme temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen, radiations, and altitudes, has provided the necessary impetus to search for them by extending the limits of their habitats. Microbiology started as a distinct science in the mid-nineteenth century and has provided inputs for the betterment of mankind during the last 150 years. As beneficial microbes are assets and pathogens are detrimental, studying both have its own merits. Scientists are nowadays working on illustrating the microbial dynamics in Earth's subsurface, deep sea, and polar regions. In addition to studying the role of microbes in the environment, the microbe-host interactions in humans, animals and plants are also unearthing newer insights that can help us to improve the health of the host by modulating the microbiota. Microbes have the potential to remediate persistent organic pollutants. Antimicrobial resistance which is a serious concern can also be tackled only after monitoring the spread of resistant microbes using disciplines of genomics and metagenomics The cognizance of microbiology has reached the top of the world. Space Missions are now looking for signs of life on the planets (specifically Mars), the Moon and beyond them. Among the most potent pieces of evidence to support the existence of life is to look for microbial, plant, and animal fossils. There is also an urgent need to deliberate and communicate these findings to layman and policymakers that would help them to take an adequate decision for better health and the environment around us. Here, we present a glimpse of recent advancements by scientists from around the world, exploring and exploiting microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Sood
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shailly Anand
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Princy Hira
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Bihar India
| | | | - Mansi Verma
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sukanya Lal
- Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Priya Singh
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Dua
- Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Saxena
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Perumal Jayaraj
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Makhija
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Nayyar
- Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Pushp Lata
- Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Solanki
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Mahato
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand India
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra India
| | - Kiran Bala
- Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Ravi Toteja
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Rup Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Soil Mycobiome Diversity under Different Tillage Practices in the South of West Siberia. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081169. [PMID: 36013348 PMCID: PMC9409700 DOI: 10.3390/life12081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Managing soil biodiversity by reduced or no tillage is an increasingly popular approach. Soil mycobiome in Siberian agroecosystems has been scarcely studied; little is known about its changes due to tillage. We studied mycobiome in Chernozem under natural steppe vegetation and cropped for wheat by conventional or no tillage in a long-term field trial in West Siberia, Russia, by using ITS2 rDNA gene marker (Illumina MiSeq sequencing). Half of the identified OTUs were Ascomycota with 82% of the total number of sequence reads and showing, like other phyla (Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota), field-related differential abundance. Several dominant genera (Mortierella, Chaetomium, Clonostachys, Gibberella, Fusarium, and Hypocrea) had increased abundance in both cropped soils as compared with the undisturbed one and therefore can be safely assumed to be associated with wheat residues. Fungal OTUs' richness in cropped soils was less than in the undisturbed one; however, no tillage shifted soil mycobiome composition closer to the latter, albeit, it was still similar to the ploughed soil, despite different organic matter and wheat residue content. The study provided the first inventory of soil mycobiome under different tillage treatments in the south of West Siberia, where wheat production is an important section of the regional economy.
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