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Ochsner SA, Pillich RT, Rawool D, Grethe JS, McKenna NJ. Transcriptional regulatory networks of circulating immune cells in type 1 diabetes: A community knowledgebase. iScience 2022; 25:104581. [PMID: 35832893 PMCID: PMC9272393 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigator-generated transcriptomic datasets interrogating circulating immune cell (CIC) gene expression in clinical type 1 diabetes (T1D) have underappreciated re-use value. Here, we repurposed these datasets to create an open science environment for the generation of hypotheses around CIC signaling pathways whose gain or loss of function contributes to T1D pathogenesis. We firstly computed sets of genes that were preferentially induced or repressed in T1D CICs and validated these against community benchmarks. We then inferred and validated signaling node networks regulating expression of these gene sets, as well as differentially expressed genes in the original underlying T1D case:control datasets. In a set of three use cases, we demonstrated how informed integration of these networks with complementary digital resources supports substantive, actionable hypotheses around signaling pathway dysfunction in T1D CICs. Finally, we developed a federated, cloud-based web resource that exposes the entire data matrix for unrestricted access and re-use by the research community. Re-use of transcriptomic type 1 diabetes (T1D) circulating immune cells (CICs) datasets We generated transcriptional regulatory networks for T1D CICs Use cases generate substantive hypotheses around signaling pathway dysfunction in T1D CICs Networks are freely accessible on the web for re-use by the research community
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Ochsner
- Department of Molecular, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rudolf T. Pillich
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Deepali Rawool
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Grethe
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neil J. McKenna
- Department of Molecular, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author
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2
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Chan L, Karimi N, Morovati S, Alizadeh K, Kakish JE, Vanderkamp S, Fazel F, Napoleoni C, Alizadeh K, Mehrani Y, Minott JA, Bridle BW, Karimi K. The Roles of Neutrophils in Cytokine Storms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112318. [PMID: 34835125 PMCID: PMC8624379 DOI: 10.3390/v13112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytokine storm is an abnormal discharge of soluble mediators following an inappropriate inflammatory response that leads to immunopathological events. Cytokine storms can occur after severe infections as well as in non-infectious situations where inflammatory cytokine responses are initiated, then exaggerated, but fail to return to homeostasis. Neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and natural killer cells are among the innate leukocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis of cytokine storms. Neutrophils participate as mediators of inflammation and have roles in promoting homeostatic conditions following pathological inflammation. This review highlights the advances in understanding the mechanisms governing neutrophilic inflammation against viral and bacterial pathogens, in cancers, and in autoimmune diseases, and how neutrophils could influence the development of cytokine storm syndromes. Evidence for the destructive potential of neutrophils in their capacity to contribute to the onset of cytokine storm syndromes is presented across a multitude of clinical scenarios. Further, a variety of potential therapeutic strategies that target neutrophils are discussed in the context of suppressing multiple inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Negar Karimi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-4897, Iran;
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran;
| | - Kasra Alizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Julia E. Kakish
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Sierra Vanderkamp
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Fatemeh Fazel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Christina Napoleoni
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Kimia Alizadeh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-4897, Iran;
| | - Jessica A. Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.C.); (J.E.K.); (S.V.); (F.F.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
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3
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Role of neutrophils in acute viral infection. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1186-1196. [PMID: 34472718 PMCID: PMC8589350 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play multiple roles in acute viral infections. They restrict viral replication and diffusion through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst, secretion of cytokines, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, as well as, activate the adaptive immune response. However, the overactivation of neutrophils may cause tissue damage and lead to poor outcomes. Additionally, some characteristics and functions of neutrophils, such as cell number, lifespan, and antiviral capability, can be influenced while eliminating viruses. This review provides a general description of the protective and pathological roles of neutrophils in acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuluan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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A Fragile Balance: Does Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Drive Pulmonary Disease Progression? Cells 2021; 10:cells10081932. [PMID: 34440701 PMCID: PMC8394734 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils act as the first line of defense during infection and inflammation. Once activated, they are able to fulfil numerous tasks to fight inflammatory insults while keeping a balanced immune response. Besides well-known functions, such as phagocytosis and degranulation, neutrophils are also able to release "neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs). In response to most stimuli, the neutrophils release decondensed chromatin in a NADPH oxidase-dependent manner decorated with histones and granule proteins, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathelicidins. Although primarily supposed to prevent microbial dissemination and fight infections, there is increasing evidence that an overwhelming NET response correlates with poor outcome in many diseases. Lung-related diseases especially, such as bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aspergillosis, influenza, and COVID-19, are often affected by massive NET formation. Highly vascularized areas as in the lung are susceptible to immunothrombotic events promoted by chromatin fibers. Keeping this fragile equilibrium seems to be the key for an appropriate immune response. Therapies targeting dysregulated NET formation might positively influence many disease progressions. This review highlights recent findings on the pathophysiological influence of NET formation in different bacterial, viral, and non-infectious lung diseases and summarizes medical treatment strategies.
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Zhou A, Dong X, Liu M, Tang B. Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Novel Antiviral Factors Against Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632798. [PMID: 34367124 PMCID: PMC8337049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has a higher genetic variation, leading to the poor efficiency of traditional vaccine and antiviral strategies targeting viral proteins. Therefore, developing broad-spectrum antiviral treatments is particularly important. Host responses to IAV infection provide a promising approach to identify antiviral factors involved in virus infection as potential molecular drug targets. In this study, in order to better illustrate the molecular mechanism of host responses to IAV and develop broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we systematically analyzed mRNA expression profiles of host genes in a variety of human cells, including transformed and primary epithelial cells infected with different subtypes of IAV by mining 35 microarray datasets from the GEO database. The transcriptomic results showed that IAV infection resulted in the difference in expression of amounts of host genes in all cell types, especially those genes participating in immune defense and antiviral response. In addition, following the criteria of P<0.05 and |logFC|≥1.5, we found that some difference expression genes were overlapped in different cell types under IAV infection via integrative gene network analysis. IFI6, IFIT2, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2, GBP1, IFIT3, IFITM1, LAMP3, USP18, and CXCL10 might act as key antiviral factors in alveolar basal epithelial cells against IAV infection, while BATF2, CXCL10, IFI44L, IL6, and OAS2 played important roles in airway epithelial cells in response to different subtypes of IAV infection. Additionally, we also revealed that some overlaps (BATF2, IFI44L, IFI44, HERC5, CXCL10, OAS2, IFIT3, USP18, OAS1, IFIT2) were commonly upregulated in human primary epithelial cells infected with high or low pathogenicity IAV. Moreover, there were similar defense responses activated by IAV infection, including the interferon-regulated signaling pathway in different phagocyte types, although the differentially expressed genes in different phagocyte types showed a great difference. Taken together, our findings will help better understand the fundamental patterns of molecular responses induced by highly or lowly pathogenic IAV, and the overlapped genes upregulated by IAV in different cell types may act as early detection markers or broad-spectrum antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Dong
- College of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Basic Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, China
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6
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Bai B, Xu Z, Hu Y, Qu M, Cheng J, Luo S, Yao Z, Gao H, Ma Y, Gao R, Hou J, Xin S, Mao P. Patient hematology during hospitalization for viral pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 agents: a retrospective study. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:45. [PMID: 33990223 PMCID: PMC8120019 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hematological comparison of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and other viral pneumonias can provide insights into COVID-19 treatment. Methods In this retrospective case–control single-center study, we compared the data of 126 patients with viral pneumonia during different outbreaks [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, influenza A (H1N1) in 2009, human adenovirus type 7 in 2018, and COVID-19 in 2020]. Results One of the COVID-19 characteristics was a continuous decline in the hemoglobin level. The neutrophil count was related to the aggravation of COVID-19 and SARS. Thrombocytopenia occurred in patients with SARS and severe COVID-19 even at the recovery stage. Lymphocytes were related to the entire course of adenovirus infection, recovery of COVID-19, and disease development of SARS. Conclusions Dynamic changes in hematological counts could provide a reference for the pathogenesis and prognosis of pneumonia caused by respiratory viruses in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Mengmeng Qu
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shengdong Luo
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zengtao Yao
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yenv Ma
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Research Center of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, 100 Middle Street of 4th West Ring Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
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7
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Latino I, Gonzalez SF. Spatio-temporal profile of innate inflammatory cells and mediators during influenza virus infection. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8028725. [PMID: 31612153 PMCID: PMC6757286 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8028725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a serious threat to humans and animals, with the potential to cause severe pneumonia and death. Annual vaccination strategies are a mainstay to prevent complications related to influenza. However, protection from the emerging subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAV) even in vaccinated individuals is challenging. Innate immune cells are the first cells to respond to IAV infection in the respiratory tract. Virus replication-induced production of cytokines from airway epithelium recruits innate immune cells to the site of infection. These leukocytes, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, become activated in response to IAV, to contain the virus and protect the airway epithelium while triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system. This review addresses different anti-influenza virus schemes of innate immune cells and how these cells fine-tune the balance between immunoprotection and immunopathology during IAV infection. Detailed understanding on how these innate responders execute anti-influenza activity will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to halt IAV replication and associated immunopathology.
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9
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Rudd JM, Pulavendran S, Ashar HK, Ritchey JW, Snider TA, Malayer JR, Marie M, Chow VTK, Narasaraju T. Neutrophils Induce a Novel Chemokine Receptors Repertoire During Influenza Pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:108. [PMID: 31041196 PMCID: PMC6476945 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated host innate immune responses have been implicated in severe influenza pneumonia. We have previously demonstrated that excessive neutrophils recruited during influenza infection drive pulmonary pathology through induction of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and release of extracellular histones. Chemokine receptors (CRs) are essential in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Although neutrophils have been implicated in influenza pathogenesis, little is known about their phenotypic changes, including expression of CRs occurring in the infected -lung microenvironment. Here, we examined CC and CXC CRs detection in circulating as well as lung-recruited neutrophils during influenza infection in mice using flow cytometry analyses. Our studies revealed that lung-recruited neutrophils displayed induction of CRs, including CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CXCR1, CXCR3, and CXCR4, all of which were marginally induced in circulating neutrophils. CXCR2 was the most predominant CR observed in both circulating and lung-infiltrated neutrophils after infection. The stimulation of these induced CRs modulated neutrophil phagocytic activity, ligand-specific neutrophil migration, bacterial killing, and NETs induction ex vivo. These findings indicate that neutrophils induce a novel CR repertoire in the infectious lung microenvironment, which alters their functionality during influenza pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rudd
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Sivasami Pulavendran
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Harshini K Ashar
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jerry R Malayer
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Montelongo Marie
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teluguakula Narasaraju
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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10
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Stegelmeier AA, van Vloten JP, Mould RC, Klafuric EM, Minott JA, Wootton SK, Bridle BW, Karimi K. Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation. Viruses 2019; 11:E168. [PMID: 30791481 PMCID: PMC6410039 DOI: 10.3390/v11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells represent a diverse range of innate leukocytes that are crucial for mounting successful immune responses against viruses. These cells are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thereby initiating a signaling cascade that results in the production of cytokines such as interferons to mitigate infections. The aim of this review is to outline recent advances in our knowledge of the roles that neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes play in initiating and coordinating host responses against viral infections. A focus is placed on myeloid cell development, trafficking and antiviral mechanisms. Although known for promoting inflammation, there is a growing body of literature which demonstrates that myeloid cells can also play critical regulatory or immunosuppressive roles, especially following the elimination of viruses. Additionally, the ability of myeloid cells to control other innate and adaptive leukocytes during viral infections situates these cells as key, yet under-appreciated mediators of pathogenic inflammation that can sometimes trigger cytokine storms. The information presented here should assist researchers in integrating myeloid cell biology into the design of novel and more effective virus-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert C Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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