1
|
Chiarelli DP, Sharma BD, Hon S, Bergamo LW, Lynd LR, Olson DG. Expression and characterization of monofunctional alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in Clostridium thermocellum. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 19:e00243. [PMID: 39040142 PMCID: PMC11260334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermocellum is a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium that could be used for cellulosic biofuel production due to its strong native ability to consume cellulose, however its ethanol production ability needs to be improved to enable commercial application. In our previous strain engineering work, we observed a spontaneous mutation in the native adhE gene that reduced ethanol production. Here we attempted to complement this mutation by heterologous expression of 18 different alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) genes. We were able to express all of them successfully in C. thermocellum. Surprisingly, however, none of them increased ethanol production, and several actually decreased it. Our findings contribute to understanding the correlation between C. thermocellum ethanol production and Adh enzyme cofactor preferences. The identification of a set of adh genes that can be successfully expressed in this organism provides a foundation for future investigations into how the properties of Adh enzymes affect ethanol production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Prates Chiarelli
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bishal Dev Sharma
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Shuen Hon
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luana Walravens Bergamo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lee R. Lynd
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel G. Olson
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mazzoli R, Pescarolo S, Gilli G, Gilardi G, Valetti F. Hydrogen production pathways in Clostridia and their improvement by metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108379. [PMID: 38754796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Biological production of hydrogen has a tremendous potential as an environmentally sustainable technology to generate a clean fuel. Among the different available methods to produce biohydrogen, dark fermentation features the highest productivity and can be used as a means to dispose of organic waste biomass. Within this approach, Clostridia have the highest theoretical H2 production yield. Nonetheless, most strains show actual yields far lower than the theoretical maximum: improving their efficiency becomes necessary for achieving cost-effective fermentation processes. This review aims at providing a survey of the metabolic network involved in H2 generation in Clostridia and strategies used to improve it through metabolic engineering. Together with current achievements, a number of future perspectives to implement these results will be illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzoli
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Pescarolo
- Biology applied to the environment, Laboratories of microbiology and ecotoxicology, Ecobioqual, Environment Park. Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Valetti
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Daley SR, Kirby S, Sparling R. Adaptive evolution of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 on alternate carbon sources leads to altered fermentation profiles. Can J Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38832648 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Consolidated bioprocessing candidate, Clostridium thermocellum, is a cellulose hydrolysis specialist, with the ability to ferment the released sugars to produce bioethanol. C. thermocellum is generally studied with model substrates Avicel and cellobiose to understand the metabolic pathway leading to ethanol. In the present study, adaptive laboratory evolution, allowing C. thermocellum DSM 1237 to adapt to growth on glucose, fructose, and sorbitol, with the prospect that some strains will adapt their metabolism to yield more ethanol. Adaptive growth on glucose and sorbitol resulted in an approximately 1 mM and 2 mM increase in ethanol yield per millimolar glucose equivalent, respectively, accompanied by a shift in the production of the other expected fermentation end products. The increase in ethanol yield observed for sorbitol adapted cells was due to the carbon source being more reduced compared to cellobiose. Glucose and cellobiose have similar oxidation states thus the increase in ethanol yield is due to the rerouting of electrons from other reduced metabolic products excluding H2 which did not decrease in yield. There was no increase in ethanol yield observed for fructose adapted cells, but there was an unanticipated elimination of formate production, also observed in sorbitol adapted cells suggesting that fructose has regulatory implications on formate production either at the transcription or protein level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve R Daley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Samantha Kirby
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richard Sparling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chou KJ, Croft T, Hebdon SD, Magnusson LR, Xiong W, Reyes LH, Chen X, Miller EJ, Riley DM, Dupuis S, Laramore KA, Keller LM, Winkelman D, Maness PC. Engineering the cellulolytic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, to co-utilize hemicellulose. Metab Eng 2024; 83:193-205. [PMID: 38631458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic biomass holds promise to realize economic production of second-generation biofuels/chemicals, and Clostridium thermocellum is a leading candidate for CBP due to it being one of the fastest degraders of crystalline cellulose and lignocellulosic biomass. However, CBP by C. thermocellum is approached with co-cultures, because C. thermocellum does not utilize hemicellulose. When compared with a single-species fermentation, the co-culture system introduces unnecessary process complexity that may compromise process robustness. In this study, we engineered C. thermocellum to co-utilize hemicellulose without the need for co-culture. By evolving our previously engineered xylose-utilizing strain in xylose, an evolved clonal isolate (KJC19-9) was obtained and showed improved specific growth rate on xylose by ∼3-fold and displayed comparable growth to a minimally engineered strain grown on the bacteria's naturally preferred substrate, cellobiose. To enable full xylan deconstruction to xylose, we recombinantly expressed three different β-xylosidase enzymes originating from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum into KJC19-9 and demonstrated growth on xylan with one of the enzymes. This recombinant strain was capable of co-utilizing cellulose and xylan simultaneously, and we integrated the β-xylosidase gene into the KJC19-9 genome, creating the KJCBXint strain. The strain, KJC19-9, consumed monomeric xylose but accumulated xylobiose when grown on pretreated corn stover, whereas the final KJCBXint strain showed significantly greater deconstruction of xylan and xylobiose. This is the first reported C. thermocellum strain capable of degrading and assimilating hemicellulose polysaccharide while retaining its cellulolytic capabilities, unlocking significant potential for CBP in advancing the bioeconomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Chou
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA.
| | - Trevor Croft
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Skyler D Hebdon
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Lauren R Magnusson
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Luis H Reyes
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA; Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Emily J Miller
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Danielle M Riley
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Sunnyjoy Dupuis
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Kathrin A Laramore
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Lisa M Keller
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Dirk Winkelman
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| | - Pin-Ching Maness
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80228, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Callaghan MM, Thusoo E, Sharma BD, Getahun F, Stevenson DM, Maranas C, Olson DG, Lynd LR, Amador-Noguez D. Deuterated water as a substrate-agnostic isotope tracer for investigating reversibility and thermodynamics of reactions in central carbon metabolism. Metab Eng 2023; 80:254-266. [PMID: 37923005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope tracers are a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of microbial metabolism, enabling pathway elucidation, metabolic flux quantification, and assessment of reaction and pathway thermodynamics. 13C and 2H metabolic flux analysis commonly relies on isotopically labeled carbon substrates, such as glucose. However, the use of 2H-labeled nutrient substrates faces limitations due to their high cost and limited availability in comparison to 13C-tracers. Furthermore, isotope tracer studies in industrially relevant bacteria that metabolize complex substrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignocellulosic biomass, are challenging given the difficulty in obtaining these as isotopically labeled substrates. In this study, we examine the potential of deuterated water (2H2O) as an affordable, substrate-neutral isotope tracer for studying central carbon metabolism. We apply 2H2O labeling to investigate the reversibility of glycolytic reactions across three industrially relevant bacterial species -C. thermocellum, Z. mobilis, and E. coli-harboring distinct glycolytic pathways with unique thermodynamics. We demonstrate that 2H2O labeling recapitulates previous reversibility and thermodynamic findings obtained with established 13C and 2H labeled nutrient substrates. Furthermore, we exemplify the utility of this 2H2O labeling approach by applying it to high-substrate C. thermocellum fermentations -a setting in which the use of conventional tracers is impractical-thereby identifying the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase as a major bottleneck during high-substrate fermentations and unveiling critical insights that will steer future engineering efforts to enhance ethanol production in this cellulolytic organism. This study demonstrates the utility of deuterated water as a substrate-agnostic isotope tracer for examining flux and reversibility of central carbon metabolic reactions, which yields biological insights comparable to those obtained using costly 2H-labeled nutrient substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Callaghan
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eashant Thusoo
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bishal D Sharma
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Fitsum Getahun
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M Stevenson
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Costas Maranas
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daniel G Olson
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lee R Lynd
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daley SR, Gallanosa PM, Sparling R. Kinetic characterization of annotated glycolytic enzymes present in cellulose-fermenting Clostridium thermocellum suggests different metabolic roles. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:112. [PMID: 37438781 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficient production of sustainable biofuels is important for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 is a candidate for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass using consolidated bioprocessing. Fermentation of cellulosic biomass goes through an atypical glycolytic pathway in this thermophilic bacterium, with various glycolytic enzymes capable of utilizing different phosphate donors, including GTP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), in addition to or in place of the usual ATP. C. thermocellum contains three annotated phosphofructokinases (PFK) genes, the expression of which have all been detected through proteomics and transcriptomics. Pfp (Cthe_0347) was previously characterized as pyrophosphate dependent with fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) as its substrate. RESULTS We now demonstrate that this enzyme can also phosphorylate sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway), with the Vmax and Km of F6P being approximately 15 folds higher and 43 folds lower, respectively, in comparison to sedoheptulose-7-phosphate. Purified PfkA shows preference for GTP as the phosphate donor as opposed to ATP with a 12.5-fold difference in Km values while phosphorylating F6P. Allosteric regulation is a factor at play in PfkA activity, with F6P exhibiting positive cooperativity, and an apparent requirement for ammonium ions to attain maximal activity. Phosphoenolpyruvate and PPi were the only inhibitors for PfkA determined from the study, which corroborates what is known about enzymes from this subfamily. The activation or inhibition by these ligands lends support to the argument that glycolysis is regulated by metabolites such as PPi and NH4+ in the organism. PfkB, showed no activity with F6P, but had significant activity with fructose, while utilizing either ATP or GTP, making it a fructokinase. Rounding out the upper glycolysis pathway, the identity of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in the genome was verified and reported to have substantial activity with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, in the presence of the divalent ion, Zn2+. CONCLUSION These findings along with previous proteomic data suggest that Pfp, plays a role in both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, while PfkA and PfkB may phosphorylate sugars in glycolysis but is responsible for sugar metabolism elsewhere under conditions outside of growth on sufficient cellobiose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve R Daley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 213 Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Patricia Mae Gallanosa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 213 Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Richard Sparling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 213 Buller Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuil T, Nurminen CMK, van Maris AJA. Pyrophosphate as allosteric regulator of ATP-phosphofructokinase in Clostridium thermocellum and other bacteria with ATP- and PP i-phosphofructokinases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 743:109676. [PMID: 37380119 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The phosphofructokinase (Pfk) reaction represents one of the key regulatory points in glycolysis. While most organisms encode for Pfks that use ATP as phosphoryl donor, some organisms also encode for PPi-dependent Pfks. Despite this central role, the biochemical characteristics as well as the physiological role of both Pfks is often not known. Clostridium thermocellum is an example of a microorganism that encodes for both Pfks, however, only PPi-Pfk activity has been detected in cell-free extracts and little is known about the regulation and function of both enzymes. In this study, the ATP- and PPi-Pfk of C. thermocellum were purified and biochemically characterized. No allosteric regulators were found for PPi-Pfk amongst common effectors. With fructose-6-P, PPi, fructose-1,6-bisP, and Pi PPi-Pfk showed high specificity (KM < 0.62 mM) and maximum activity (Vmax > 156 U mg-1). In contrast, ATP-Pfk showed much lower affinity (K0.5 of 9.26 mM) and maximum activity (14.5 U mg-1) with fructose-6-P. In addition to ATP, also GTP, UTP and ITP could be used as phosphoryl donors. The catalytic efficiency with GTP was 7-fold higher than with ATP, suggesting that GTP is the preferred substrate. The enzyme was activated by NH4+, and pronounced inhibition was observed with GDP, FBP, PEP, and especially with PPi (Ki of 0.007 mM). Characterization of purified ATP-Pfks originating from eleven different bacteria, encoding for only ATP-Pfk or for both ATP- and PPi-Pfk, identified that PPi inhibition of ATP-Pfks could be a common phenomenon for organisms with a PPi-dependent glycolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teun Kuil
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolus M K Nurminen
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma BD, Olson DG, Giannone RJ, Hettich RL, Lynd LR. Characterization and Amelioration of Filtration Difficulties Encountered in Metabolomic Studies of Clostridium thermocellum at Elevated Sugar Concentrations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0040623. [PMID: 37039651 PMCID: PMC10132107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00406-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermocellum, a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing, has been subjected to numerous engineering strategies for enhanced bioethanol production. Measurements of intracellular metabolites at substrate concentrations high enough (>50 g/L) to allow the production of industrially relevant titers of ethanol would inform efforts toward this end but have been difficult due to the production of a viscous substance that interferes with the filtration and quenching steps during metabolite extraction. To determine whether this problem is unique to C. thermocellum, we performed filtration experiments with other organisms that have been engineered for high-titer ethanol production, including Escherichia coli and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. We addressed the problem through a series of improvements, including active pH control (to reduce problems with viscosity), investigation of different filter materials and pore sizes (to increase the filtration capacity), and correction for extracellular metabolite concentrations, and we developed a technique for more accurate intracellular metabolite measurements at elevated substrate concentrations. IMPORTANCE The accurate measurement of intracellular metabolites (metabolomics) is an integral part of metabolic engineering for the enhanced production of industrially important compounds and a useful technique to understand microbial physiology. Previous work tended to focus on model organisms under laboratory conditions. As we try to perform metabolomic studies with a wider range of organisms under conditions that more closely represent those found in nature or industry, we have found limitations in existing techniques. For example, fast filtration is an important step in quenching metabolism in preparation for metabolite extraction; however, it does not work for cultures of C. thermocellum at high substrate concentrations. In this work, we characterize the extent of the problem and develop techniques to overcome it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishal D. Sharma
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel G. Olson
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J. Giannone
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert L. Hettich
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lee R. Lynd
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Enchi Corporation, Holliston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schroeder WL, Kuil T, van Maris AJA, Olson DG, Lynd LR, Maranas CD. A detailed genome-scale metabolic model of Clostridium thermocellum investigates sources of pyrophosphate for driving glycolysis. Metab Eng 2023; 77:306-322. [PMID: 37085141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable source of carbon for chemical manufacturing, yet it is cumbersome in conventional processes. A promising, and increasingly studied, candidate for lignocellulose bioprocessing is the thermophilic anaerobe Clostridium thermocellum given its potential to produce ethanol, organic acids, and hydrogen gas from lignocellulosic biomass under high substrate loading. Possessing an atypical glycolytic pathway which substitutes GTP or pyrophosphate (PPi) for ATP in some steps, including in the energy-investment phase, identification, and manipulation of PPi sources are key to engineering its metabolism. Previous efforts to identify the primary pyrophosphate have been unsuccessful. Here, we explore pyrophosphate metabolism through reconstructing, updating, and analyzing a new genome-scale stoichiometric model for C. thermocellum, iCTH669. Hundreds of changes to the former GEM, iCBI655, including correcting cofactor usages, addressing charge and elemental balance, standardizing biomass composition, and incorporating the latest experimental evidence led to a MEMOTE score improvement to 94%. We found agreement of iCTH669 model predictions across all available fermentation and biomass yield datasets. The feasibility of hundreds of PPi synthesis routes, newly identified and previously proposed, were assessed through the lens of the iCTH669 model including biomass synthesis, tRNA synthesis, newly identified sources, and previously proposed PPi-generating cycles. In all cases, the metabolic cost of PPi synthesis is at best equivalent to investment of one ATP suggesting no direct energetic advantage for the cofactor substitution in C. thermocellum. Even though no unique source of PPi could be gleaned by the model, by combining with gene expression data two most likely scenarios emerge. First, previously investigated PPi sources likely account for most PPi production in wild-type strains. Second, alternate metabolic routes as encoded by iCTH669 can collectively maintain PPi levels even when previously investigated synthesis cycles are disrupted. Model iCTH669 is available at github.com/maranasgroup/iCTH669.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wheaton L Schroeder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Teun Kuil
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonius J A van Maris
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Olson
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lee R Lynd
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Reoxidation and Ammonium Assimilation in the Secretion of Amino Acids as Byproducts of Clostridium thermocellum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0175322. [PMID: 36625594 PMCID: PMC9888227 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01753-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermocellum is a cellulolytic thermophile that is considered for the consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose to ethanol. Improvements in ethanol yield are required for industrial implementation, but the incompletely understood causes of amino acid secretion impede progress. In this study, amino acid secretion was investigated via gene deletions in ammonium-regulated, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-supplying and NADPH-consuming pathways as well as via physiological characterization in cellobiose-limited or ammonium-limited chemostats. First, the contribution of the NADPH-supplying malate shunt was studied with strains using either the NADPH-yielding malate shunt (Δppdk) or a redox-independent conversion of PEP to pyruvate (Δppdk ΔmalE::Peno-pyk). In the latter, branched-chain amino acids, especially valine, were significantly reduced, whereas the ethanol yield increased from 46 to 60%, suggesting that the secretion of these amino acids balances the NADPH surplus from the malate shunt. The unchanged amino acid secretion in Δppdk falsified a previous hypothesis on an ammonium-regulated PEP-to-pyruvate flux redistribution. The possible involvement of another NADPH-supplier, namely, NADH-dependent reduced ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (nfnAB), was also excluded. Finally, the deletion of glutamate synthase (gogat) in ammonium assimilation resulted in the upregulation of NADPH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity and decreased amino acid yields. Since gogat in C. thermocellum is putatively annotated as ferredoxin-linked, a claim which is supported by the product redistribution observed in this study, this deletion likely replaced ferredoxin with NADPH in ammonium assimilation. Overall, these findings indicate that a need to reoxidize NADPH is driving the observed amino acid secretion, likely at the expense of the NADH needed for ethanol formation. This suggests that metabolic engineering strategies that simplify the redox metabolism and ammonium assimilation can contribute to increased ethanol yields. IMPORTANCE Improving the ethanol yield of C. thermocellum is important for the industrial implementation of this microorganism in consolidated bioprocessing. A central role of NADPH in driving amino acid byproduct formation was demonstrated by eliminating the NADPH-supplying malate shunt and separately by changing the cofactor specificity in ammonium assimilation. With amino acid secretion diverting carbon and electrons away from ethanol, these insights are important for further metabolic engineering to reach industrial requirements on ethanol yield. This study also provides chemostat data that are relevant for training genome-scale metabolic models and for improving the validity of their predictions, especially considering the reduced degree-of-freedom in the redox metabolism of the strains generated here. In addition, this study advances the fundamental understanding on the mechanisms underlying amino acid secretion in cellulolytic Clostridia as well as on the regulation and cofactor specificity in ammonium assimilation. Together, these efforts aid in the development of C. thermocellum for the sustainable consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose to ethanol with minimal pretreatment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kuil T, Yayo J, Pechan J, Küchler J, van Maris AJA. Ethanol tolerance of Clostridium thermocellum: the role of chaotropicity, temperature and pathway thermodynamics on growth and fermentative capacity. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:273. [PMID: 36567317 PMCID: PMC9790125 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium thermocellum is a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. The low ethanol tolerance of this microorganism is one of the remaining obstacles to industrial implementation. Ethanol inhibition can be caused by end-product inhibition and/or chaotropic-induced stress resulting in increased membrane fluidization and disruption of macromolecules. The highly reversible glycolysis of C. thermocellum might be especially sensitive to end-product inhibition. The chaotropic effect of ethanol is known to increase with temperature. This study explores the relative contributions of these two aspects to investigate and possibly mitigate ethanol-induced stress in growing and non-growing C. thermocellum cultures. RESULTS To separate chaotropic from thermodynamic effects of ethanol toxicity, a non-ethanol producing strain AVM062 (Pclo1313_2638::ldh* ∆adhE) was constructed by deleting the bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adhE, in a lactate-overproducing strain. Exogenously added ethanol lowered the growth rate of both wild-type and the non-ethanol producing mutant. The mutant strain grew quicker than the wild-type at 50 and 55 °C for ethanol concentrations ≥ 10 g L-1 and was able to reach higher maximum OD600 at all ethanol concentrations and temperatures. For the wild-type, the maximum OD600 and relative growth rates were higher at 45 and 50 °C, compared to 55 °C, for ethanol concentrations ≥ 15 g L-1. For the mutant strain, no positive effect on growth was observed at lower temperatures. Growth-arrested cells of the wild-type demonstrated improved fermentative capacity over time in the presence of ethanol concentrations up to 40 g L-1 at 45 and 50 °C compared to 55 °C. CONCLUSION Positive effects of temperature on ethanol tolerance were limited to wild-type C. thermocellum and are likely related to mechanisms involved in the ethanol-formation pathway and redox cofactor balancing. Lowering the cultivation temperature provides an attractive strategy to improve growth and fermentative capacity at high ethanol titres in high-cellulose loading batch cultivations. Finally, non-ethanol producing strains are useful platform strains to study the effects of chaotropicity and thermodynamics related to ethanol toxicity and allow for deeper understanding of growth and/or fermentation cessation under industrially relevant conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teun Kuil
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Yayo
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Pechan
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Küchler
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.5807.a0000 0001 1018 4307Present Address: Max Plank Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonius J. A. van Maris
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Increasing the Thermodynamic Driving Force of the Phosphofructokinase Reaction in
Clostridium thermocellum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0125822. [PMID: 36286488 PMCID: PMC9680637 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01258-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control the distribution of thermodynamic driving force throughout a metabolic pathway is likely to be an important tool for metabolic engineering. The phosphofructokinase reaction is a key enzyme in Embden-Mayerhof-Parnas glycolysis and therefore improving the thermodynamic driving force of this reaction in
C. thermocellum
is believed to enable higher product titers.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gambacorta FV, Wagner ER, Jacobson TB, Tremaine M, Muehlbauer LK, McGee MA, Baerwald JJ, Wrobel RL, Wolters JF, Place M, Dietrich JJ, Xie D, Serate J, Gajbhiye S, Liu L, Vang-Smith M, Coon JJ, Zhang Y, Gasch AP, Amador-Noguez D, Hittinger CT, Sato TK, Pfleger BF. Comparative functional genomics identifies an iron-limited bottleneck in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with a cytosolic-localized isobutanol pathway. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:738-749. [PMID: 35387233 PMCID: PMC8938195 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering strategies have been successfully implemented to improve the production of isobutanol, a next-generation biofuel, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we explore how two of these strategies, pathway re-localization and redox cofactor-balancing, affect the performance and physiology of isobutanol producing strains. We equipped yeast with isobutanol cassettes which had either a mitochondrial or cytosolic localized isobutanol pathway and used either a redox-imbalanced (NADPH-dependent) or redox-balanced (NADH-dependent) ketol-acid reductoisomerase enzyme. We then conducted transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate molecular differences between the engineered strains. Pathway localization had a large effect on isobutanol production with the strain expressing the mitochondrial-localized enzymes producing 3.8-fold more isobutanol than strains expressing the cytosolic enzymes. Cofactor-balancing did not improve isobutanol titers and instead the strain with the redox-imbalanced pathway produced 1.5-fold more isobutanol than the balanced version, albeit at low overall pathway flux. Functional genomic analyses suggested that the poor performances of the cytosolic pathway strains were in part due to a shortage in cytosolic Fe-S clusters, which are required cofactors for the dihydroxyacid dehydratase enzyme. We then demonstrated that this cofactor limitation may be partially recovered by disrupting iron homeostasis with a fra2 mutation, thereby increasing cellular iron levels. The resulting isobutanol titer of the fra2 null strain harboring a cytosolic-localized isobutanol pathway outperformed the strain with the mitochondrial-localized pathway by 1.3-fold, demonstrating that both localizations can support flux to isobutanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca V. Gambacorta
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellen R. Wagner
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tyler B. Jacobson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary Tremaine
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Mick A. McGee
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin J. Baerwald
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Russell L. Wrobel
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John F. Wolters
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mike Place
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J. Dietrich
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dan Xie
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jose Serate
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shabda Gajbhiye
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lisa Liu
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maikayeng Vang-Smith
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Audrey P. Gasch
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Trey K. Sato
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian F. Pfleger
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dahle ML, Papoutsakis ET, Antoniewicz MR. 13C-metabolic flux analysis of Clostridium ljungdahlii illuminates its core metabolism under mixotrophic culture conditions. Metab Eng 2022; 72:161-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
15
|
Assessing the impact of substrate-level enzyme regulations limiting ethanol titer in Clostridium thermocellum using a core kinetic model. Metab Eng 2022; 69:286-301. [PMID: 34982997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium thermocellum is a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing because it can directly ferment cellulose to ethanol. Despite significant efforts, achieved yields and titers fall below industrially relevant targets. This implies that there still exist unknown enzymatic, regulatory, and/or possibly thermodynamic bottlenecks that can throttle back metabolic flow. By (i) elucidating internal metabolic fluxes in wild-type C. thermocellum grown on cellobiose via 13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA), (ii) parameterizing a core kinetic model, and (iii) subsequently deploying an ensemble-docking workflow for discovering substrate-level regulations, this paper aims to reveal some of these factors and expand our knowledgebase governing C. thermocellum metabolism. Generated 13C labeling data were used with 13C-MFA to generate a wild-type flux distribution for the metabolic network. Notably, flux elucidation through MFA alluded to serine generation via the mercaptopyruvate pathway. Using the elucidated flux distributions in conjunction with batch fermentation process yield data for various mutant strains, we constructed a kinetic model of C. thermocellum core metabolism (i.e. k-ctherm138). Subsequently, we used the parameterized kinetic model to explore the effect of removing substrate-level regulations on ethanol yield and titer. Upon exploring all possible simultaneous (up to four) regulation removals we identified combinations that lead to many-fold model predicted improvement in ethanol titer. In addition, by coupling a systematic method for identifying putative competitive inhibitory mechanisms using K-FIT kinetic parameterization with the ensemble-docking workflow, we flagged 67 putative substrate-level inhibition mechanisms across central carbon metabolism supported by both kinetic formalism and docking analysis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ye D, Li X, Shen J, Xia X. Microbial metabolomics: From novel technologies to diversified applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
17
|
Khana DB, Callaghan MM, Amador-Noguez D. Novel computational and experimental approaches for investigating the thermodynamics of metabolic networks. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 66:21-31. [PMID: 34974376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic analysis of metabolic networks has emerged as a useful new tool for pathway design and metabolic engineering. Understanding the relationship between the thermodynamic driving force of biochemical reactions and metabolic flux has generated new insights regarding the design principles of microbial carbon metabolism. This review summarizes the various lessons that can be obtained from the thermodynamic analysis of metabolic pathways, illustrates concepts of computational thermodynamic tools, and highlights recent applications of thermodynamic analysis to pathway design in industrially relevant microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daven B Khana
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melanie M Callaghan
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Functional analysis of H +-pumping membrane-bound pyrophosphatase, ADP-glucose synthase, and pyruvate phosphate dikinase as pyrophosphate sources in Clostridium thermocellum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0185721. [PMID: 34936842 PMCID: PMC8863071 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01857-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical glycolysis of Clostridium thermocellum is characterized by the use of pyrophosphate (PPi) as phosphoryl donor for phosphofructokinase (Pfk) and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (Ppdk) reactions. Previously, biosynthetic PPi was calculated to be stoichiometrically insufficient to drive glycolysis. This study investigates the role of a H+-pumping membrane-bound pyrophosphatase, glycogen cycling, a predicted Ppdk-malate shunt cycle and acetate cycling in generating PPi. Knockout studies and enzyme assays confirmed that clo1313_0823 encodes a membrane-bound pyrophosphatase. Additionally, clo1313_0717-0718 was confirmed to encode ADP-glucose synthase by knockouts, glycogen measurements in C. thermocellum and heterologous expression in E. coli. Unexpectedly, individually-targeted gene deletions of the four putative PPi sources did not have a significant phenotypic effect. Although combinatorial deletion of all four putative PPi sources reduced the growth rate by 22% (0.30±0.01 h-1) and the biomass yield by 38% (0.18±0.00 gbiomass gsubstrate-1), this change was much smaller than what would be expected for stoichiometrically essential PPi-supplying mechanisms. Growth-arrested cells of the quadruple knockout readily fermented cellobiose indicating that the unknown PPi-supplying mechanisms are independent of biosynthesis. An alternative hypothesis that ATP-dependent Pfk activity circumvents a need for PPi altogether, was falsified by enzyme assays, heterologous expression of candidate genes and whole-genome sequencing. As a secondary outcome, enzymatic assays confirmed functional annotation of clo1313_1832 as ATP- and GTP-dependent fructokinase. These results indicate that the four investigated PPi sources individually and combined play no significant PPi-supplying role and the true source(s) of PPi, or alternative phosphorylating mechanisms, that drive glycolysis in C. thermocellum remain(s) elusive. IMPORTANCE Increased understanding of the central metabolism of C. thermocellum is important from a fundamental as well as from a sustainability and industrial perspective. In addition to showing that H+-pumping membrane-bound PPase, glycogen cycling, a Ppdk-malate shunt cycle, and acetate cycling are not significant sources of PPi supply, this study adds functional annotation of four genes and availability of an updated PPi stoichiometry from biosynthesis to the scientific domain. Together, this aids future metabolic engineering attempts aimed to improve C. thermocellum as a cell factory for sustainable and efficient production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material through consolidated bioprocessing with minimal pretreatment. Getting closer to elucidating the elusive source of PPi, or alternative phosphorylating mechanisms, for the atypical glycolysis is itself of fundamental importance. Additionally, the findings of this study directly contribute to investigations into trade-offs between thermodynamic driving force versus energy yield of PPi- and ATP-dependent glycolysis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Martien JI, Trujillo EA, Jacobson TB, Tatli M, Hebert AS, Stevenson DM, Coon JJ, Amador-Noguez D. Metabolic Remodeling during Nitrogen Fixation in Zymomonas mobilis. mSystems 2021; 6:e0098721. [PMID: 34783580 PMCID: PMC8594446 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00987-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is an ethanologenic bacterium currently being developed for production of advanced biofuels. Recent studies have shown that Z. mobilis can fix dinitrogen gas (N2) as a sole nitrogen source. During N2 fixation, Z. mobilis exhibits increased biomass-specific rates of ethanol production. In order to better understand the physiology of Z. mobilis during N2 fixation and during changes in ammonium (NH4+) availability, we performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based targeted metabolomics and shotgun proteomics under three regimes of nitrogen availability: continuous N2 fixation, gradual NH4+ depletion, and acute NH4+ addition to N2-fixing cells. We report dynamic changes in abundance of proteins and metabolites related to nitrogen fixation, motility, ammonium assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis, and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) glycolysis, providing insight into the regulatory mechanisms that control these processes in Z. mobilis. Our analysis identified potential physiological mechanisms that may contribute to increased specific ethanol production during N2 fixation, including decreased activity of biosynthetic pathways, increased protein abundance of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHI), and increased thermodynamic favorability of the ED pathway. Of particular relevance to advanced biofuel production, we found that intermediates in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis were depleted during N2 fixation, coinciding with decreased protein abundance of deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme in the pathway. This implies that DXS protein abundance serves as a native control point in regulating MEP pathway activity in Z. mobilis. The results of this study will inform metabolic engineering to further develop Z. mobilis as a platform organism for biofuel production. IMPORTANCE Biofuels and bioproducts have the potential to serve as environmentally sustainable replacements for petroleum-derived fuels and commodity molecules. Advanced fuels such as higher alcohols and isoprenoids are more suitable gasoline replacements than bioethanol. Developing microbial systems to generate advanced biofuels requires metabolic engineering to reroute carbon away from ethanol and other native products and toward desired pathways, such as the MEP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. However, rational engineering of microbial metabolism relies on understanding metabolic control points, in terms of both enzyme activity and thermodynamic favorability. In Z. mobilis, the factors that control glycolytic rates, ethanol production, and isoprenoid production are still not fully understood. In this study, we performed metabolomic, proteomic, and thermodynamic analysis of Z. mobilis during N2 fixation. This analysis identified key changes in metabolite levels, enzyme abundance, and glycolytic thermodynamic favorability that occurred during changes in NH4+ availability, helping to inform future efforts in metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Martien
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Edna A. Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tyler B. Jacobson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mehmet Tatli
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander S. Hebert
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M. Stevenson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mazzoli R, Olson DG, Concu AM, Holwerda EK, Lynd LR. In vivo evolution of lactic acid hyper-tolerant Clostridium thermocellum. N Biotechnol 2021; 67:12-22. [PMID: 34915174 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) has several applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the production of biodegradable plastic polymers, namely polylactides. Industrial production of LA is essentially based on microbial fermentation. Recent reports have shown the potential of the cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum for direct LA production from inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass. However, C. thermocellum is highly sensitive to acids and does not grow at pH < 6.0. Improvement of LA tolerance of this microorganism is pivotal for its application in cost-efficient production of LA. In the present study, the LA tolerance of C. thermocellum strains LL345 (wild-type fermentation profile) and LL1111 (high LA yield) was increased by adaptive laboratory evolution. At large inoculum size (10 %), the maximum tolerated LA concentration of strain LL1111 was more than doubled, from 15 g/L to 35 g/L, while subcultures evolved from LL345 showed 50-85 % faster growth in medium containing 45 g/L LA. Gene mutations (pyruvate phosphate dikinase, histidine protein kinase/phosphorylase) possibly affecting carbohydrate and/or phosphate metabolism have been detected in most LA-adapted populations. Although improvement of LA tolerance may sometimes also enable higher LA production in microorganisms, C. thermocellum LA-adapted cultures showed a yield of LA, and generally of other organic acids, similar to or lower than parental strains. Based on its improved LA tolerance and LA titer similar to its parent strain (LL1111), mixed adapted culture LL1630 showed the highest performing phenotype and could serve as a framework for improving LA production by further metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzoli
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Daniel G Olson
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Angela Maria Concu
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Evert K Holwerda
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Lee R Lynd
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hebdon SD, Gerritsen AT, Chen YP, Marcano JG, Chou KJ. Genome-Wide Transcription Factor DNA Binding Sites and Gene Regulatory Networks in Clostridium thermocellum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695517. [PMID: 34566906 PMCID: PMC8457756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermocellum is a thermophilic bacterium recognized for its natural ability to effectively deconstruct cellulosic biomass. While there is a large body of studies on the genetic engineering of this bacterium and its physiology to-date, there is limited knowledge in the transcriptional regulation in this organism and thermophilic bacteria in general. The study herein is the first report of a large-scale application of DNA-affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) to transcription factors (TFs) from a bacterium. We applied DAP-seq to > 90 TFs in C. thermocellum and detected genome-wide binding sites for 11 of them. We then compiled and aligned DNA binding sequences from these TFs to deduce the primary DNA-binding sequence motifs for each TF. These binding motifs are further validated with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and are used to identify individual TFs’ regulatory targets in C. thermocellum. Our results led to the discovery of novel, uncharacterized TFs as well as homologues of previously studied TFs including RexA-, LexA-, and LacI-type TFs. We then used these data to reconstruct gene regulatory networks for the 11 TFs individually, which resulted in a global network encompassing the TFs with some interconnections. As gene regulation governs and constrains how bacteria behave, our findings shed light on the roles of TFs delineated by their regulons, and potentially provides a means to enable rational, advanced genetic engineering of C. thermocellum and other organisms alike toward a desired phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Hebdon
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Alida T Gerritsen
- Computational Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Yi-Pei Chen
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Joan G Marcano
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Katherine J Chou
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jacobson TB, Callaghan MM, Amador-Noguez D. Hostile Takeover: How Viruses Reprogram Prokaryotic Metabolism. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:515-539. [PMID: 34348026 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-060621-043448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To reproduce, prokaryotic viruses must hijack the cellular machinery of their hosts and redirect it toward the production of viral particles. While takeover of the host replication and protein synthesis apparatus has long been considered an essential feature of infection, recent studies indicate that extensive reprogramming of host primary metabolism is a widespread phenomenon among prokaryotic viruses that is required to fulfill the biosynthetic needs of virion production. In this review we provide an overview of the most significant recent findings regarding virus-induced reprogramming of prokaryotic metabolism and suggest how quantitative systems biology approaches may be used to provide a holistic understanding of metabolic remodeling during lytic viral infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Jacobson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , .,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Melanie M Callaghan
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , .,Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , .,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.,Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gawthrop PJ, Pan M, Crampin EJ. Modular dynamic biomolecular modelling with bond graphs: the unification of stoichiometry, thermodynamics, kinetics and data. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210478. [PMID: 34428949 PMCID: PMC8385351 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewed interest in dynamic simulation models of biomolecular systems has arisen from advances in genome-wide measurement and applications of such models in biotechnology and synthetic biology. In particular, genome-scale models of cellular metabolism beyond the steady state are required in order to represent transient and dynamic regulatory properties of the system. Development of such whole-cell models requires new modelling approaches. Here, we propose the energy-based bond graph methodology, which integrates stoichiometric models with thermodynamic principles and kinetic modelling. We demonstrate how the bond graph approach intrinsically enforces thermodynamic constraints, provides a modular approach to modelling, and gives a basis for estimation of model parameters leading to dynamic models of biomolecular systems. The approach is illustrated using a well-established stoichiometric model of Escherichia coli and published experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Gawthrop
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Pan
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edmund J. Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fritts RK, McCully AL, McKinlay JB. Extracellular Metabolism Sets the Table for Microbial Cross-Feeding. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00135-20. [PMID: 33441489 PMCID: PMC7849352 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00135-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of nutrients between cells, or cross-feeding, is a ubiquitous feature of microbial communities with emergent properties that influence our health and orchestrate global biogeochemical cycles. Cross-feeding inevitably involves the externalization of molecules. Some of these molecules directly serve as cross-fed nutrients, while others can facilitate cross-feeding. Altogether, externalized molecules that promote cross-feeding are diverse in structure, ranging from small molecules to macromolecules. The functions of these molecules are equally diverse, encompassing waste products, enzymes, toxins, signaling molecules, biofilm components, and nutrients of high value to most microbes, including the producer cell. As diverse as the externalized and transferred molecules are the cross-feeding relationships that can be derived from them. Many cross-feeding relationships can be summarized as cooperative but are also subject to exploitation. Even those relationships that appear to be cooperative exhibit some level of competition between partners. In this review, we summarize the major types of actively secreted, passively excreted, and directly transferred molecules that either form the basis of cross-feeding relationships or facilitate them. Drawing on examples from both natural and synthetic communities, we explore how the interplay between microbial physiology, environmental parameters, and the diverse functional attributes of extracellular molecules can influence cross-feeding dynamics. Though microbial cross-feeding interactions represent a burgeoning field of interest, we may have only begun to scratch the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Fritts
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - James B McKinlay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Suthers PF, Foster CJ, Sarkar D, Wang L, Maranas CD. Recent advances in constraint and machine learning-based metabolic modeling by leveraging stoichiometric balances, thermodynamic feasibility and kinetic law formalisms. Metab Eng 2020; 63:13-33. [PMID: 33310118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the governing principles behind organisms' metabolism and growth underpins their effective deployment as bioproduction chassis. A central objective of metabolic modeling is predicting how metabolism and growth are affected by both external environmental factors and internal genotypic perturbations. The fundamental concepts of reaction stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and mass action kinetics have emerged as the foundational principles of many modeling frameworks designed to describe how and why organisms allocate resources towards both growth and bioproduction. This review focuses on the latest algorithmic advancements that have integrated these foundational principles into increasingly sophisticated quantitative frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Suthers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Charles J Foster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Debolina Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Metabolic Fluxes of Nitrogen and Pyrophosphate in Chemostat Cultures of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01795-20. [PMID: 32978139 PMCID: PMC7657619 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01795-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum were grown in cellobiose-limited chemostat cultures at a fixed dilution rate. C. thermocellum produced acetate, ethanol, formate, and lactate. Surprisingly, and in contrast to batch cultures, in cellobiose-limited chemostat cultures of T. saccharolyticum, ethanol was the main fermentation product. Enzyme assays confirmed that in C. thermocellum, glycolysis proceeds via pyrophosphate (PPi)-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate-phosphate dikinase (PPDK), as well as a malate shunt for the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate. Pyruvate kinase activity was not detectable. In T. saccharolyticum, ATP but not PPi served as cofactor for the PFK reaction. High activities of both pyruvate kinase and PPDK were present, whereas the activities of a malate shunt enzymes were low in T. saccharolyticum In C. thermocellum, glycolysis via PPi-PFK and PPDK obeys the equation glucose + 5 NDP + 3 PPi → 2 pyruvate + 5 NTP + Pi (where NDP is nucleoside diphosphate and NTP is nucleoside triphosphate). Metabolic flux analysis of chemostat data with the wild type and a deletion mutant of the proton-pumping pyrophosphatase showed that a PPi-generating mechanism must be present that operates according to ATP + Pi → ADP + PPi Both organisms also produced significant amounts of amino acids in cellobiose-limited cultures. It was anticipated that this phenomenon would be suppressed by growth under nitrogen limitation. Surprisingly, nitrogen-limited chemostat cultivation of wild-type C. thermocellum revealed a bottleneck in pyruvate oxidation, as large amounts of pyruvate and amino acids, mainly valine, were excreted; up to 50% of the nitrogen consumed was excreted again as amino acids.IMPORTANCE This study discusses the fate of pyrophosphate in the metabolism of two thermophilic anaerobes that lack a soluble irreversible pyrophosphatase as present in Escherichia coli but instead use a reversible membrane-bound proton-pumping enzyme. In such organisms, the charging of tRNA with amino acids may become more reversible. This may contribute to the observed excretion of amino acids during sugar fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum Calculation of the energetic advantage of reversible pyrophosphate-dependent glycolysis, as occurs in Clostridium thermocellum, could not be properly evaluated, as currently available genome-scale models neglect the anabolic generation of pyrophosphate in, for example, polymerization of amino acids to protein. This anabolic pyrophosphate replaces ATP and thus saves energy. Its amount is, however, too small to cover the pyrophosphate requirement of sugar catabolism in glycolysis. Consequently, pyrophosphate for catabolism is generated according to ATP + Pi → ADP + PPi.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Y, Sampathkumar A, Kerber SML, Swart C, Hille C, Seerangan K, Graf A, Sweetlove L, Fernie AR. A moonlighting role for enzymes of glycolysis in the co-localization of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4509. [PMID: 32908151 PMCID: PMC7481185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis is one of the primordial pathways of metabolism, playing a pivotal role in energy metabolism and biosynthesis. Glycolytic enzymes are known to form transient multi-enzyme assemblies. Here we examine the wider protein-protein interactions of plant glycolytic enzymes and reveal a moonlighting role for specific glycolytic enzymes in mediating the co-localization of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Knockout mutation of phosphoglycerate mutase or enolase resulted in a significantly reduced association of the two organelles. We provide evidence that phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase form a substrate-channelling metabolon which is part of a larger complex of proteins including pyruvate kinase. These results alongside a range of genetic complementation experiments are discussed in the context of our current understanding of chloroplast-mitochondrial interactions within photosynthetic eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sandra Mae-Lin Kerber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Corné Swart
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Carsten Hille
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany
| | - Kumar Seerangan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lee Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Straub CT, Bing RG, Otten JK, Keller LM, Zeldes BM, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Metabolically engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii as a platform for producing acetone and hydrogen from lignocellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3799-3808. [PMID: 32770740 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The production of volatile industrial chemicals utilizing metabolically engineered extreme thermophiles offers the potential for processes with simultaneous fermentation and product separation. An excellent target chemical for such a process is acetone (Tb = 56°C), ideally produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (Topt 78°C), an extremely thermophilic fermentative bacterium naturally capable of deconstructing and fermenting lignocellulose, was metabolically engineered to produce acetone. When the acetone pathway construct was integrated into a parent strain containing the bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermocellum, acetone was produced at 9.1 mM (0.53 g/L), in addition to minimal ethanol 3.3 mM (0.15 g/L), along with net acetate consumption. This demonstrates that C. bescii can be engineered with balanced pathways in which renewable carbohydrate sources are converted to useful metabolites, primarily acetone and H2 , without net production of its native fermentation products, acetate and lactate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Straub
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ryan G Bing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan K Otten
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Lisa M Keller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin M Zeldes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael W W Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Robert M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mazzoli R, Olson D. Clostridium thermocellum: A microbial platform for high-value chemical production from lignocellulose. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 113:111-161. [PMID: 32948265 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Second generation biorefining, namely fermentation processes based on lignocellulosic feedstocks, has attracted tremendous interest (owing to the large availability and low cost of this biomass) as a strategy to produce biofuels and commodity chemicals that is an alternative to oil refining. However, the innate recalcitrance of lignocellulose has slowed progress toward economically viable processes. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), i.e., single-step fermentation of lignocellulose may dramatically reduce the current costs of 2nd generation biorefining. Metabolic engineering has been used as a tool to develop improved microbial strains supporting CBP. Clostridium thermocellum is among the most efficient cellulose degraders isolated so far and one of the most promising host organisms for application of CBP. The development of efficient and reliable genetic tools has allowed significant progress in metabolic engineering of this strain aimed at expanding the panel of growth substrates and improving the production of a number of commodity chemicals of industrial interest such as ethanol, butanol, isobutanol, isobutyl acetate and lactic acid. The present review aims to summarize recent developments in metabolic engineering of this organism which currently represents a reference model for the development of biocatalysts for 2nd generation biorefining.
Collapse
|
30
|
McKinlay JB, Cook GM, Hards K. Microbial energy management-A product of three broad tradeoffs. Adv Microb Physiol 2020; 77:139-185. [PMID: 34756210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wherever thermodynamics allows, microbial life has evolved to transform and harness energy. Microbial life thus abounds in the most unexpected places, enabled by profound metabolic diversity. Within this diversity, energy is transformed primarily through variations on a few core mechanisms. Energy is further managed by the physiological processes of cell growth and maintenance that use energy. Some aspects of microbial physiology are streamlined for energetic efficiency while other aspects seem suboptimal or even wasteful. We propose that the energy that a microbe harnesses and devotes to growth and maintenance is a product of three broad tradeoffs: (i) economic, trading enzyme synthesis or operational cost for functional benefit, (ii) environmental, trading optimization for a single environment for adaptability to multiple environments, and (iii) thermodynamic, trading energetic yield for forward metabolic flux. Consideration of these tradeoffs allows one to reconcile features of microbial physiology that seem to opposingly promote either energetic efficiency or waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B McKinlay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|