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Miyazaki H, Hirose R, Ichikawa M, Mukai H, Yamauchi K, Nakaya T, Itoh Y. Methods for virus recovery from environmental surfaces to monitor infectious viral contamination. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108199. [PMID: 37713971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of infectious contaminants on environmental surfaces, particularly infectious viruses, is essential for contact transmission risk assessment; however, difficulties in recovering viruses from surfaces using swabs complicates this quantification process. Herein, we identified the factors that significantly affected virus recovery rates and developed an ideal swab method that yielded the highest rate of virus recovery. We comprehensively analyzed the effects of swab type (cotton/polyester), swab water content (wet/dry conditions), surface material, and surface area on the rates of viral RNA and infectious virus recovery. The virus recovery rate was significantly lower than the viral RNA recovery rate (P < 0.01), indicating difficulty in the quantification of infectious viruses. The virus recovery rate was significantly higher under wet conditions than that under dry conditions (P < 0.006), and the virus recovery rate obtained using cotton swabs was significantly higher than that using polyester swabs (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the virus recovery rate had a strong negative correlation (correlation coefficient >0.8) with the target surface area. The maximum surface area where the virus recovery rate was ≥10% (MSA-10%) was identified as the maximum quantifiable area. For influenza virus recovery, MSA-10% on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet, PVC leather, stainless steel, silicone, glass, and polycarbonate surfaces was 66.7, 193, 60.2, 144, 105, and 15.6 cm2, respectively. For feline calicivirus recovery, MSA-10% on PVC sheet, PVC leather, stainless steel, silicone, glass, and polycarbonate surfaces was 210, 111, 2120, 250, 322, and 180 cm2, respectively. The most accurate and ideal method for quantifying infectious viruses on environmental surfaces with the highest recovery rates meets three specifications: "wet conditions," "the use of cotton swabs," and "a target surface area of approximately 10 cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Mikako Ichikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mukai
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuma Yamauchi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Waerlop G, Janssens Y, Jacobs B, Jarczowski F, Diessner A, Leroux-Roels G, Klimyuk V, Leroux-Roels I, Thieme F. Immune responses in healthy adults elicited by a bivalent norovirus vaccine candidate composed of GI.4 and GII.4 VLPs without adjuvant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188431. [PMID: 37435073 PMCID: PMC10331465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficacious vaccine against norovirus is of paramount importance given its potential to reduce the global burden of norovirus-associated morbidity and mortality. Here, we report a detailed immunological analysis of a phase I, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed on 60 healthy adults, ages 18 to 40. Total serum immunoglobulin and serum IgA against vaccine strains and cross-reactive serum IgG against non-vaccine strains were measured by enzyme immunoassays, whereas cell-mediated immune responses were quantified using intracellular cytokine staining by flow cytometry. A significant increase in humoral and cellular responses, e.g., IgA and CD4+ polypositive T cells, was triggered by the GI.4 Chiba 407 (1987) and GII.4 Aomori 2 (2006) VLP-based norovirus vaccine candidate rNV-2v, which is formulated without adjuvant. No booster effect was observed after the second administration in the pre-exposed adult study population. Furthermore, a cross-reactive immune response was elicited, as shown by IgG titers against GI.3 (2002), GII.2 OC08154 (2008), GII.4 (1999), GII.4 Sydney (2012), GII.4 Washington (2018), GII.6 Maryland (2018), and GII.17 Kawasaki 308 (2015). Due to viral infection via mucosal gut tissue and the high variety of potentially relevant norovirus strains, a focus should be on IgA and cross-protective humoral and cell-mediated responses in the development of a broadly protective, multi-valent norovirus vaccine. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05508178. EudraCT number: 2019-003226-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Thieme
- Icon Genetics GmbH, a Denka Company, Halle, Germany
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Pellegrini F, Camero M, Catella C, Fracchiolla G, Sblano S, Patruno G, Trombetta CM, Galgano M, Pratelli A, Tempesta M, Martella V, Lanave G. Virucidal Activity of Lemon Essential Oil against Feline Calicivirus Used as Surrogate for Norovirus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020322. [PMID: 36830233 PMCID: PMC9952628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is regarded as a common cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide in all age groups, with substantial morbidity across health care and community settings. The lack of in vitro cell culture systems for human NoV has prompted the use of cultivatable caliciviruses (such as feline calicivirus, FCV, or murine NoV) as surrogates for in vitro evaluation of antivirals. Essential oils (EOs) may represent a valid tool to counteract viral infections, particularly as food preservatives. In the present study, the virucidal efficacy of lemon EO (LEO) against FCV was assessed in vitro. The gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used to reveal the chemical composition of LEO. The following small molecules were detected as major components of LEO: limonene (53%), β-pinene (14.5%), γ-terpinene (5.9%), citral (3.8%), α-pinene (2.4%), and β-thujene (1.94%). LEO at 302.0 μg/mL, exceeding the maximum non cytotoxic limit, significantly decreased viral titre of 0.75 log10 TCID50/50 μL after 8 h. Moreover, virucidal activity was tested using LEO at 3020.00 μg/mL, determining a reduction of viral titre as high as 1.25 log10 TCID50/50 μL after 8 h of time contact. These results open up perspectives for the development of alternative prophylaxis approaches for the control of NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Aldo Moro of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabina Sblano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Aldo Moro of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Patruno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Leroux-Roels I, Maes C, Joye J, Jacobs B, Jarczowski F, Diessner A, Janssens Y, Waerlop G, Tamminen K, Heinimäki S, Blazevic V, Leroux-Roels G, Klimyuk V, Adachi H, Hiruta K, Thieme F. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating phase I trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced, bivalent, recombinant norovirus-like particle vaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021500. [PMID: 36275772 PMCID: PMC9585308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide and a safe and effective vaccine is needed. Here, a phase I, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed in 60 healthy adults, 18 to 40 years old. Safety (primary objective) and immunogenicity (secondary and exploratory objectives) of a bivalent (GI.4 and GII.4), plant-produced, virus-like particle (VLP), NoV vaccine candidate formulation were investigated at two dose levels (50 µg + 50 µg and 150 µg + 150 µg) without adjuvant. Overall, 13 subjects (65.0%) in the 50 µg group, 16 subjects (80.0%) in the 150 µg group, and 14 subjects (70.0%) in the placebo group reported at least 1 solicited local or general symptom during the 7-day post-vaccination periods following each dose. Severe solicited adverse events (AEs) were rare (2 events in the 50 µg group). A total of 8 subjects (40.0%) in each group reported at least one unsolicited AE during the 28-day post-vaccination periods. Immunogenicity was assessed on days 1, 8, 29, 57, 183 and 365. All subjects were pre-exposed to norovirus as indicated by baseline levels of the different immunological parameters examined. Vaccine-specific humoral and cellular immune responses increased after the first dose but did not rise further after the second vaccination. Increased GI.4- and GII.4-specific IgG titers persisted until day 365. The vaccine elicited cross-reactive IgG antibodies against non-vaccine NoV VLPs, which was more pronounced for NoV strains of the same genotype as the GII.4 vaccine strain than for non-vaccine genotypes. Significant blocking anti-GI.4 and anti-GII.4 VLP titers were triggered in both dose groups. Lymphoproliferation assays revealed strong cell-mediated immune responses that persisted until day 365. In conclusion, both dose levels were safe and well-tolerated, and no higher incidence of AEs was observed in the higher dose group. The data show that a single dose of the vaccine formulated at 50 µg of each VLP is sufficient to reach a peak immune response after 8 to 28 days. The results of this Phase I study warrant further evaluation of the non-adjuvanted vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cathy Maes
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Heinimäki
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hiroshi Adachi
- Icon Genetics GmbH, a Denka Company, Halle, Germany
- Denka Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hiruta
- Icon Genetics GmbH, a Denka Company, Halle, Germany
- Denka Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank Thieme
- Icon Genetics GmbH, a Denka Company, Halle, Germany
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