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Jiang X, Li Y, Liu S, Sun H, Zheng M, Wan X, Zhu W, Feng X. Nanoscale dihydroartemisinin@zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for enhanced antigiardial activity and mechanism analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1364287. [PMID: 38751803 PMCID: PMC11094645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1364287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
An artificial semisynthetic material can be derived from artemisinin (ART) called dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Although DHA has enhanced antigiardial potential, its clinical application is limited because of its poor selectivity and low solubility. The drug's absorption has a direct impact on the cell, and mechanism research is limited to its destruction of the cytoskeleton. In this study, we used the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and loaded it with DHA (DHA@Zif-8) to improve its antigiardial potential. DHA@Zif-8 can enhance cellular uptake, increase antigiardial proliferation and encystation, and expand the endoplasmic reticulum compared with the DHA-treated group. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the antigiardial mechanism. We found that 126 genes were downregulated and 123 genes were upregulated. According to the KEGG and GO pathway analysis, the metabolic functions in G. lamblia are affected by DHA@Zif-8 NPs. We used real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to verify our results using the RNA-seq data. DHA@Zif-8 NPs significantly enhanced the eradication of the parasite from the stool in vivo. In addition, the intestinal mucosal injury caused by G. lamblia trophozoites markedly improved in the intestine. This research provided the potential of utilizing DHA@Zif-8 to develop an antiprotozoan drug for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jiang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Yawei Li
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Shuainan Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Xi Wan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Wenhe Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Xianmin Feng
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, China
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Reber S, Singer M, Frischknecht F. Cytoskeletal dynamics in parasites. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102277. [PMID: 38048658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal dynamics are essential for cellular homeostasis and development for both metazoans and protozoans. The function of cytoskeletal elements in protozoans can diverge from that of metazoan cells, with microtubules being more stable and actin filaments being more dynamic. This is particularly striking in protozoan parasites that evolved to enter metazoan cells. Here, we review recent progress towards understanding cytoskeletal dynamics in protozoan parasites, with a focus on divergent properties compared to classic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Reber
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Singer
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, DZIF Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Medical Faculty, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, DZIF Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kim J, Park EA, Shin MY, Park SJ. Functional Differentiation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Giardia lamblia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0491922. [PMID: 36877015 PMCID: PMC10100927 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04919-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that control the eukaryotic cell cycle. Limited information is available on Giardia lamblia CDKs (GlCDKs), GlCDK1 and GlCDK2. After treatment with the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol-HCl (FH), division of Giardia trophozoites was transiently arrested at the G1/S phase and finally at the G2/M phase. The percentage of cells arrested during prophase or cytokinesis increased, whereas DNA synthesis was not affected by FH treatment. Morpholino-mediated depletion of GlCDK1 caused arrest at the G2/M phase, while GlCDK2 depletion resulted in an increase in the number of cells arrested at the G1/S phase and cells defective in mitosis and cytokinesis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with GlCDKs and the nine putative G. lamblia cyclins (Glcyclins) identified Glcyclins 3977/14488/17505 and 22394/6584 as cognate partners of GlCDK1 and GlCDK2, respectively. Morpholino-based knockdown of Glcyclin 3977 or 22394/6584 arrested cells in the G2/M phase or G1/S phase, respectively. Interestingly, GlCDK1- and Glcyclin 3977-depleted Giardia showed significant flagellar extension. Altogether, our results suggest that GlCDK1/Glcyclin 3977 plays an important role in the later stages of cell cycle control and in flagellar biogenesis. In contrast, GlCDK2 along with Glcyclin 22394 and 6584 functions from the early stages of the Giardia cell cycle. IMPORTANCE Giardia lamblia CDKs (GlCDKs) and their cognate cyclins have not yet been studied. In this study, the functional roles of GlCDK1 and GlCDK2 were distinguished using morpholino-mediated knockdown and coimmunoprecipitation. GlCDK1 with Glcyclin 3977 plays a role in flagellum formation as well as cell cycle control of G. lamblia, whereas GlCDK2 with Glcyclin 22394/6584 is involved in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mee Young Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Hardin WR, Alas GCM, Taparia N, Thomas EB, Steele-Ogus MC, Hvorecny KL, Halpern AR, Tůmová P, Kollman JM, Vaughan JC, Sniadecki NJ, Paredez AR. The Giardia ventrolateral flange is a lamellar membrane protrusion that supports attachment. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010496. [PMID: 35482847 PMCID: PMC9089883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment to the intestinal epithelium is critical to the lifestyle of the ubiquitous parasite Giardia lamblia. The ventrolateral flange is a sheet-like membrane protrusion at the interface between parasites and attached surfaces. This structure has been implicated in attachment, but its role has been poorly defined. Here, we identified a novel actin associated protein with putative WH2-like actin binding domains we named Flangin. Flangin complexes with Giardia actin (GlActin) and is enriched in the ventrolateral flange making it a valuable marker for studying the flanges' role in Giardia biology. Live imaging revealed that the flange grows to around 1 μm in width after cytokinesis, then remains uniform in size during interphase, grows in mitosis, and is resorbed during cytokinesis. A flangin truncation mutant stabilizes the flange and blocks cytokinesis, indicating that flange disassembly is necessary for rapid myosin-independent cytokinesis in Giardia. Rho family GTPases are important regulators of membrane protrusions and GlRac, the sole Rho family GTPase in Giardia, was localized to the flange. Knockdown of Flangin, GlActin, and GlRac result in flange formation defects. This indicates a conserved role for GlRac and GlActin in forming membrane protrusions, despite the absence of canonical actin binding proteins that link Rho GTPase signaling to lamellipodia formation. Flangin-depleted parasites had reduced surface contact and when challenged with fluid shear force in flow chambers they had a reduced ability to remain attached, confirming a role for the flange in attachment. This secondary attachment mechanism complements the microtubule based adhesive ventral disc, a feature that may be particularly important during mitosis when the parental ventral disc disassembles in preparation for cytokinesis. This work supports the emerging view that Giardia's unconventional actin cytoskeleton has an important role in supporting parasite attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Hardin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Germain C. M. Alas
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nikita Taparia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth B. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Steele-Ogus
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelli L. Hvorecny
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Halpern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1 Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Justin M. Kollman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Lab Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Paredez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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