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Tadesse BT, Gu L, Solem C, Mijakovic I, Jers C. The Probiotic Enterococcus Lactis SF68 as a Potential Food Fermentation Microorganism for Safe Food Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39102436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to the reports describing virulent and multidrug resistant enterococci, their use has become a topic of controversy despite most of them being safe and commonly used in traditionally fermented foods worldwide. We have characterized Enterococcus lactis SF68, a probiotic strain approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for use in food and feed, and find that it has a remarkable potential in food fermentations. Genome analysis revealed the potential of SF68 to metabolize a multitude of carbohydrates, including lactose and sucrose, which was substantiated experimentally. Bacteriocin biosynthesis clusters were identified and SF68 was found to display a strong inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes. Fermentation-wise, E. lactis SF68 was remarkably like Lactococcus lactis and displayed a clear mixed-acid shift on slowly fermented sugars. SF68 could produce the butter aroma compounds, acetoin and diacetyl, the production of which was enhanced under aerated conditions in a strain deficient in lactate dehydrogenase activity. Overall, E. lactis SF68 was found to be versatile, with a broad carbohydrate utilization capacity, a capacity for producing bacteriocins, and an ability to grow at elevated temperatures. This is key to eliminating pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that are frequently associated with fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tilahun Tadesse
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Liuyan Gu
- Department of Bio- and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Carsten Jers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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Zaidi SEZ, Zaheer R, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA. Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:303-335. [PMID: 38696839 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in humans and livestock is concerning. Antimicrobials are essential for the treatment of disease in modern day medicine, and their misuse in humans and food animals has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Globally, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a One Health problem affecting humans, animals, and environment. Enterococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. Their occurrence, prevalence, and persistence across the One Health continuum make them an ideal candidate to study antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. The objective of this review was to summarize the role of enterococci as an indicator of antimicrobial resistance across One Health sectors. We also briefly address the prevalence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings. In addition, a 16S RNA gene-based phylogenetic tree was constructed to visualize the evolutionary relationship among enterococcal species and whether they segregate based on host environment. We also review the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal species across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani-E-Zehra Zaidi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Athanasios Zovoilis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Fossen JD, Campbell JR, Gow SP, Erickson N, Waldner CL. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolated from western Canadian cow-calf herds. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:6. [PMID: 38172772 PMCID: PMC10763084 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cow-calf herds is limited and there have been no Canadian studies examining AMR in Enterococcus in cow-calf herds. Enterococcus is a ubiquitous Gram-positive indicator of AMR for enteric organisms that is also important in human health. The objective of this study was to describe AMR in specific Enterococcus species of interest from cow-calf herds; highlighting differences in AMR among isolates from cows and calves and samples collected in the spring and fall. Isolates (n = 1505) were examined from 349 calves and 385 cows from 39 herds in the spring of 2021 and 413 calves from 39 herds and 358 cows from 36 herds in the fall of 2021. Enterococcus species were identified using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was completed based on a prioritization scheme for importance to human health and using the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Gram positive Sensititre broth microdilution panel. RESULTS Resistance was observed to at least one antimicrobial in 86% (630/734) of isolates from the spring and 84% (644/771) of isolates from the fall. The most common types of resistance across all species were: lincomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, daptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. However, the proportion of isolates with AMR varied substantially based on species. Multiclass resistance, defined as resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes after excluding intrinsic resistance, was highest in isolates from calves in the spring (6.9%) (24/349) and cows in the fall (6.7%) (24/357). Differences in resistance were seen between cows and calves in the spring and fall as well as across seasons, with no differences seen between cows and calves in the fall. CONCLUSIONS While most Enterococcus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, questions remain regarding species differences in intrinsic resistance and the accuracy of certain antimicrobial breakpoints for specific Enterococcus spp. As a result, some species-specific AMR profiles should be interpreted with caution. Despite these constraints, Enterococcus species are important indicator organisms for AMR and resulting data can be used to inform stewardship initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayce D Fossen
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John R Campbell
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sheryl P Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Nathan Erickson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Waldner
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Yang J, Chen Y, Dong Z, Zhang W, Liu L, Meng W, Li Q, Fu K, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zhong Z, Xiao X, Zhu J, Peng G. Distribution and association of antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in Enterococcus spp. isolates from captive Asian elephants in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1277221. [PMID: 37954234 PMCID: PMC10635408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp., as an opportunistic pathogen, are widely distributed in the environment and the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and animals. Captive Asian elephants, popular animals at tourist attractions, have frequent contact with humans. However, there is limited information on whether captive Asian elephants can serve as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to characterize AMR, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence-associated genes (VAGs), gelatinase activity, hemolysis activity, and biofilm formation of Enterococcus spp. isolated from captive Asian elephants, and to analyze the potential correlations among these factors. A total of 62 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated from fecal samples of captive Asian elephants, comprising 17 Enterococcus hirae (27.4%), 12 Enterococcus faecalis (19.4%), 8 Enterococcus faecium (12.9%), 7 Enterococcus avium (11.3%), 7 Enterococcus mundtii (11.3%), and 11 other Enterococcus spp. (17.7%). Isolates exhibited high resistance to rifampin (51.6%) and streptomycin (37.1%). 50% of Enterococcus spp. isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with all E. faecium strains demonstrating MDR. Additionally, nine ARGs were identified, with tet(M) (51.6%), erm(B) (24.2%), and cfr (21.0%) showing relatively higher detection rates. Biofilm formation, gelatinase activity, and α-hemolysin activity were observed in 79.0, 24.2, and 14.5% of the isolates, respectively. A total of 18 VAGs were detected, with gelE being the most prevalent (69.4%). Correlation analysis revealed 229 significant positive correlations and 12 significant negative correlations. The strongest intra-group correlations were observed among VAGs. Notably, we found that vancomycin resistance showed a significant positive correlation with ciprofloxacin resistance, cfr, and gelatinase activity, respectively. In conclusion, captive Asian elephants could serve as significant reservoirs for the dissemination of AMR to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyou Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianlan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Keyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jieyao Zhu
- Xishuangbanna Vocational and Technical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sagar P, Aseem A, Banjara SK, Veleri S. The role of food chain in antimicrobial resistance spread and One Health approach to reduce risks. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 391-393:110148. [PMID: 36868045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rapidly spreading worldwide. It is depleting the repertoire of antibiotics in use but the pace of development of new antibiotics is stagnant for decades. Annually, millions of people are killed by AMR. This alarming situation urged both scientific and civil bodies to take steps to curb AMR as a top priority. Here we review the various sources of AMR in the environment, especially focusing on the food chain. Food chain inculcates pathogens with AMR genes and serves as a conduit for its transmission. In certain countries, the antibiotics are more used in livestock than in humans. It is also used in agriculture crops of high value products. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and agriculture increased rapid emergence of AMR pathogens. In addition, in many countries nosocomial settings are spewing AMR pathogens, which is a serious health hazard. Both the developed and low and middle income countries (LMIC) face the phenomenon of AMR. Therefore, a comprehensive approach for monitoring all sectors of life is required to identify the emerging trend of AMR in environment. AMR genes' mode of action must be understood to develop strategies to reduce risk. The new generation sequencing technologies, metagenomics and bioinformatics capabilities can be resorted to quickly identify and characterize AMR genes. The sampling for AMR monitoring can be done from multiples nodes of the food chain as envisioned and promoted by the WHO, FAO, OIE and UNEP under the One Health approach to overcome threat of AMR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthi Sagar
- Drug Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ajmal Aseem
- Drug Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | | | - Shobi Veleri
- Drug Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Ahmad N, Joji RM, Shahid M. Evolution and implementation of One Health to control the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1065796. [PMID: 36726644 PMCID: PMC9884834 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1065796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat to humanity and its environment. Aberrant usage of antibiotics in the human, animal, and environmental sectors, as well as the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes among these sectors and globally, are all contributing factors. In humans, antibiotics are generally used to treat infections and prevent illnesses. Antibiotic usage in food-producing animals has lately emerged as a major public health concern. These medicines are currently being utilized to prevent and treat infectious diseases and also for its growth-promoting qualities. These methods have resulted in the induction and spread of antibiotic resistant infections from animals to humans. Antibiotics can be introduced into the environment from a variety of sources, including human wastes, veterinary wastes, and livestock husbandry waste. The soil has been recognized as a reservoir of ABR genes, not only because of the presence of a wide and varied range of bacteria capable of producing natural antibiotics but also for the usage of natural manure on crop fields, which may contain ABR genes or antibiotics. Fears about the human health hazards of ABR related to environmental antibiotic residues include the possible threat of modifying the human microbiota and promoting the rise and selection of resistant bacteria, and the possible danger of generating a selection pressure on the environmental microflora resulting in environmental antibiotic resistance. Because of the connectivity of these sectors, antibiotic use, antibiotic residue persistence, and the existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human-animal-environment habitats are all linked to the One Health triangle. The pillars of support including rigorous ABR surveillance among different sectors individually and in combination, and at national and international level, overcoming laboratory resource challenges, and core plan and action execution should be strictly implemented to combat and contain ABR under one health approach. Implementing One Health could help to avoid the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance while also promoting a healthier One World. This review aims to emphasize antibiotic resistance and its regulatory approaches from the perspective of One Health by highlighting the interconnectedness and multi-sectoral nature of the human, animal, and environmental health or ill-health facets.
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Strong KM, Marasco KL, Invik J, Ganshorn H, Reid-Smith RJ, Waldner CL, Otto SJG, Kastelic JP, Checkley SL. Factors associated with antimicrobial resistant enterococci in Canadian beef cattle: A scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155772. [PMID: 37152689 PMCID: PMC10157153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern, occurring when bacteria evolve to render antimicrobials no longer effective. Antimicrobials have important roles in beef production; however, the potential to introduce AMR to people through beef products is a concern. This scoping review identifies factors associated with changes in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. applicable to the Canadian farm-to-fork beef continuum. Methods Five databases (MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Web of Science, Embase, and CAB Abstracts) were searched for articles published from January 1984 to March 2022, using a priori inclusion criteria. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they met all the following criteria: written in English, applicable to the Canadian beef production context, primary research, in vivo research, describing an intervention or exposure, and specific to Enterococcus spp. Results Out of 804 screened articles, 26 were selected for inclusion. The included articles discussed 37 factors potentially associated with AMR in enterococci, with multiple articles discussing at least two of the same factors. Factors discussed included antimicrobial administration (n = 16), raised without antimicrobials (n = 6), metal supplementation (n = 4), probiotics supplementation (n = 3), pen environment (n = 2), essential oil supplementation (n = 1), grass feeding (n = 1), therapeutic versus subtherapeutic antimicrobial use (n = 1), feeding wet distiller grains with solubles (n = 1), nutritional supplementation (n = 1) and processing plant type (n = 1). Results were included irrespective of their quality of evidence. Discussion Comparability issues arising throughout the review process were related to data aggregation, hierarchical structures, study design, and inconsistent data reporting. Findings from articles were often temporally specific in that resistance was associated with AMR outcomes at sampling times closer to exposure compared to studies that sampled at longer intervals after exposure. Resistance was often nuanced to unique gene and phenotypic resistance patterns that varied with species of enterococci. Intrinsic resistance and interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentration varied greatly among enterococcal species, highlighting the importance of caution when comparing articles and generalizing findings. Systematic Review Registration [http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113592].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M. Strong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kayla M. Strong,
| | - Kaitlin L. Marasco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jesse Invik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard J. Reid-Smith
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Waldner
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Simon J. G. Otto
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
- HEAT-AMR (Human-Environment-Animal Transdisciplinary Antimicrobial Resistance) Research Group, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John P. Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L. Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Mudenda S, Matafwali SK, Malama S, Munyeme M, Yamba K, Katemangwe P, Siluchali G, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Bumbangi FN, Mirisho R, Muma JB. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus species isolated from laying hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia: a call for AMR surveillance in the poultry sector. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac126. [PMID: 36570686 PMCID: PMC9772873 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of antimicrobials in layer poultry production for improved production, growth promotion, prophylaxis and treatment purposes has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry. In Zambia, there is a paucity of information on the prevalence and AMR patterns of Enterococcus species isolated from laying hens. Objectives This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of enterococci isolated in layer hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to April 2021. Three hundred and sixty-five pooled cloacal swab samples were collected from 77 layer poultry farms. Enterococci identification and confirmation were performed using Analytical Profile Index (API 20 STREP) and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. A panel of nine antibiotics was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and interpreted according to the CLSI 2020 guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and WHONET 2020. Results A total of 308 (83%) single Enterococcus species isolates were obtained and showed resistance to tetracycline (80.5%), erythromycin (53.6%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (53.2%), ampicillin (36.72%), vancomycin (32.8%), linezolid (30.2%), ciprofloxacin (11.0%), nitrofurantoin (6.5%) and chloramphenicol (3.9%). The prevalence of enterococci resistant to at least one antibiotic was 99.4% (n = 306), of which 86% (n = 265) were MDR. Conclusions This study found a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci. The presence of MDR requires urgent intervention and implementation of AMR surveillance strategies and antimicrobial stewardship programmes in layer poultry production in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sydney Malama
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Katemangwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Godfrey Siluchali
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Mainda
- Department of Veterinary Services, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mercy Mukuma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Eden University, P.O. Box 37727, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Mirisho
- Department of Public Health, St Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Cabal A, Rab G, Daza-Prieto B, Stöger A, Peischl N, Chakeri A, Mo SS, Bock H, Fuchs K, Sucher J, Rathammer K, Hasenberger P, Stadtbauer S, Caniça M, Strauß P, Allerberger F, Wögerbauer M, Ruppitsch W. Characterizing Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinically Relevant Bacteria Isolated at the Human/Animal/Environment Interface Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in Austria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911276. [PMID: 36232576 PMCID: PMC9570485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health issue attributed to the misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. Since AMR surveillance requires a One Health approach, we sampled nine interconnected compartments at a hydrological open-air lab (HOAL) in Austria to obtain six bacterial species included in the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Whole genome sequencing-based typing included core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of AMR was performed for all isolates. Eighty-nine clinically-relevant bacteria were obtained from eight compartments including 49 E. coli, 27 E. faecalis, 7 K. pneumoniae and 6 E. faecium. Clusters of isolates from the same species obtained in different sample collection dates were detected. Of the isolates, 29.2% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. E. coli and E. faecalis isolates from different compartments had acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) associated with veterinary drugs such as aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, some of which were carried in conjugative and mobilizable plasmids. Three multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates were found in samples from field drainage and wastewater. Early detection of ARGs and ARB in natural and farm-related environments can identify hotspots of AMR and help prevent its emergence and dissemination along the food/feed chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cabal
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerhard Rab
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technical University of Vienna, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - Beatriz Daza-Prieto
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Stöger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Peischl
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Chakeri
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Solveig Sølverød Mo
- Section for Food Safety and Animal Health Research, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Harald Bock
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Fuchs
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Sucher
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | - Krista Rathammer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Silke Stadtbauer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1600-609 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Strauß
- Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | | | | | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria—A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081079. [PMID: 36009947 PMCID: PMC9404765 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of MDR bacteria, legislative measures have widely been taken to limit or eliminate the use of antibiotics, including in the form of feed additives for livestock, but also in metaphylaxis and its treatment, which was the subject of EU Regulation in 2019/6. Numerous studies have documented that bacteria use both phenotypis and gentic strategies enabling a natural defence against antibiotics and the induction of mechanisms in increasing resistance to the used antibacterial chemicals. The mechanisms presented in this review developed by the bacteria have a significant impact on reducing the ability to combat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Moreover, the high prevalence of multi-resistant strains in the environment and the ease of transmission of drug-resistance genes between the different bacterial species including commensal flora and pathogenic like foodborne pathogens (E. coli, Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp.) favor the rapid spread of multi-resistance among bacteria in humans and animals. Given the global threat posed by the widespread phenomenon of multi-drug resistance among bacteria which are dangerous for humans and animals, the subject of this study is the presentation of the mechanisms of resistance in most frequent bacteria called as “foodborne pathoges” isolated from human and animals. In order to present the significance of the global problem related to multi-drug resistance among selected pathogens, especially those danger to humans, the publication also presents statistical data on the percentage range of occurrence of drug resistance among selected bacteria in various regions of the world. In addition to the phenotypic characteristics of pathogen resistance, this review also presents detailed information on the detection of drug resistance genes for specific groups of antibiotics. It should be emphasized that the manuscript also presents the results of own research i.e., Campylobacter spp., E. coli or Enetrococcus spp. This subject and the presentation of data on the risks of drug resistance among bacteria will contribute to initiating research in implementing the prevention of drug resistance and the development of alternatives for antimicrobials methods of controlling bacteria.
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030380. [PMID: 35326843 PMCID: PMC8944505 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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