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The Multifaceted MEP Pathway: Towards New Therapeutic Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031403. [PMID: 36771066 PMCID: PMC9919496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a diverse class of natural products, are present in all living organisms. Their two universal building blocks are synthesized via two independent pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-ᴅ-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The presence of the latter in pathogenic bacteria and its absence in humans make all its enzymes suitable targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP), the last intermediate of this pathway, is a natural ligand for the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and the most potent natural phosphoantigen known to date. Moreover, 5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione, a metabolite produced by Escherichia coli 1-deoxy-ᴅ-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, structurally resembles (S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, a signal molecule implied in bacterial cell communication. In this review, we shed light on the diversity of potential uses of the MEP pathway in antibacterial therapies, starting with an overview of the antibacterials developed for each of its enzymes. Then, we provide insight into HMBPP, its synthetic analogs, and their prodrugs. Finally, we discuss the potential contribution of the MEP pathway to quorum sensing mechanisms. The MEP pathway, providing simultaneously antibacterial drug targets and potent immunostimulants, coupled with its potential role in bacterial cell-cell communication, opens new therapeutic perspectives.
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Shailaja A, Srinath M, Bindu BVB, Giri CC. Isolation of 4-hydroxy 3-methyl 2-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase ( ApHDR) gene of methyl erythritol diphosphate (MEP) pathway, in silico analysis and differential tissue specific ApHDR expression in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Nees. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:223-235. [PMID: 33707865 PMCID: PMC7907293 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The full length Andrographis paniculate 4-hydroxy 3-methyl 2-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (ApHDR) gene of MEP pathway was isolated for the first time. The ApHDR ORF with 1404 bp flanked by 100 bp 5'UTR and 235 bp 3'UTR encoding 467 amino acids (NCBI accession number: MK503970) and cloned in pET 102, transformed and expressed in E. coli BL21. The ApHDR protein physico-chemical properties, secondary and tertiary structure were analyzed. The Ramachandran plot showed 93.8% amino acids in the allowed regions, suggesting high reliability. The cluster of 16 ligands for binding site in ApHDR involved six amino acid residues having 5-8 ligands. The Fe-S cluster binding site was formed with three conserved residues of cysteine at positions C123, C214, C251 of ApHDR. The substrate HMBPP and inhibitors clomazone, paraquat, benzyl viologen's interactions with ApHDR were also assessed using docking. The affinity of Fe-S cluster binding to the cleft was found similar to HMBPP. The HPLC analysis of different type of tissue (plant parts) revealed highest andrographolide content in young leaves followed by mature leaves, stems and roots. The differential expression profile of ApHDR suggested a significant variation in the expression pattern among different tissues such as mature leaves, young leaves, stem and roots. A 16-fold higher expression of ApHDR was observed in the mature leaves of A. paniculata as compared to roots. The young leaves and stem showed 5.5 fold and fourfold higher expression than roots of A. paniculata. Our result generated new genomic information on ApHDR which may open up prospects of manipulation for enhanced diterpene lactone andrographolide production in A. paniculata. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00952-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayeti Shailaja
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
| | - Mote Srinath
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
| | | | - Charu Chandra Giri
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007 India
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Uchida H, Mizohata E, Okada S. Docking analysis of models for 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase and a ferredoxin from Botryococcus braunii, race B. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:297-301. [PMID: 31819737 PMCID: PMC6879371 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii Showa, which produces large amounts of triterpene hydrocarbons, exclusively uses the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosyntheses, and the terminal enzyme in this pathway, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR), is regarded as a light-dependent key regulatory enzyme. In order to investigate the possible association of HDR and ferredoxin in this organism, we constructed tertiary structure models of B. braunii HDR (BbHDR) and one of ferredoxin families in the alga, a photosynthetic electron transport F (BbPETF)-like protein, by using counterparts from E. coli and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as templates, respectively, and performed docking analysis of these two proteins. After docked models are superimposed onto their counterpart proteins in a non-photosynthetic organism, Plasmodium falciparum, the BbPETF-like protein comes in contact with the backside of BbHDR, which was defined in a previous report (Rekittke et al. 2013), and the distance of the two Fe-S centers is 14.7 Å. This distance is in almost the same level as that for P. falicarum, 12.6 Å. To our knowledge, this is the first model suggesting the possible association of HDR with a ferredoxin in O2-evolving photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Uchida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Shin BK, Kim M, Han J. Exceptionally high percentage of IPP synthesis by Ginkgo biloba IspH is mainly due to Phe residue in the active site. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 136:9-14. [PMID: 28139297 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) reductase (IspH, HDR or LytB) is an Fe/S enzyme catalyzing the reductive dehydroxylation of HMBPP to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) in the last step of methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. The MEP pathway is known to produce 4-6:1 ratio of IPP and DMAPP mixture by the last enzyme, IspH. Plant IspH in plastids follows same catalytic mechanism as others, but GbIspH (Ginkgo biloba IspH) was reported to produce a mixture of IPP and DMAPP in a ratio of 16:1. Present catalytic mechanisms of IspH involve a common allyl anion intermediate, and the intramolecular proton transfer to the allyl moiety is considered as the key reaction step determining the product between IPP and DMAPP. The F212 residue in plant IspH was found as a potential amino acid residue that could mediate the proton transfer to the allyl anion intermediate before the product release. In this report, catalytic function of GbIspH F212 residue (H74 in E. coli), especially during the product formation in the active site, was studied by means of site-directed mutation. The product ratio of IPP/DMAPP was measured as 6.5 ± 0.1 for F212H GbIspH, and the value was close to the reported bacterial IspH having His residue on that specific position. Along with the other F212Y mutant, of which ratio was determined as 10.9 ± 0.1, the results strongly support that the Phe residue in plant IspH is the key amino acid residue that allows exclusive production of IPP in plant chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Kyu Shin
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, South Korea
| | - Mihyang Kim
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, South Korea
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, South Korea.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella contain the naphthoquinones menaquinone (MK; vitamin K2) and demethylmenaquinone and the benzoquinone ubiquinone (coenzyme Q; Q). Both quinones are derived from the shikimate pathway, which has been called a "metabolic tree with many branches." There are two different pathways for the biosynthesis of the naphthoquinones. The vast majority of prokaryotes, including E. coli and Salmonella, and the plants use the o-succinylbenzoate pathway, while a minority uses the futalosine pathway. The quinone nucleus of Q is derived directly from chorismate, while that of MK is derived from chorismate via isochorismate. The prenyl side chains of both quinones are from isopentenyl diphosphate formed by the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (non-mevalonate) pathway and the methyl groups are from S-adenosylmethionine. In addition, MK biosynthesis requires 2-ketoglutarate and cofactors ATP, coenzyme A, and thiamine pyrophosphate. Despite the fact that both quinones originate from the shikimate pathway, there are important differences in their biosyntheses. The prenyl side chain in MK biosynthesis is introduced at the penultimate step, accompanied by decarboxylation, whereas in Q biosynthesis it is introduced at the second step, with retention of the carboxyl group. In MK biosynthesis, all the reactions of the pathway up to prenylation are carried out by soluble enzymes, whereas all the enzymes involved in Q biosynthesis except the first are membrane bound. In MK biosynthesis, the last step is a C-methylation; in Q biosynthesis, the last step is an O-methylation. In Q biosynthesis a second C-methylation and O-methylation take place in the middle part of the pathway. Despite the fact that Q and MK biosyntheses diverge at chorismate, the C-methylations in both pathways are carried out by the same methyltransferase.
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Zhou J, Wu R, Wang B, Cao Z, Yan H, Mo Y. Proton-Shuttle-Assisted Heterolytic Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage and Formation. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhou
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Binju Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian
Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, P. R. China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian
Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, P. R. China
| | - Honggao Yan
- Center
for Biological Modeling and Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
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Corniani N, Velini ED, Silva FML, Nanayakkara NPD, Witschel M, Dayan FE. Novel bioassay for the discovery of inhibitors of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and terpenoid pathways leading to carotenoid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103704. [PMID: 25077957 PMCID: PMC4117606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway leads to the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate in plastids. It is a major branch point providing precursors for the synthesis of carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinone and the phytyl chain of chlorophylls, as well as the hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins. Consequently, disruption of this pathway is harmful to plants. We developed an in vivo bioassay that can measure the carbon flow through the carotenoid pathway. Leaf cuttings are incubated in the presence of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor to induce phytoene accumulation. Any compound reducing the level of phytoene accumulation is likely to interfere with either one of the steps in the MEP pathway or the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. This concept was tested with known inhibitors of steps of the MEP pathway. The specificity of this in vivo bioassay was also verified by testing representative herbicides known to target processes outside of the MEP and carotenoid pathways. This assay enables the rapid screen of new inhibitors of enzymes preceding the synthesis of phytoene, though there are some limitations related to the non-specific effect of some inhibitors on this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Corniani
- São Paulo State University, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo D. Velini
- São Paulo State University, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
| | | | - Franck E. Dayan
- USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kunfermann A, Witschel M, Illarionov B, Martin R, Rottmann M, Höffken HW, Seet M, Eisenreich W, Knölker HJ, Fischer M, Bacher A, Groll M, Diederich F. Pseudiline: halogenierte, allosterische Inhibitoren des Enzyms IspD aus dem Mevalonat-unabhängigen Biosyntheseweg. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Kunfermann A, Witschel M, Illarionov B, Martin R, Rottmann M, Höffken HW, Seet M, Eisenreich W, Knölker HJ, Fischer M, Bacher A, Groll M, Diederich F. Pseudilins: Halogenated, Allosteric Inhibitors of the Non-Mevalonate Pathway Enzyme IspD. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2235-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Kunfermann A, Lienau C, Illarionov B, Held J, Gräwert T, Behrendt CT, Werner P, Hähn S, Eisenreich W, Riederer U, Mordmüller B, Bacher A, Fischer M, Groll M, Kurz T. IspC as Target for Antiinfective Drug Discovery: Synthesis, Enantiomeric Separation, and Structural Biology of Fosmidomycin Thia Isosters. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8151-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4012559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kunfermann
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Lienau
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institut
für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen Germany
| | - Tobias Gräwert
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph T. Behrendt
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Werner
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Hähn
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ulrich Riederer
- Institut
für Pharmazie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse
45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institut
für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 27, 72074 Tübingen Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg
School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee
117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center
for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bitok JK, Meyers CF. 2C-Methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate enhances and sustains cyclodiphosphate synthase IspF activity. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1702-10. [PMID: 22839733 DOI: 10.1021/cb300243w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is significant progress toward understanding catalysis throughout the essential MEP pathway to isoprenoids in human pathogens; however, little is known about pathway regulation. The present study begins by testing the hypothesis that isoprenoid biosynthesis is regulated via feedback inhibition of the fifth enzyme cyclodiphosphate synthase IspF by downstream isoprenoid diphosphates. Here, we demonstrate recombinant E. coli IspF is not inhibited by downstream metabolites isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP), dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), geranyl diphosphate (GDP), and farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) under standard assay conditions. However, 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the product of reductoisomerase IspC and first committed MEP pathway intermediate, activates and sustains this enhanced IspF activity, and the IspF-MEP complex is inhibited by FDP. We further show that the methylerythritol scaffold itself, which is unique to this pathway, drives the activation and stabilization of active IspF. Our results suggest a novel feed-forward regulatory mechanism for 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) production and support an isoprenoid biosynthesis regulatory mechanism via feedback inhibition of the IspF-MEP complex by FDP. The results have important implications for development of inhibitors against the IspF-MEP complex, which may be the physiologically relevant form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kipchirchir Bitok
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Caren Freel Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland 21205, United States
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12
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A chemo-enzymatic cascade for the one-pot synthesis of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Heuston S, Begley M, Gahan CGM, Hill C. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacterial pathogens. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:1389-1401. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.051599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Heuston
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Máire Begley
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Li H, Dai SB, Gao WY. Preparation of Isotope Labeled/Unlabeled Key Intermediates in 2-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-Phosphate Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Li H, Tian J, Wang H, Yang SQ, Gao WY. An Improved Preparation of D-Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate and Its Use in the Synthesis of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-Phosphate. Helv Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Zhou YF, Cui Z, Li H, Tian J, Gao WY. Optimized enzymatic preparation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:120-3. [PMID: 20149406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate, the key intermediate of MEP biosynthetic pathway for terpenoids by using recombinant 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase of Rhodobacter capsulatus was optimized. The simple one-pot synthesis coupling with a newly established ion-exchange purification process affords the target compound with more than 80% yield and high purity (>95%). The procedure can also be employed to synthesize isotope labeled 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate by using isotope labeled starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fei Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Analysis of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways in Listeria monocytogenes reveals a role for the alternative 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway in murine infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5392-401. [PMID: 18765739 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01376-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria synthesize isoprenoids through one of two essential pathways which provide the basic building block, isopentyl diphosphate (IPP): either the classical mevalonate pathway or the alternative non-mevalonate 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, postgenomic analyses of the Listeria monocytogenes genome revealed that this pathogen possesses the genetic capacity to produce the complete set of enzymes involved in both pathways. The nonpathogenic species Listeria innocua naturally lacks the last two genes (gcpE and lytB) of the MEP pathway, and bioinformatic analyses strongly suggest that the genes have been lost through evolution. In the present study we show that heterologous expression of gcpE and lytB in L. innocua can functionally restore the MEP pathway in this organism and confer on it the ability to induce Vgamma9 Vdelta2 T cells. We have previously confirmed that both pathways are functional in L. monocytogenes and can provide sufficient IPP for normal growth in laboratory media (M. Begley, C. G. Gahan, A. K. Kollas, M. Hintz, C. Hill, H. Jomaa, and M. Eberl, FEBS Lett. 561:99-104, 2004). Here we describe a targeted mutagenesis strategy to create a double pathway mutant in L. monocytogenes which cannot grow in the absence of exogenously provided mevalonate, confirming the requirement for at least one intact pathway for growth. In addition, murine studies revealed that mutants lacking the MEP pathway were impaired in virulence relative to the parent strain during intraperitoneal infection, while mutants lacking the classical mevalonate pathway were not impaired in virulence potential. In vivo bioluminescence imaging also confirmed in vivo expression of the gcpE gene (MEP pathway) during murine infection.
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