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Efficient Production of Fc Fusion Proteins in the Cytoplasm of Escherichia coli: Dissecting and Mitigating Redox Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314740. [PMID: 36499069 PMCID: PMC9737693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective production of therapeutic proteins in microbial hosts is an indispensable tool towards accessible healthcare. Many of these heterologously expressed proteins, including all antibody formats, require disulfide bond formation to attain their native and functional state. A system for catalyzed disulfide bond formation (CyDisCo) has been developed allowing efficient production of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of one of the most used microbial expression systems, Escherichia coli. Here, we report high-yield production (up to 230 mg/L from 3 mL cultures) of in-demand therapeutics such as IgG1-based Fc fusion proteins in the E. coli cytoplasm. However, the production of this drug class using the CyDisCo system faces bottlenecks related to redox heterogeneity during oxidative folding. Our investigations identified and addressed one of the major causes of redox heterogeneity during CyDisCo-based production of Fc fusion proteins, i.e., disulfide bond formation in the IgG1 CH3 domain. Here, we communicate that mutating the cysteines in the CH3 domain of target Fc fusion proteins allows their production in a homogeneous redox state in the cytoplasm of E. coli without compromising on yields and thermal stability.
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Tian H, He B, Yin Y, Liu L, Shi J, Hu L, Jiang G. Chemical Nature of Metals and Metal-Based Materials in Inactivation of Viruses. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142345. [PMID: 35889570 PMCID: PMC9323642 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the enormous threat to human survival and development caused by the large number of viruses, it is necessary to strengthen the defense against and elimination of viruses. Metallic materials have been used against viruses for thousands of years due to their broad-spectrum antiviral properties, wide sources and excellent physicochemical properties; in particular, metal nanoparticles have advanced biomedical research. However, researchers in different fields hold dissimilar views on the antiviral mechanisms, which has slowed down the antiviral application of metal nanoparticles. As such, this review begins with an exhaustive compilation of previously published work on the antiviral capacity of metal nanoparticles and other materials. Afterwards, the discussion is centered on the antiviral mechanisms of metal nanoparticles at the biological and physicochemical levels. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the strong reducibility of metal nanoparticles may be the main reason for their efficient inactivation of viruses. We hope that this review will benefit the promotion of metal nanoparticles in the antiviral field and expedite the construction of a barrier between humans and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Lin N, Verma D, Saini N, Arbi R, Munir M, Jovic M, Turak A. Antiviral nanoparticles for sanitizing surfaces: A roadmap to self-sterilizing against COVID-19. NANO TODAY 2021; 40:101267. [PMID: 34404999 PMCID: PMC8361009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles provide new opportunities in merging therapeutics and new materials, with current research efforts just beginning to scratch the surface of their diverse benefits and potential applications. One such application, the use of inorganic nanoparticles in antiseptic coatings to prevent pathogen transmission and infection, has seen promising developments. Notably, the high reactive surface area to volume ratio and unique chemical properties of metal-based nanoparticles enables their potent inactivation of viruses. Nanoparticles exert their virucidal action through mechanisms including inhibition of virus-cell receptor binding, reactive oxygen species oxidation and destructive displacement bonding with key viral structures. The prevention of viral outbreaks is one of the foremost challenges to medical science today, emphasizing the importance of research efforts to develop nanoparticles for preventative antiviral applications. In this review, the use of nanoparticles to inactivate other viruses, such as influenza, HIV-1, or norovirus, among others, will be discussed to extrapolate broad-spectrum antiviral mechanisms that could also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. This review analyzes the published literature to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy of metal-based nanoparticles and other antiviral materials for biomedical, sterile polymer, and surface coating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Lin
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Daksh Verma
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nikhil Saini
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ramis Arbi
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Ayse Turak
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Prade E, Zeck A, Stiefel F, Unsoeld A, Mentrup D, Arango Gutierrez E, Gorr IH. Cysteine in cell culture media induces acidic IgG1 species by disrupting the disulfide bond network. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1091-1104. [PMID: 33200817 PMCID: PMC7986432 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A high degree of charge heterogeneity is an unfavorable phenomenon commonly observed for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Removal of these impurities during manufacturing often comes at the cost of impaired step yields. A wide spectrum of posttranslational and chemical modifications is known to modify mAb charge. However, a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms triggering charged species would be beneficial for the control of mAb charge variants during bioprocessing. In this study, a comprehensive analytical investigation was carried out to define the root causes and mechanisms inducing acidic variants of an immunoglobulin G1‐derived mAb. Characterization of differently charged species by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the reduction of disulfide bonds in acidic variants, which is followed by cysteinylation and glutathionylation of cysteines. Importantly, biophysical stability and integrity of the mAb are not affected. By in vitro incubation of the mAb with the reducing agent cysteine, disulfide bond degradation was directly linked to an increase of numerous acidic species. Modifying the concentrations of cysteine during the fermentation of various mAbs illustrated that redox potential is a critical aspect to consider during bioprocess development with respect to charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anne Zeck
- Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Andreas Unsoeld
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Mentrup
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Erik Arango Gutierrez
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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6
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Law CS, Lim SY, Abell AD, Santos A. Real-Time Binding Monitoring between Human Blood Proteins and Heavy Metal Ions in Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Photonic Crystals. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10039-10048. [PMID: 30041521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the real-time binding assessment between heavy metal ions and blood proteins immobilized onto nanoporous anodic alumina photonic crystals (NAA-PCs) by reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS). The surface of NAA-PCs is chemically functionalized with γ-globulin (GG), transferrin (TFN), and serum albumin (HSA), the major proteins present in human blood plasma. Protein-modified NAA-PC platforms are exposed to analytical solutions of mercury ions of different concentrations. Dynamic changes in the effective optical thickness of protein-modified NAA-PCs in response to heavy metal ions are assessed in real time to evaluate the binding kinetics, affinity, and mechanism. Protein molecules undergo conformational changes upon exposure to mercury ions, with HSA exhibiting the strongest affinity. The combination of protein-modified NAA-PCs with RIfS allows real-time monitoring of protein-heavy metal ions interactions under dynamic flow conditions. This system is capable of detecting dynamic conformational changes in these proteins upon exposure to heavy metal ions. Our results provide new insights into these binding events, which could enable new methodologies to study the toxicity of heavy metal ions and other biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Suwen Law
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia
| | - Siew Yee Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia
| | - Andrew D Abell
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,Department of Chemistry , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia
| | - Abel Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , 5005 Adelaide , Australia
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Moritz B, Stracke JO. Assessment of disulfide and hinge modifications in monoclonal antibodies. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:769-785. [PMID: 27982442 PMCID: PMC5413849 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last years there was a substantial increase in the use of antibodies and related proteins as therapeutics. The emphasis of the pharmaceutical industry is on IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 antibodies, which are therefore in the focus of this article. In order to ensure appropriate quality control of such biopharmaceuticals, deep understanding of their chemical degradation pathways and the resulting impact on potency, pharmacokinetics, and safety is required. Criticality of modifications may be specific for individual antibodies and has to be assessed for each molecule. However, some modifications of conserved structure elements occur in all or at least most IgGs. In these cases, criticality assessment may be applicable to related molecules or molecule formats. The relatively low dissociation energy of disulfide bonds and the high flexibility of the hinge region frequently lead to modifications and cleavages. Therefore, the hinge region and disulfide bonds require specific consideration during quality assessment of mAbs. In this review, available literature knowledge on underlying chemical reaction pathways of modifications, analytical methods for quantification and criticality are discussed. The hinge region is prone to cleavage and is involved in pathways that lead to thioether bond formation, cysteine racemization, and iso‐Asp (Asp, aspartic acid) formation. Disulfide or sulfhydryl groups were found to be prone to reductive cleavage, trisulfide formation, cysteinylation, glutathionylation, disulfide bridging to further light chains, and disulfide scrambling. With regard to potency, disulfide cleavage, hinge cleavage, disulfide bridging to further light chains, and cysteinylation were found to influence antigen binding and fragment crystallizable (Fc) effector functionalities. Renal clearance of small fragments may be faster, whereas clearance of larger fragments appears to depend on their neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) functionality, which in turn may be impeded by disulfide bond cleavage. Certain modifications such as disulfide induced aggregation and heterodimers from different antibodies are generally regarded critical with respect to safety. However, the detection of some modifications in endogenous antibodies isolated from human blood and the possibility of in vivo repair mechanisms may reduce some safety concerns.
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Minoshima M, Lu Y, Kimura T, Nakano R, Ishiguro H, Kubota Y, Hashimoto K, Sunada K. Comparison of the antiviral effect of solid-state copper and silver compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:1-7. [PMID: 27015373 PMCID: PMC7116991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral activities of insoluble solid-state and soluble ionic copper and silver compounds were evaluated against influenza A virus (A/PR8/H1N1) possessing a viral envelope and bacteriophage Qβ lacking an envelope. The viral solutions were exposed on glass samples uniformly loaded with copper and silver compounds. Exposure to solid-state cuprous oxide (Cu2O) efficiently inactivated both influenza A virus and bacteriophage Qβ, whereas solid-state cupric oxide (CuO) and silver sulfide (Ag2S) showed little antiviral activity. Copper ions from copper chloride (CuCl2) had little effect on the activity of bacteriophage Qβ in spite of the fact that copper ions strongly inactivate influenza A in previous studies. Silver ions from silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver(I) oxide (Ag2O) in solution showed strong inactivation of influenza A and weak inactivation of bacteriophage Qβ. We also investigated the influence of the compounds on the function of two influenza viral proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Silver ions from AgNO3 and Ag2O remarkably decreased enzymatic activity of neuraminidase through the breakage of disulfide (SS) bonds, corresponding to the selective inactivation of influenza A virus. By contrast, exposure to Cu2O markedly reduced the activity of hemagglutinin rather than neuraminidase. These findings suggest that solid-state Cu2O disrupts host cell recognition by denaturing protein structures on viral surfaces, leading to the inactivation of viruses regardless of the presence of a viral envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Minoshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuto Kimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Photocatalyst Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Photocatalyst Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kubota
- Photocatalyst Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Research Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.
| | - Kayano Sunada
- Photocatalyst Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Research Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.
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Kita A, Ponniah G, Nowak C, Liu H. Characterization of Cysteinylation and Trisulfide Bonds in a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5430-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kita
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
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11
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Liu H, Ponniah G, Zhang HM, Nowak C, Neill A, Gonzalez-Lopez N, Patel R, Cheng G, Kita AZ, Andrien B. In vitro and in vivo modifications of recombinant and human IgG antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1145-54. [PMID: 25517300 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous knowledge has been gained in the understanding of various modifications of IgG antibodies, driven mainly by the fact that antibodies are one of the most important groups of therapeutic molecules and because of the development of advanced analytical techniques. Recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics expressed in mammalian cell lines and endogenous IgG molecules secreted by B cells in the human body share some modifications, but each have some unique modifications. Modifications that are common to recombinant mAb and endogenous IgG molecules are considered to pose a lower risk of immunogenicity. On the other hand, modifications that are unique to recombinant mAbs could potentially pose higher risk. The focus of this review is the comparison of frequently observed modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies to those of endogenous IgG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- a Protein Characterization; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc .; Cheshire , CT USA
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12
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Fincke A, Winter J, Bunte T, Olbrich C. Thermally induced degradation pathways of three different antibody-based drug development candidates. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:148-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Li C, Rossomando A, Wu SL, Karger BL. Comparability analysis of anti-CD20 commercial (rituximab) and RNAi-mediated fucosylated antibodies by two LC-MS approaches. MAbs 2013; 5:565-75. [PMID: 23751726 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing biosimilar or biobetter products, comparability to the reference product is required to claim similar integrity or intended purpose. In this work, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody developed using RNA interference to decrease core fucosylation (RNAi-mediated) was comprehensively characterized by LC-MS and compared with the commercially-available anti-CD20 rituximab (MabThera (®) ). As anticipated, < 30% core fucose was found within the RNAi-produced molecule (compared with > 90% in rituximab), and the reduction in fucose resulting in a significant improvement in FcγRΙΙΙa binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Two mutations, S258Y (fully mutated) and F174I/L (partially mutated), however, were detected in the production of the RNAi-mediated molecule. An alternative LC-MS approach using dimethyl labeling (i.e., 2CH 2 for rituximab and 2CD 2 for the RNAi-mediated molecule) was developed to additionally compare the two mAbs and confirm the full sequence with the two mutation sites. Furthermore, disulfide linkages were found to be the same for the two antibodies, with a small portion of unpaired cysteines in both products. Disulfides were correctly linked if the samples were prepared at low pH (i.e., enzymatic digestion by pepsin at pH 2); however, trace amounts of scrambling were found by trypsin digestion at pH 6.8, and this scrambling increased significantly at pH 8. Typical modifications, such as pyro-Glu formation at the N-terminus, K clipping at the C-terminus, oxidation at Met, and deamidation at Asn, were also detected with no significant differences between the two products. Using the LC-MS approaches for the comparability study, product integrity with critical structure information was revealed for confirmation of intended purpose (core fucosylation), identification of critical parameters (e.g., sample pH), and correction as needed (amino acid mutation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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14
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Huh JH, White AJ, Brych SR, Franey H, Matsumura M. The identification of free cysteine residues within antibodies and a potential role for free cysteine residues in covalent aggregation because of agitation stress. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1701-1711. [PMID: 23559428 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibodies contain multiple disulfide bonds, which are an integral part of the structure and stability of the protein. Open disulfide bonds have been detected in a number of therapeutic and serum derived antibodies. This report details a method that fluorescently labels free cysteine residues, quantifies, and identifies the proteolytic fragments by liquid chromatography coupled to online mass spectrometry. The majority of the open disulfide bonds in recombinant and serum derived IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were in the constant domains. This method was applied to the identification of cysteines in an IgG2 antibody that are involved in the formation of covalent intermolecular bonds because of the application of a severe agitation stress. The free cysteine in the CH 1 domain of the IgG2 decreased upon application of the stress and implicates open disulfide bonds in this domain as the likely source of free cysteines involved in the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. The presence of comparable levels of open disulfide bonds in recombinant and endogenous antibodies suggests that open disulfide bonds are an inherent feature of antibodies and that the susceptibility of intermolecular disulfide bond formation is similar for recombinant and serum-derived IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon H Huh
- Process and Product Development Department, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320-1799.
| | - April J White
- Process and Product Development Department, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320-1799
| | - Stephen R Brych
- Process and Product Development Department, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320-1799
| | - Heather Franey
- Process and Product Development Department, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320-1799
| | - Masazumi Matsumura
- Process and Product Development Department, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320-1799
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15
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Zhang T, Zhang J, Hewitt D, Tran B, Gao X, Qiu ZJ, Tejada M, Gazzano-Santoro H, Kao YH. Identification and Characterization of Buried Unpaired Cysteines in a Recombinant Monoclonal IgG1 Antibody. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7112-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Zhang
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Daniel Hewitt
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Ben Tran
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Xiaoying Gao
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Zhihua Julia Qiu
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Max Tejada
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Helene Gazzano-Santoro
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Yung-Hsiang Kao
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
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16
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Liu H, May K. Disulfide bond structures of IgG molecules: structural variations, chemical modifications and possible impacts to stability and biological function. MAbs 2012; 4:17-23. [PMID: 22327427 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.1.18347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The disulfide bond structures established decades ago for immunoglobulins have been challenged by findings from extensive characterization of recombinant and human monoclonal IgG antibodies. Non-classical disulfide bond structure was first identified in IgG4 and later in IgG2 antibodies. Although, cysteine residues should be in the disulfide bonded states, free sulfhydryls have been detected in all subclasses of IgG antibodies. In addition, disulfide bonds are susceptible to chemical modifications, which can further generate structural variants such as IgG antibodies with trisulfide bond or thioether linkages. Trisulfide bond formation has also been observed for IgG of all subclasses. Degradation of disulfide bond through β-elimination generates free sulfhydryls disulfide and dehydroalanine. Further reaction between free sulfhydryl and dehydroalanine leads to the formation of a non-reducible cross-linked species. Hydrolysis of the dehydroalanine residue contributes substantially to antibody hinge region fragmentation. The effect of these disulfide bond variations on antibody structure, stability and biological function are discussed in this review.
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17
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Sanna D, Micera G, Garribba E. Interaction of VO2+ ion and some insulin-enhancing compounds with immunoglobulin G. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:3717-28. [PMID: 21434616 DOI: 10.1021/ic200087p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of VO(2+) ion with the most abundant class of human immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin G (IgG), was studied using EPR spectroscopy. Differently from the data in the literature which report no interaction of IgG with vanadium, in the binary system VO(2+)/IgG at least three sites with comparable strength were revealed. These sites, named 1, 2, and 3, seem to be not specific, and the most probable candidates for metal ion coordination are histidine-N, aspartate-O or glutamate-O, and serinate-O or threoninate-O. The mean value for the association constant of (VO)(x)IgG, with x = 3-4, is log β = 10.3 ± 1.0. Examination of the ternary systems formed by VO(2+) with IgG and human serum transferrin (hTf) and human serum albumin (HSA) allows one to find that the order of complexing strength is hTf ≫ HSA ≈ IgG. The behavior of the ternary systems with IgG and one insulin-enhancing agent, like [VO(6-mepic)(2)], cis-[VO(pic)(2)(H(2)O)], [VO(acac)(2)], and [VO(dhp)(2)], where 6-mepic, pic, acac, and dhp indicate the deprotonated forms of 6-methylpicolinic and picolinic acids, acetylacetone, and 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridinone, is very similar to the corresponding systems with albumin. In particular, at the physiological pH value, VO(6-mepic)(IgG)(OH), cis-VO(pic)(2)(IgG), and cis-VO(dhp)(2)(IgG) are formed. In such species, IgG coordinates nonspecifically VO(2+) through an imidazole-N belonging to a histidine residue exposed on the protein surface. For cis-VO(dhp)(2)(IgG), log β is 25.6 ± 0.6, comparable with that of the analogous species cis-VO(dhp)(2)(HSA) and cis-VO(dhp)(2)(hTf). Finally, with these new values of log β, the predicted percent distribution of an insulin-enhancing VO(2+) agent between the high molecular mass (hTf, HSA, and IgG) and low molecular mass (lactate) components of the blood serum at physiological conditions is calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sanna
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Trav. La Crucca 3, I-07040 Sassari, Italy
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18
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Studies in serum support rapid formation of disulfide bond between unpaired cysteine residues in the VH domain of an immunoglobulin G1 molecule. Anal Biochem 2010; 397:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Brych SR, Gokarn YR, Hultgen H, Stevenson RJ, Rajan R, Matsumura M. Characterization of antibody aggregation: Role of buried, unpaired cysteines in particle formation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:764-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Xiang T, Chumsae C, Liu H. Localization and Quantitation of Free Sulfhydryl in Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies by Differential Labeling with 12C and 13C Iodoacetic Acid and LC−MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8101-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901311y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiang
- Process Sciences Department, Abbott Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Chris Chumsae
- Process Sciences Department, Abbott Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Process Sciences Department, Abbott Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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21
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Chumsae C, Gaza-Bulseco G, Liu H. Identification and Localization of Unpaired Cysteine Residues in Monoclonal Antibodies by Fluorescence Labeling and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6449-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900815z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chumsae
- Process Sciences Department, 100 Research Drive, Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Georgeen Gaza-Bulseco
- Process Sciences Department, 100 Research Drive, Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Process Sciences Department, 100 Research Drive, Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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22
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Christman KL, Schopf E, Broyer RM, Li RC, Chen Y, Maynard HD. Positioning multiple proteins at the nanoscale with electron beam cross-linked functional polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:521-7. [PMID: 19160460 PMCID: PMC3050812 DOI: 10.1021/ja804767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Constructing multicomponent protein structures that match the complexity of those found in nature is essential for the next generation of medical materials. In this report, a versatile method for precisely arranging multicomponent protein nanopatterns in two-dimensional single-layer or three-dimensional multilayer formats using electron beam lithography is described. Eight-arm poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) were modified at the chain ends with either biotin, maleimide, aminooxy, or nitrilotriacetic acid. Analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that the reactions were efficient and that end-group conversions were 91-100%. The polymers were then cross-linked onto Si surfaces using electron beams to form micron-sized patterns of the functional groups. Proteins with biotin binding sites, a free cysteine, an N-terminal alpha-oxoamide, and a histidine tag, respectively, were then incubated with the substrate in aqueous solutions without the addition of any other reagents. By fluorescence microscopy experiments it was determined that proteins reacted site-specifically with the exposed functional groups to form micropatterns. Multicomponent nanoscale protein patterns were then fabricated. Different PEGs with orthogonal reactivities were sequentially patterned on the same chip. Simultaneous assembly of two different proteins from a mixture of the biomolecules formed the multicomponent two-dimensional patterns. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that nanometer-sized polymer patterns were formed, and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that side-by-side patterns of the different proteins were obtained. Moreover, multilayer PEG fabrication produced micron- and nanometer-sized patterns of one functional group on top of the other. Precise three-dimensional arrangements of different proteins were then realized.
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