1
|
Anisha GS. Molecular advances in microbial α-galactosidases: challenges and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:148. [PMID: 35773364 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase (α-D-galactosidase galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22), is an industrially important enzyme that hydrolyzes the galactose residues in galactooligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The industrial production of α-galactosidase is currently insufficient owing to the high production cost, low production efficiency and low enzyme activity. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the worldwide research on molecular techniques to improve the production efficiency of microbial α-galactosidases. Cloning and overexpression of the gene sequences coding for α-galactosidases can not only increase the enzyme yield but can confer industrially beneficial characteristics to the enzyme protein. This review focuses on the molecular advances in the overexpression of α-galactosidases in bacterial and yeast/fungal expression systems. Recombinant α-galactosidases have improved biochemical and hydrolytic properties compared to their native counterparts. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce high yields of α-galactosidase can also assist in the production of value-added products. Developing new variants of α-galactosidases through directed evolution can yield enzymes with increased catalytic activity and altered regioselectivity. The bottlenecks in the recombinant production of α-galactosidases are also discussed. The knowledge about the hurdles in the overexpression of recombinant proteins illuminates the emerging possibilities of developing a successful microbial cell factory and widens the opportunities for the production of industrially beneficial α-galactosidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen SC, Wu SP, Chang YY, Hwang TS, Lee TH, Hsu CH. Crystal Structure of α-Galactosidase from Thermus thermophilus: Insight into Hexamer Assembly and Substrate Specificity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6161-6169. [PMID: 32390413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a terminal α-galactose residue in galacto-oligosaccharides and has potential in various industrial applications and food processing. We determined the crystal structures of α-galactosidase from the thermophilic microorganism Thermus thermophilus (TtGalA) and its complexes with pNPGal and stachyose. The monomer folds into an N-terminal domain, a catalytic (β/α)8 barrel domain, and a C-terminal domain. The domain organization is similar to that of the other family of 36 α-galactosidases, but TtGalA presents a cagelike hexamer. Structural analysis shows that oligomerization may be a key factor for the thermal adaption of TtGalA. The structure of TtGalA complexed with stachyose reveals only the existence of one -1 subsite and one +1 subsite in the active site. Structural comparison of the stachyose-bound complexes of TtGalA and GsAgaA, a tetrameric enzyme with four subsites, suggests evolutionary divergence of substrate specificity within the GH36 family of α-galactosidases. To the best of our knowledge, the crystal structure of TtGalA is the first report of a quaternary structure as a hexameric assembly in the α-galactosidase family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chia Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Pei Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yung Chang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzann-Shun Hwang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panwar D, Shubhashini A, Chaudhari SR, Prashanth KVH, Kapoor M. GH36 α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 synthesize Gal-α-1,6 linked prebiotic α-galactooligosaccharide by transglycosylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:334-342. [PMID: 31816385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are potent industrial glycoside hydrolases which are relatively less explored for their transglycosylation potential, especially from Lactobacillus genera. A GH36 α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 was cloned and over expressed in Hi-control Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Ni-NTA affinity gel chromatography resulted in purified α-galactosidase (LpαG; specific activity 3077.35 U mg-1) having a monomeric weight of ~80 kDa with 29.3% yield. Size exclusion chromatography of LpαG showed native molecular mass of ~240.5 kDa. LpαG displayed optimum activity at pH 6 and 37 °C. The Km,Vmax and kcat/Km of LpαG towards pNPαGal were found to be 0.93 mM and 714.3 μmol ml-1 min-1 and 12,075 s-1 mM-1, respectively. LpαG displayed maximum transglycosylation activity towards melibiose substrate (as both donor and acceptor) and synthesized majorly a trisaccharide with 0.26 mg ml-1 yield. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization revealed that trisaccharide consist of only single species of α-linked galactooligosaccharide (manninotriose; α-d-Galp-(1 → 6)-α-d-Galp-(1 → 6)-d-Glcp) with α-(1 → 6) regioselectivity. Manninotriose displayed prebiotic property by supporting the growth of probiotic L. plantarum WCFS1 and Bifidobacteria adolescentis DSM 20083.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Panwar
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201 002, India
| | - A Shubhashini
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - Sachin Rama Chaudhari
- Department of Spices and Flavour Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201 002, India
| | - K V Harish Prashanth
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201 002, India
| | - Mukesh Kapoor
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeuner B, Teze D, Muschiol J, Meyer AS. Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Protein Engineering Strategies for Improved Enzymatic Transglycosylation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2033. [PMID: 31141914 PMCID: PMC6600218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) signify a unique group of oligosaccharides in breast milk, which is of major importance for infant health and development. The functional benefits of HMOs create an enormous impetus for biosynthetic production of HMOs for use as additives in infant formula and other products. HMO molecules can be synthesized chemically, via fermentation, and by enzymatic synthesis. This treatise discusses these different techniques, with particular focus on harnessing enzymes for controlled enzymatic synthesis of HMO molecules. In order to foster precise and high-yield enzymatic synthesis, several novel protein engineering approaches have been reported, mainly concerning changing glycoside hydrolases to catalyze relevant transglycosylations. The protein engineering strategies for these enzymes range from rationally modifying specific catalytic residues, over targeted subsite -1 mutations, to unique and novel transplantations of designed peptide sequences near the active site, so-called loop engineering. These strategies have proven useful to foster enhanced transglycosylation to promote different types of HMO synthesis reactions. The rationale of subsite -1 modification, acceptor binding site matching, and loop engineering, including changes that may alter the spatial arrangement of water in the enzyme active site region, may prove useful for novel enzyme-catalyzed carbohydrate design in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Zeuner
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - David Teze
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bakunina I, Slepchenko L, Anastyuk S, Isakov V, Likhatskaya G, Kim N, Tekutyeva L, Son O, Balabanova L. Characterization of Properties and Transglycosylation Abilities of Recombinant α-Galactosidase from Cold-Adapted Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas KMM 701 and Its C494N and D451A Mutants. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E349. [PMID: 30250010 PMCID: PMC6213131 DOI: 10.3390/md16100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel wild-type recombinant cold-active α-d-galactosidase (α-PsGal) from the cold-adapted marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. KMM 701, and its mutants D451A and C494N, were studied in terms of their structural, physicochemical, and catalytic properties. Homology models of the three-dimensional α-PsGal structure, its active center, and complexes with D-galactose were constructed for identification of functionally important amino acid residues in the active site of the enzyme, using the crystal structure of the α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus as a template. The circular dichroism spectra of the wild α-PsGal and mutant C494N were approximately identical. The C494N mutation decreased the efficiency of retaining the affinity of the enzyme to standard p-nitrophenyl-α-galactopiranoside (pNP-α-Gal). Thin-layer chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods were used to identify transglycosylation products in reaction mixtures. α-PsGal possessed a narrow acceptor specificity. Fructose, xylose, fucose, and glucose were inactive as acceptors in the transglycosylation reaction. α-PsGal synthesized -α(1→6)- and -α(1→4)-linked galactobiosides from melibiose as well as -α(1→6)- and -α(1→3)-linked p-nitrophenyl-digalactosides (Gal₂-pNP) from pNP-α-Gal. The D451A mutation in the active center completely inactivated the enzyme. However, the substitution of C494N discontinued the Gal-α(1→3)-Gal-pNP synthesis and increased the Gal-α(1→4)-Gal yield compared to Gal-α(1→6)-Gal-pNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bakunina
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Lubov Slepchenko
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
- School of Economics and Management, School of Natural Sciences of Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Stanislav Anastyuk
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Isakov
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Galina Likhatskaya
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Natalya Kim
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- School of Economics and Management, School of Natural Sciences of Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Oksana Son
- School of Economics and Management, School of Natural Sciences of Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Larissa Balabanova
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Mechanism of action of Biologically Active Substances, Laboratory of Instrumental and Radioisotope Testing Methods, Group of NMR-Spectroscopy of G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
- School of Economics and Management, School of Natural Sciences of Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Isolation of a protease-resistant and pH-stable α-galactosidase displaying hydrolytic efficacy toward raffinose family oligosaccharides from the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Int J Biol Macromol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Abdul Manas NH, Md Illias R, Mahadi NM. Strategy in manipulating transglycosylation activity of glycosyl hydrolase for oligosaccharide production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:272-293. [PMID: 28683572 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1339664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing market demand for oligosaccharides has intensified the need for efficient biocatalysts. Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are still gaining popularity as biocatalyst for oligosaccharides synthesis owing to its simple reaction and high selectivity. PURPOSE Over the years, research has advanced mainly directing to one goal; to reduce hydrolysis activity of GHs for increased transglycosylation activity in achieving high production of oligosaccharides. DESIGN AND METHODS This review concisely presents the strategies to increase transglycosylation activity of GHs for oligosaccharides synthesis, focusing on controlling the reaction equilibrium, and protein engineering. Various modifications of the subsites of GHs have been demonstrated to significantly modulate the hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity of the enzymes. The clear insight of the roles of each amino acid in these sites provides a platform for designing an enzyme that could synthesize a specific oligosaccharide product. CONCLUSIONS The key strategies presented here are important for future improvement of GHs as a biocatalyst for oligosaccharide synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan , Malaysia.,b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia.,c Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- d Comparative Genomics and Genetics Research Centre , Malaysia Genome Institute , Kajang , Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Y, Tian G, Zhao L, Wang H, Ng TB. A protease-resistant α-galactosidase from Pleurotus djamor with broad pH stability and good hydrolytic activity toward raffinose family oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:122-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Efficient and regioselective synthesis of globotriose by a novel α-galactosidase from Bacteroides fragilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6693-6702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
11
|
Glycosynthesis in a waterworld: new insight into the molecular basis of transglycosylation in retaining glycoside hydrolases. Biochem J 2015; 467:17-35. [PMID: 25793417 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in Nature and play vital roles in many biological systems. Therefore the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compounds is of considerable interest for both research and commercial purposes. However, carbohydrates are challenging, due to the large number of sugar subunits and the multiple ways in which these can be linked together. Therefore, to tackle the challenge of glycosynthesis, chemists are increasingly turning their attention towards enzymes, which are exquisitely adapted to the intricacy of these biomolecules. In Nature, glycosidic linkages are mainly synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, but can result from the action of non-Leloir transglycosylases or phosphorylases. Advantageously for chemists, non-Leloir transglycosylases are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that are readily available and exhibit a wide range of substrate specificities. Nevertheless, non-Leloir transglycosylases are unusual glycoside hydrolases in as much that they efficiently catalyse the formation of glycosidic bonds, whereas most glycoside hydrolases favour the mechanistically related hydrolysis reaction. Unfortunately, because non-Leloir transglycosylases are almost indistinguishable from their hydrolytic counterparts, it is unclear how these enzymes overcome the ubiquity of water, thus avoiding the hydrolytic reaction. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to rationally design non-Leloir transglycosylases using the vast diversity of glycoside hydrolases as protein templates. In this critical review, a careful analysis of literature data describing non-Leloir transglycosylases and their relationship to glycoside hydrolase counterparts is used to clarify the state of the art knowledge and to establish a new rational basis for the engineering of glycoside hydrolases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthesis of galactosyl glycerol from guar gum by transglycosylation of α-galactosidase from Aspergillus sp. MK14. Food Chem 2015; 172:150-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Teze D, Daligault F, Ferrières V, Sanejouand YH, Tellier C. Semi-rational approach for converting a GH36 α-glycosidase into an α-transglycosidase. Glycobiology 2014; 25:420-7. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|