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Li Z, Xing J. Contribution and therapeutic value of mitophagy in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115492. [PMID: 37716121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and related life support technologies have improved substantially in recent years; however, mortality and disability rates from cardiac arrest (CA) remain high and are closely associated with the high incidence of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), which is explained by a "double-hit" model (i.e., resulting from both ischemia and reperfusion). Mitochondria are important power plants in the cell and participate in various biochemical processes, such as cell differentiation and signaling in eukaryotes. Various mitochondrial processes, including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, free radical production, and apoptosis, are involved in several important stages of the progression and development of CIRI. Mitophagy is a key mechanism of the endogenous removal of damaged mitochondria to maintain organelle function and is a critical target for CIRI treatment after CA. Mitophagy also plays an essential role in attenuating ischemia-reperfusion in other organs, particularly during post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction. Regulation of mitophagy may influence necroptosis (a programmed cell death pathway), which is the main endpoint of organ ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we summarize the main signaling pathways related to mitophagy and their associated regulatory proteins. New therapeutic methods and drugs targeting mitophagy in ischemia-reperfusion animal models are also discussed. In-depth studies of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of mitophagy will enhance our understanding of the damage and repair processes in CIRI after CA, thereby contributing to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Jihong Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Hwang S, Kim JK. N-Acetylcysteine Induces Apoptotic, Oxidative and Excitotoxic Neuronal Death in Mouse Cortical Cultures. Chonnam Med J 2022; 58:18-23. [PMID: 35169555 PMCID: PMC8813647 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2022.58.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative cell death. However, we found NAC itself to induce neuronal death in mouse cortical cultures. Therefore, the current study was performed to investigate the mechanism of neuronal death caused by NAC. Cell death was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase efflux to bathing media after 24-48 h exposure to NAC. NAC (0.1-10 mM) induced neuronal death in a concentration- and exposure time-dependent manner. However, NAC did not injure astrocytes even at a concentration of 10 mM. Also, 10 mM NAC markedly attenuated oxidative astrocyte death induced by 0.5 mM diethyl maleate or 0.25 mM H2O2. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 µM) markedly attenuated the neuronal death caused by 10 mM NAC, while NBQX did not affect the neuronal death. Cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor, 0.1 µg/mL) and z-VAD-FMK (a caspase inhibitor, 100 µM) also significantly attenuated neuronal death. Apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and caspase 3 activation were observed 1 h after the NAC treatment. The neuronal death induced by 1 or 10 mM NAC was significantly attenuated by the treatment with 100 µM Trolox or 1 mM ascorbic acid. NAC induced the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as measured by the fluorescent dye 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS generation was almost completely abolished by treatment with Trolox or ascorbic acid. These findings demonstrate that NAC can cause oxidative, apoptotic, and excitotoxic neuronal death in mouse neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinae Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Genrikhs EE. Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:233-243. [PMID: 31747384 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of homeostasis of zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) ions in the central nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Wilson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The last two pathological conditions of the brain are the most common; moreover, it is possible that TBI is a risk factor for the development of AD. Disruptions of Zn2+ and Cu2+ homeostasis play an important role in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of both TBI and AD. This review attempts to summarize and systematize the currently available research data on this issue. The neurocytotoxicity of Cu2+ and Zn2+, the synergism of the toxic effect of calcium and Zn2+ ions on the mitochondria of neurons, and the interaction of Zn2+ and Cu2+ with β-amyloid (Abeta) and tau protein are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, N.A. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Biological Faculty, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Research Center of Neurology, Moscow 125367, Russia
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Wolfram T, Schwarz M, Reuß M, Lossow K, Ost M, Klaus S, Schwerdtle T, Kipp AP. N-Acetylcysteine as Modulator of the Essential Trace Elements Copper and Zinc. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111117. [PMID: 33198336 PMCID: PMC7696987 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a frequently prescribed drug and known for its metal chelating capability. However, to date it is not well characterized whether NAC intake affects the homeostasis of essential trace elements. As a precursor of glutathione (GSH), NAC also has the potential to modulate the cellular redox homeostasis. Thus, we aimed to analyze effects of acute and chronic NAC treatment on the homeostasis of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) and on the activity of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. Cells were exposed to 1 mM NAC and were co-treated with 50 μM Cu or Zn. We showed that NAC treatment reduced the cellular concentration of Zn and Cu. In addition, NAC inhibited the Zn-induced Nrf2 activation and limited the concomitant upregulation of cellular GSH concentrations. In contrast, mice chronically received NAC via drinking water (1 g NAC/100 mL). Cu and Zn concentrations were decreased in liver and spleen. In the duodenum, NQO1, TXNRD, and SOD activities were upregulated by NAC. All of them can be induced by Nrf2, thus indicating a putative Nrf2 activation. Overall, NAC modulates the homeostasis of Cu and Zn both in vitro and in vivo and accordingly affects the cellular redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Wolfram
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.W.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (K.L.)
| | - Maria Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.W.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (K.L.)
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Michaela Reuß
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.W.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (K.L.)
| | - Kristina Lossow
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.W.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (K.L.)
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Mario Ost
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (M.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (M.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany;
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna P. Kipp
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.W.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (K.L.)
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, D-13353 Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-949609
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Kelesidis T, Tran E, Arastoo S, Lakhani K, Heymans R, Gornbein J, Middlekauff HR. Elevated Cellular Oxidative Stress in Circulating Immune Cells in Otherwise Healthy Young People Who Use Electronic Cigarettes in a Cross-Sectional Single-Center Study: Implications for Future Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016983. [PMID: 32896211 PMCID: PMC7726977 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Tobacco cigarettes (TCs) increase oxidative stress and inflammation, both instigators of atherosclerotic cardiac disease. It is unknown if electronic cigarettes (ECs) also increase immune cell oxidative stress. We hypothesized an ordered, “dose‐response” relationship, with tobacco‐product type as “dose” (lowest in nonsmokers, intermediate in EC vapers, and highest in TC smokers), and the “response” being cellular oxidative stress (COS) in immune cell subtypes, in otherwise, healthy young people. Methods and Results Using flow cytometry and fluorescent probes, COS was determined in immune cell subtypes in 33 otherwise healthy young people: nonsmokers (n=12), EC vapers (n=12), and TC smokers (n=9). Study groups had similar baseline characteristics, including age, sex, race, and education level. A dose‐response increase in proinflammatory monocytes and lymphocytes, and their COS content among the 3 study groups was found: lowest in nonsmokers, intermediate in EC vapers, and highest in TC smokers. These findings were most striking in CD14dimCD16+ and CD14++CD16+ proinflammatory monocytes and were reproduced with 2 independent fluorescent probes of COS. Conclusions These findings portend the development of premature cardiovascular disease in otherwise healthy young people who chronically vape ECs. On the other hand, that the COS is lower in EC vapers compared with TC smokers warrants additional investigation to determine if switching to ECs may form part of a harm‐reduction strategy. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03823885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Disease Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
| | - Elizabeth Tran
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
| | - Sara Arastoo
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
| | - Karishma Lakhani
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
| | - Rachel Heymans
- Division of Infectious Disease Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
| | - Jeffrey Gornbein
- Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA.,Department of Computational Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
| | - Holly R Middlekauff
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA
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Stelmashook EV, Chetverikov NS, Golyshev SA, Genrikhs EE, Isaev NK. Thymoquinone Induces Mitochondrial Damage and Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:205-212. [PMID: 32093596 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities. Most studies on the neurotoxic action of TQ have been carried out in cancer cell lines. Here, we studied the toxic effect of TQ in primary neuronal cultures in vitro. Incubation with 0.04-0.05 mM TQ for 24 h induced the death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in a dose-dependent manner. Neuronal death was preceded by an increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as demonstrated using CellROX Green and MitoSOX Red. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that incubation with 0.05 mM TQ for 5 h induced changes in the intracellular localization of mitochondria and mitochondria hypertrophy and cell swelling. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (2 mM) protected CGNs from the toxic action of TQ. Taken together, these facts suggest that TQ is toxic for normal neurons, while ROS-induced changes in the mitochondria can be one of the major causes of the TQ-induced neuronal damage and death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N S Chetverikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S A Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E E Genrikhs
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | - N K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Stelmashook EV, Aleksandrova OP, Rogozin PD, Genrikhs EE, Novikova SV, Gudasheva TA, Sharonova IN, Skrebitsky VG, Isaev NK. GK-2 Reduces Death of Cultured Granule Neurons in Cerebellum Induced by the Toxic Effects of Zinc Ions. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168:474-478. [PMID: 32146635 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimetic of nerve growth factor GK-2 in a dose of 1-2 mg/liter improves survival of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons exposed to the cytotoxic effect of zinc ions, but has no protective effect against copper ion cytotoxicity. Experiments on cultured rat hippocampal slices demonstrated that GK-2 did not affect reactivity of pyramidal neurons and long-term potentiation in the hippocampal field CA1 and the probability of glutamate release from presynaptic terminals in the synapses of the CA3-CA1 fields. The results suggest that GK-2 does not affect the functional properties of synaptic transmission under normal conditions, but protects neurons from the toxic effects of zinc, which creates prerequisites for GK-12 use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P D Rogozin
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - T A Gudasheva
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - N K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia. .,M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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