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Sineshchekov VA. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in the investigation of plant phytochrome invivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108434. [PMID: 38412703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Fluorometry is an effective research tool in biology and medicine; it is widely used in the study of the photosynthetic pigment apparatus in vivo. This method can be applied to the key plant photoreceptor phytochrome (phy). The fluorescence of phytochrome in plants was recorded for the first time in the group of the author, and a spectrofluorometric technique for its in vivo study was developed. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the pigment were described, and the photoreceptor was shown to be present in plants as two phenomenological types-active (at cryogenic temperatures) and water-soluble (Pr') and inactive and amphiphilic (Pr″). The scheme of the photoreaction explaining their photochemical distinctions was proposed. Phytochrome A was shown to comprise both types (phyA' and phyA″), whereas phytochrome B was only the second type. For phyA', distinct conformers have been detected. phyA' and phyA″ differ by the N-terminus of the molecule, possibly by serine phosphorylation. They mediate, respectively, the very low fluence and high irradiance photoresponses. Light, internal factors (kinase/phosphatase balance, pH), and hormones (jasmonate) were shown to affect the content and functions of the two phyA pools. All this points to the effectiveness of the developed method for invivo investigations of the phytochrome system. The data obtained can be applied in practical terms in agrobiology and light culture, as well as in the use of phytochrome as a new nanotool and a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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Su SH, Levine HG, Masson PH. Brachypodium distachyon Seedlings Display Accession-Specific Morphological and Transcriptomic Responses to the Microgravity Environment of the International Space Station. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030626. [PMID: 36983782 PMCID: PMC10058394 DOI: 10.3390/life13030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have been recognized as key components of bioregenerative life support systems for space exploration, and many experiments have been carried out to evaluate their adaptability to spaceflight. Unfortunately, few of these experiments have involved monocot plants, which constitute most of the crops used on Earth as sources of food, feed, and fiber. To better understand the ability of monocot plants to adapt to spaceflight, we germinated and grew Brachypodium distachyon seedlings of the Bd21, Bd21-3, and Gaz8 accessions in a customized growth unit on the International Space Station, along with 1-g ground controls. At the end of a 4-day growth period, seedling organ’s growth and morphologies were quantified, and root and shoot transcriptomic profiles were investigated using RNA-seq. The roots of all three accessions grew more slowly and displayed longer root hairs under microgravity conditions relative to ground control. On the other hand, the shoots of Bd21-3 and Gaz-8 grew at similar rates between conditions, whereas those of Bd21 grew more slowly under microgravity. The three Brachypodium accessions displayed dramatically different transcriptomic responses to microgravity relative to ground controls, with the largest numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) found in Gaz8 (4527), followed by Bd21 (1353) and Bd21-3 (570). Only 47 and six DEGs were shared between accessions for shoots and roots, respectively, including DEGs encoding wall-associated proteins and photosynthesis-related DEGs. Furthermore, DEGs associated with the “Oxidative Stress Response” GO group were up-regulated in the shoots and down-regulated in the roots of Bd21 and Gaz8, indicating that Brachypodium roots and shoots deploy distinct biological strategies to adapt to the microgravity environment. A comparative analysis of the Brachypodium oxidative-stress response DEGs with the Arabidopsis ROS wheel suggests a connection between retrograde signaling, light response, and decreased expression of photosynthesis-related genes in microgravity-exposed shoots. In Gaz8, DEGs were also found to preferentially associate with the “Plant Hormonal Signaling” and “MAP Kinase Signaling” KEGG pathways. Overall, these data indicate that Brachypodium distachyon seedlings exposed to the microgravity environment of ISS display accession- and organ-specific responses that involve oxidative stress response, wall remodeling, photosynthesis inhibition, expression regulation, ribosome biogenesis, and post-translational modifications. The general characteristics of these responses are similar to those displayed by microgravity-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. However, organ- and accession-specific components of the response dramatically differ both within and between species. These results suggest a need to directly evaluate candidate-crop responses to microgravity to better understand their specific adaptability to this novel environment and develop cultivation strategies allowing them to strive during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Su
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (S.-H.S.); (P.H.M.)
| | - Howard G. Levine
- NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA
| | - Patrick H. Masson
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (S.-H.S.); (P.H.M.)
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Kochetova GV, Avercheva OV, Bassarskaya EM, Zhigalova TV. Light quality as a driver of photosynthetic apparatus development. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:779-803. [PMID: 36124269 PMCID: PMC9481803 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light provides energy for photosynthesis and also acts as an important environmental signal. During their evolution, plants acquired sophisticated sensory systems for light perception and light-dependent regulation of their growth and development in accordance with the local light environment. Under natural conditions, plants adapted by using their light sensors to finely distinguish direct sunlight and dark in the soil, deep grey shade under the upper soil layer or litter, green shade under the canopy and even lateral green reflectance from neighbours. Light perception also allows plants to evaluate in detail the weather, time of day, day length and thus the season. However, in artificial lighting conditions, plants are confronted with fundamentally different lighting conditions. The advent of new light sources - light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit narrow-band light - allows growing plants with light of different spectral bands or their combinations. This sets the task of finding out how light of different quality affects the development and functioning of plants, and in particular, their photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), which is one of the basic processes determining plant yield. In this review, we briefly describe how plants perceive environment light signals by their five families of photoreceptors and by the PSA as a particular light sensor, and how they use this information to form their PSA under artificial narrow-band LED-based lighting of different spectral composition. We consider light regulation of the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic complexes and chloroplast ATP synthase function, PSA photoprotection mechanisms, carbon assimilation reactions and stomatal development and function.
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Phytochrome A in plants comprises two structurally and functionally distinct populations — water-soluble phyA′ and amphiphilic phyA″. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:905-921. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Fang X, Tang T, Wang Y, Wu Y, Luo J, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Ruan R, Zhou M, Zhang K, Yi Z. Inflorescence Transcriptome Sequencing and Development of New EST-SSR Markers in Common Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:742. [PMID: 35336623 PMCID: PMC8950064 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) is known for its adaptability, good nutrition, and medicinal and health care value. However, genetic studies of buckwheat have been hindered by limited genomic resources and genetic markers. In this study, Illumina HiSeq 4000 high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the transcriptome of green-flower common buckwheat (Gr) with coarse pedicels and white-flower Ukrainian daliqiao (UD) with fine pedicels. A total of 118,448 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 1248 bp and an N50 of 1850 bp. A total of 39,432 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the DEGs of the porphyrins and chlorophyll metabolic pathway had significantly upregulated expression in Gr. Then, a total of 17,579 sequences containing SSR loci were detected, and 20,756 EST-SSR loci were found. The distribution frequency of EST-SSR in the transcriptome was 17.52%, and the average distribution density was 8.21 kb. A total of 224 pairs of primers were randomly selected for synthesis; 35 varieties of common buckwheat and 13 varieties of Tartary buckwheat were verified through these primers. The clustering results well verified the previous conclusion that common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat had a distant genetic relationship. The EST-SSR markers identified and developed in this study will be helpful to enrich the transcriptome information and marker-assisted selection breeding of buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Xiaomei Fang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Tian Tang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Yudong Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Yinhuan Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Jinyu Luo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Haotian Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Yingqian Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Renwu Ruan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Zelin Yi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (H.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (R.R.)
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Yudina L, Sukhova E, Mudrilov M, Nerush V, Pecherina A, Smirnov AA, Dorokhov AS, Chilingaryan NO, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Ratio of Intensities of Blue and Red Light at Cultivation Influences Photosynthetic Light Reactions, Respiration, Growth, and Reflectance Indices in Lettuce. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:60. [PMID: 35053058 PMCID: PMC8772897 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LED illumination can have a narrow spectral band; its intensity and time regime are regulated within a wide range. These characteristics are the potential basis for the use of a combination of LEDs for plant cultivation because light is the energy source that is used by plants as well as the regulator of photosynthesis, and the regulator of other physiological processes (e.g., plant development), and can cause plant damage under certain stress conditions. As a result, analyzing the influence of light spectra on physiological and growth characteristics during cultivation of different plant species is an important problem. In the present work, we investigated the influence of two variants of LED illumination (red light at an increased intensity, the "red" variant, and blue light at an increased intensity, the "blue" variant) on the parameters of photosynthetic dark and light reactions, respiration rate, leaf reflectance indices, and biomass, among other factors in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The same light intensity (about 180 µmol m-2s-1) was used in both variants. It was shown that the blue illumination variant increased the dark respiration rate (35-130%) and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (18-26% at the maximal intensity of the actinic light) in comparison to the red variant; the effects were dependent on the duration of cultivation. In contrast, the blue variant decreased the rate of the photosynthetic linear electron flow (13-26%) and various plant growth parameters, such as final biomass (about 40%). Some reflectance indices (e.g., the Zarco-Tejada and Miller Index, an index that is related to the core sizes and light-harvesting complex of photosystem I), were also strongly dependent on the illumination variant. Thus, our results show that the red illumination variant contributes a great deal to lettuce growth; in contrast, the blue variant contributes to stress changes, including the activation of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimir Nerush
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Anna Pecherina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Alexandr A. Smirnov
- Lighting Laboratory, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey S. Dorokhov
- Department of Closed Artificial Agroecosystems, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Narek O. Chilingaryan
- Agricultural Materials Laboratory, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM” (FSAC VIM), 109428 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (V.N.); (A.P.); (V.V.)
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The Role of Membranes and Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Mg-Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663309. [PMID: 33995458 PMCID: PMC8113382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may result in the destruction and elimination of these pigments. All steps of the Mg-branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to Chl formation are carried out by enzymes associated with plastid membranes. Still the significance of these protein-membrane and protein-lipid interactions in Chl synthesis and chloroplast differentiation are not very well-understood. In this review, we provide an overview on Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms with emphasis on its association with membranes and lipids. Moreover, the last steps of the pathway including the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid phytyl moiety and the esterification of Chlide are also summarized. The unique biochemical and photophysical properties of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) enzyme catalyzing Pchlide photoreduction and located to peculiar tubuloreticular prolamellar body (PLB) membranes of light-deprived tissues of angiosperms and to envelope membranes, as well as to thylakoids (especially grana margins) are also reviewed. Data about the factors influencing tubuloreticular membrane formation within cells, the spectroscopic properties and the in vitro reconstitution of the native LPOR enzyme complexes are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Riemann M, Nick P. Phytochrome A and its Functional Manifestations in Etiolated and Far‐red Light‐grown Seedlings of the Wild‐type Rice and its Hebiba and Cpm2 Mutants Deficient in the Defense‐related Phytohormone Jasmonic Acid. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:335-342. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/php.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInteraction between phytochromes and hormones is becoming one of the major issues in plant photophysiology. In this work, effects of defense‐related jasmonic acid (JA) on phytochrome A (phyA) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy making use of two JA biosynthesis mutants of rice: cpm2 with the inactivated gene allene oxide cyclase and hebiba with additional genes deleted. Constant far‐red light (FRc) mediated by phyA reduced its content in the wild type (WT) and mutants, and brought about domination of its light‐stable pool (phyA″) in WT and light‐labile pool (phyA′) in the mutants. Pulsed FRp was much less effective. This FR effect classifies as primarily HIR with a low fluence threshold; it comprises inhibition of phyA biosynthesis, stimulation of phyA″→phyA′ transformation and phyA′ destruction. In the mutants, phyA suppresses [Pchlide] under FRp (VLFR) and stimulates it under FRc (HIR); these effects are lacking in WT. Similarly, phyA suppresses roots'growth under FRp in the mutants but not in WT. These JA mutant features suggest that JA reduces the phyA functional activity primarily in its phyA″ form mediating HIR. This modulating JA action on phyA functions under FR limiting their extreme manifestations may have contributed to the evolutionary advances of the land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119899 Russia
| | - Larissa Koppel
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119899 Russia
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute 1 University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute 1 University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Riemann M, Nick P. Phytochrome A and its Functional Manifestations in Etiolated and Far-red Light-grown Seedlings of the Wild-type Rice and its Hebiba and Cpm2 Mutants Deficient in the Defense-related Phytohormone Jasmonic Acid. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:335-342. [PMID: 33090519 DOI: 10.1111/php.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between phytochromes and hormones is becoming one of the major issues in plant photophysiology. In this work, effects of defense-related jasmonic acid (JA) on phytochrome A (phyA) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy making use of two JA biosynthesis mutants of rice: cpm2 with the inactivated gene allene oxide cyclase and hebiba with additional genes deleted. Constant far-red light (FRc) mediated by phyA reduced its content in the wild type (WT) and mutants, and brought about domination of its light-stable pool (phyA″) in WT and light-labile pool (phyA') in the mutants. Pulsed FRp was much less effective. This FR effect classifies as primarily HIR with a low fluence threshold; it comprises inhibition of phyA biosynthesis, stimulation of phyA″→phyA' transformation and phyA' destruction. In the mutants, phyA suppresses [Pchlide] under FRp (VLFR) and stimulates it under FRc (HIR); these effects are lacking in WT. Similarly, phyA suppresses roots'growth under FRp in the mutants but not in WT. These JA mutant features suggest that JA reduces the phyA functional activity primarily in its phyA″ form mediating HIR. This modulating JA action on phyA functions under FR limiting their extreme manifestations may have contributed to the evolutionary advances of the land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - Larissa Koppel
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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