1
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Muth LT, Van Bogaert INA. Let it stick: Strategies and applications for intracellular plasma membrane targeting of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2024; 41:315-329. [PMID: 38444057 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid binding domains and protein lipidations are essential features to recruit proteins to intracellular membranes, enabling them to function at specific sites within the cell. Membrane association can also be exploited to answer fundamental and applied research questions, from obtaining insights into the understanding of lipid metabolism to employing them for metabolic engineering to redirect fluxes. This review presents a broad catalog of membrane binding strategies focusing on the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both lipid binding domains (pleckstrin homology, discoidin-type C2, kinase associated-1, basic-rich and bacterial phosphoinositide-binding domains) and co- and post-translational lipidations (prenylation, myristoylation and palmitoylation) are introduced as tools to target the plasma membrane. To provide a toolset of membrane targeting modules, respective candidates that facilitate plasma membrane targeting are showcased including their in vitro and in vivo properties. The relevance and versatility of plasma membrane targeting modules are further highlighted by presenting a selected set of use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Teresa Muth
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Schelz Z, Muddather HF, Zupkó I. Repositioning of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Adjuvants in the Modulation of Efflux Pump-Mediated Bacterial and Tumor Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1468. [PMID: 37760764 PMCID: PMC10525194 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pump (EP)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) seems ubiquitous in bacterial infections and neoplastic diseases. The diversity and lack of specificity of these efflux mechanisms raise a great obstacle in developing drugs that modulate efflux pumps. Since developing novel chemotherapeutic drugs requires large investments, drug repurposing offers a new approach that can provide alternatives as adjuvants in treating resistant microbial infections and progressive cancerous diseases. Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are promising agents in this respect. Originally, statins were used in the therapy of dyslipidemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, extensive research has recently been performed to elucidate the functions of statins in bacterial infections and cancers. The mevalonate pathway is essential in the posttranslational modification of proteins related to vital eukaryotic cell functions. In this article, a comparative review is given about the possible role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in managing diseases of bacterial and neoplastic origin. Molecular research and clinical studies have proven the justification of statins in this field. Further well-designed clinical trials are urged to clarify the significance of the contribution of statins to the lower risk of disease progression in bacterial infections and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (H.F.M.)
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3
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Jung D, Bachmann HS. Regulation of protein prenylation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114915. [PMID: 37236024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTases) are known to play a role in embryonic development, normal tissue homeostasis and cancer by posttranslationally modifying proteins involved in these processes. They are being discussed as potential drug targets in an increasing number of diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to malaria. Protein prenylation and the development of specific PTase inhibitors (PTIs) have been subject to intense research in recent decades. Recently, the FDA approved lonafarnib, a specific farnesyltransferase inhibitor that acts directly on protein prenylation; and bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor that might alter intracellular isoprenoid composition, the relative concentrations of which can exert a decisive influence on protein prenylation. Both drugs represent the first approved agent in their respective substance class. Furthermore, an overwhelming number of processes and proteins that regulate protein prenylation have been identified over the years, many of which have been proposed as molecular targets for pharmacotherapy in their own right. However, certain aspects of protein prenylation, such as the regulation of PTase gene expression or the modulation of PTase activity by phosphorylation, have attracted less attention, despite their reported influence on tumor cell proliferation. Here, we want to summarize the advances regarding our understanding of the regulation of protein prenylation and the potential implications for drug development. Additionally, we want to suggest new lines of investigation that encompass the search for regulatory elements for PTases, especially at the genetic and epigenetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Jung
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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4
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Sachivkina N, Vasilieva E, Lenchenko E, Kuznetsova O, Karamyan A, Ibragimova A, Zhabo N, Molchanova M. Reduction in Pathogenicity in Yeast-like Fungi by Farnesol in Quail Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040489. [PMID: 35203197 PMCID: PMC8868261 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans was the first eukaryotic microorganism to exhibit quorum-sensing through the secretion of the sesquiterpene E, farnesol. This molecule is generated by dephosphorylation of farnesyl pyrophosphate in the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway in mammalian and yeast cells. Exogenous farnesol inhibits yeast-to-hyphal formation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner at the earliest stage of hyphal development. Much research has been devoted to studying the role of farnesol as an inhibitor of hyphal morphogenesis; however, little research has been published regarding the in vivo impacts of farnesol on fungal virulence and the development of Candida infection. While other studies have examined the impact of multiple doses of farnesol in addition to antimycotics, we hypothesize that C. albicans treated with a single dose of this quorum-sensing molecule could reduce fungal virulence in a quail model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Sachivkina
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Lenchenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga Kuznetsova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Arfenia Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alfia Ibragimova
- Department of General Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Technologies, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Natalia Zhabo
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Molchanova
- Department of Foreign Languages, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (N.Z.); (M.M.)
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5
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Weber L, Hagemann A, Kaltenhäuser J, Besser M, Rockenfeller P, Ehrhardt A, Stuermer E, Bachmann HS. Bacteria Are New Targets for Inhibitors of Human Farnesyltransferase. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628283. [PMID: 34917041 PMCID: PMC8669142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) are focus for the treatment of several diseases, particularly in the field of cancer therapy. Their potential, however, goes even further, as a number of studies have evaluated FTIs for the treatment of infectious diseases such as malaria, African sleeping sickness, leishmaniosis, and hepatitis D virus infection. Little is known about protein prenylation mechanisms in human pathogens. However, disruption of IspA, a gene encoding the geranyltranstransferase of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) leads to reprogramming of cellular behavior as well as impaired growth and decreased resistance to cell wall-targeting antibiotics. We used an agar well diffusion assay and a time kill assay and determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the FTIs lonafarnib and tipifarnib. Additionally, we conducted cell viability assays. We aimed to characterize the effect of these FTIs on S. aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). Both the FTIs lonafarnib and tipifarnib were capable of inhibiting the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, and S. pneumoniae, whereas no effect was observed on Gram-negative bacteria. The analysis of the impact of lonafarnib and tipifarnib on common human pathogens might lead to novel insights into their defense mechanisms and therefore provide new therapeutic targets for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weber
- Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anna Hagemann
- Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Jila Kaltenhäuser
- Department of Translational Wound Research, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Manuela Besser
- Department of Translational Wound Research, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Ewa Stuermer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Center, Translational Wound Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Sjard Bachmann
- Centre for Biomedical Education and Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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6
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Fiorito S, Epifano F, Marchetti L, Genovese S. Semisynthesis of Selenoauraptene. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092798. [PMID: 34068532 PMCID: PMC8126015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium-containing compounds are gaining more and more interest due to their valuable and promising pharmacological properties, mainly as anticancer and antioxidant agents. Ebselen, the up to now only approved drugs, is well known to possess very good glutathione peroxidase mimicking effects. To date, the most of efforts have been directed to build pure synthetic Se containing molecules, while less attention have been devoted to Se-based semisynthetic products resembling natural compounds like terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids. The aim of this short communication is to report the synthesis of the first example of a Se-phenylpropanoids, namely selenoauraptene, containing a selenogeranyl side chain in position 7 of the umbelliferone core. The key step was the Newman-Kwart rearrangement to obtain a selenocarbamate in which the Se atom was directly attached to umbelliferone (replacing its 7-OH function) followed by hydrolysis to get diumbelliferyl diselenide, which was finally easily converted to the desired Se-geranyl derivative in quite a good overall yield (28.5%). The synthesized adduct displayed a greater antioxidant and a radical scavenger in vitro activity than parent auraptene. The procedure we describe herein, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, represents an easy-to-handle method for the synthesis of a wide array of seleno analogues of naturally occurring biologically active oxyprenylated secondary metabolites.
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7
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Singh KS, Sharma R, Reddy PAN, Vonteddu P, Good M, Sundarrajan A, Choi H, Muthumani K, Kossenkov A, Goldman AR, Tang HY, Totrov M, Cassel J, Murphy ME, Somasundaram R, Herlyn M, Salvino JM, Dotiwala F. RETRACTED ARTICLE: IspH inhibitors kill Gram-negative bacteria and mobilize immune clearance. Nature 2020; 589:597-602. [PMID: 33361818 PMCID: PMC8776033 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are vital to all organisms in supporting core functions of life, like respiration and membrane stability.1 IspH, an enzyme in the methyl erythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis, is essential to gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria and apicomplexans.2,3 The IspH substrate, HMBPP, is not produced in humans and other metazoans and activates cytotoxic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in humans and primates at extremely low concentrations.4-6 We describe novel IspH inhibitors and through structure-guided analog design, refine their potency to nanomolar levels. We have modified these into prodrugs for delivery into bacteria and report that they kill clinical isolates of several multidrug resistant bacterial species such as Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Vibrio, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Mycobacterium and Bacillus, while being relatively non-toxic to mammalian cells. Proteomic analysis reveals that bacteria treated with prodrugs resemble those with conditional IspH knockdown. Notably, these prodrugs also cause expansion and activation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells in a humanized mouse model of bacterial infection. These IspH prodrugs synergize direct antibiotic killing with a simultaneous rapid immune response by cytotoxic γδ T-cells, which may limit the rise of antibiotic resistant bacterial populations.
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8
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Marakasova E, Ii A, Nelson KT, van Hoek ML. Proteome Wide Profiling of N-ε-Lysine Acetylation Reveals a Novel Mechanism of Regulation of the Chitinase Activity in Francisella novicida. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1409-1422. [PMID: 32056440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. The historical development of tularemia as a biological weapon has led to it being characterized by the CDC as a category A biothreat agent. Neither posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins, in particular lysine acetylation, in Francisella nor its subsequent regulation of the protein activity has been well studied. In this work, we analyze N-ε-lysine acetylation of the F. tularensis ssp. novicida proteome by mass spectrometry for the first time. To create a comprehensive acetylation profile, we enriched protein acetylation using two approaches: (1) the addition of glucose or acetate into the culture medium and (2) direct chemical acetylation of N-ε-lysines with acetyl phosphate. We discovered 280 acetylated proteins with 1178 acetylation sites in the F. tularensis ssp. novicida strain U112. Lysine acetylation is an important PTM that regulates multiple cellular processes in bacteria, including metabolism, transcription, translation, stress response, and protein folding. We discovered that Francisella chitinases A and B are acetylated naturally and when chemically induced by acetyl phosphate. Moreover, chemical overacetylation of chitinases results in silencing of the enzymatic activity. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of posttranslational regulation of the chitinase activity and that acetylation may play a role in Francisella's regulation of the protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Marakasova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Alexandra Ii
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Kristina T Nelson
- Chemical and Proteomic Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
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9
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Ahmadi M, Suazo KF, Distefano MD. Optimization of Metabolic Labeling with Alkyne-Containing Isoprenoid Probes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2009:35-43. [PMID: 31152393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9532-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein prenylation, found in eukaryotes, is a posttranslational modification in which one or two isoprenoid groups are added to the C terminus of selected proteins using either a farnesyl group or a geranylgeranyl group. Prenylation facilitates protein localization mainly to the plasma membrane where the prenylated proteins, including small GTPases, mediate signal transduction pathways. Changes in the level of prenylated proteins may serve a critical function in a variety of diseases. Metabolic labeling using modified isoprenoid probes followed by enrichment and proteomic analysis allows the identities and levels of prenylated proteins to be investigated. In this protocol, we illustrate how the conditions for metabolic labeling are optimized to maximize probe incorporation in HeLa cells through a combination of in-gel fluorescence and densitometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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10
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Ahmadi Y, Karimian R, Panahi Y. Effects of statins on the chemoresistance-The antagonistic drug-drug interactions versus the anti-cancer effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1856-1865. [PMID: 30372891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the potential anti-cancer activity of statins based on evidence of their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and radiosensitizing properties, but no studies have focused on the effects of statins on the chemoresistance. In spite of their direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects on the cancer cells, statins via drug interactions may affect therapeutic effects of the chemotherapy agents and so cause chemoresistance in cancer cells. Here, we aim to present the molecular mechanisms underlying cytotoxic effects of statins on the cancer cells against those mechanisms by which statins may lead to chemoresistance, in order to clarify whether the positive effects of the co-treatment of statins on the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents is due to the natural anti-cancer effects of statins or it is due to increasing the cellular concentrations of chemotherapy drugs in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Karimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Marakasova ES, Eisenhaber B, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Baranova A. Prenylation of viral proteins by enzymes of the host: Virus-driven rationale for therapy with statins and FT/GGT1 inhibitors. Bioessays 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute; Agency for Science; Technology and Research Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute; Agency for Science; Technology and Research Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University Singapore; Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute; Agency for Science; Technology and Research Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University Singapore; Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Ancha Baranova
- School of Systems Biology; George Mason University; Fairfax VA USA
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
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12
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Trost BM, Chan WH, Malhotra S. Development of the Regiodivergent Asymmetric Prenylation of 3-Substituted Oxindoles. Chemistry 2017; 23:4405-4414. [PMID: 28141896 PMCID: PMC5530868 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes our efforts to design a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric prenylation of 3-substituted oxindoles that affords access to both the linear and reverse-prenylated products. Both 3-alkyl- and 3-aryloxindoles performed well under our optimized reaction conditions. The regiodivergent alkylation of monoterpene-derived electrophiles using this methodology was also investigated. The utility of this methodology in natural product synthesis was demonstrated through the efficient total syntheses of four Flustra alkaloids, which also allowed the absolute stereochemistry of the prenylated oxindole products to be assigned. Surprisingly, the same enantiomer of ligand produced linear and branched regioisomers of opposite chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Walter H Chan
- University of Toronto, 78 Queens Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C5, Canada
| | - Sushant Malhotra
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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13
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Dey G, Thattai M, Baum B. On the Archaeal Origins of Eukaryotes and the Challenges of Inferring Phenotype from Genotype. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:476-485. [PMID: 27319280 PMCID: PMC4917890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
If eukaryotes arose through a merger between archaea and bacteria, what did the first true eukaryotic cell look like? A major step toward an answer came with the discovery of Lokiarchaeum, an archaeon whose genome encodes small GTPases related to those used by eukaryotes to regulate membrane traffic. Although ‘Loki’ cells have yet to be seen, their existence has prompted the suggestion that the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed the future mitochondrion by phagocytosis. We propose instead that the archaeal ancestor was a relatively simple cell, and that eukaryotic cellular organization arose as the result of a gradual transfer of bacterial genes and membranes driven by an ever-closer symbiotic partnership between a bacterium and an archaeon. Eukaryotes are thought to be a product of symbiosis between archaea and bacteria. The recently discovered Lokiarchaeum (‘Loki’) encodes more Eukaryotic Signature Proteins (ESPs) than any other archaeon, making it the closest living relative to the putative ancestor of eukaryotes. Lokiarchaeum is the first prokaryote found to encode small GTPases, gelsolin, BAR domains, and longin domains, leading many to suggest that it might be compartmentalized and be capable of membrane trafficking. Many models for the evolution of eukaryotes invoke an archaeal ancestor that is capable of phagocytosis to explain the entry of the future mitochondrion into the host cell. Understanding the cell biology of Lokiarchaeum will be key to understanding the morphological transitions that characterized the evolution of eukaryotic cellular architecture, but Loki has not yet been cultured or seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Mukund Thattai
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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14
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Palsuledesai CC, Distefano MD. Protein prenylation: enzymes, therapeutics, and biotechnology applications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:51-62. [PMID: 25402849 PMCID: PMC4301080 DOI: 10.1021/cb500791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
prenylation is a ubiquitous covalent post-translational modification
found in all eukaryotic cells, comprising attachment of either a farnesyl
or a geranylgeranyl isoprenoid. It is essential for the proper cellular
activity of numerous proteins, including Ras family GTPases and heterotrimeric
G-proteins. Inhibition of prenylation has been extensively investigated
to suppress the activity of oncogenic Ras proteins to achieve antitumor
activity. Here, we review the biochemistry of the prenyltransferase
enzymes and numerous isoprenoid analogs synthesized to investigate
various aspects of prenylation and prenyltransferases. We also give
an account of the current status of prenyltransferase inhibitors as
potential therapeutics against several diseases including cancers,
progeria, aging, parasitic diseases, and bacterial and viral infections.
Finally, we discuss recent progress in utilizing protein prenylation
for site-specific protein labeling for various biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuta C. Palsuledesai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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15
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Tanco S, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. C-terminomics: Targeted analysis of natural and posttranslationally modified protein and peptide C-termini. Proteomics 2014; 15:903-14. [PMID: 25316308 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminus (where C is carboxyl) of a protein can serve as a recognition signature for a variety of biological processes, including protein trafficking and protein complex formation. Hence, the identity of the in vivo protein C-termini provides valuable information about biological processes. Analysis of protein C-termini is also crucial for the study of C-terminal PTMs, particularly for monitoring proteolytic processing by endopeptidases and carboxypeptidases. Although technical difficulties have limited the study of C-termini, a range of technologies have been proposed in the last couple of years. Here, we review the current proteomics technologies for C-terminal analysis, with a focus on the biological information that can be derived from C-terminomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Tanco
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Schuld NJ, Hauser AD, Gastonguay AJ, Wilson JM, Lorimer EL, Williams CL. SmgGDS-558 regulates the cell cycle in pancreatic, non-small cell lung, and breast cancers. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:941-52. [PMID: 24552806 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutation or misregulation of small GTPases in the Ras and Rho families can promote unregulated cell cycle progression in cancer. Post-translational modification by prenylation of these GTPases allows them to signal at the cell membrane. Splice variants of SmgGDS, named SmgGDS-607 and SmgGDS-558, promote the prenylation and membrane trafficking of multiple Ras and Rho family members, which makes SmgGDS a potentially important regulator of the cell cycle. Surprisingly little is known about how SmgGDS-607 and SmgGDS-558 affect cell cycle-regulatory proteins in cancer, even though SmgGDS is overexpressed in multiple types of cancer. To examine the roles of SmgGDS splice variants in the cell cycle, we compared the effects of the RNAi-mediated depletion of SmgGDS-558 vs. SmgGDS-607 on cell cycle progression and the expression of cyclin D1, p27, and p21 in pancreatic, lung, and breast cancer cell lines. We show for the first time that SmgGDS promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, and we demonstrate that SmgGDS-558 plays a greater role than SmgGDS-607 in cell cycle progression as well as promoting cyclin D1 and suppressing p27 expression in multiple types of cancer. Silencing both splice variants of SmgGDS in the cancer cell lines produces an alternative signaling profile compared with silencing SmgGDS-558 alone. We also show that loss of both SmgGDS-607 and SmgGDS-558 simultaneously decreases tumorigenesis of NCI-H1703 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenografts in mice. These findings indicate that SmgGDS promotes cell cycle progression in multiple types of cancer, making SmgGDS a valuable target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Schuld
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Andrew D Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Adam J Gastonguay
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Jessica M Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Ellen L Lorimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Carol L Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
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