1
|
Asghar A, Lutze HV, Tuerk J, Schmidt TC. Influence of water matrix on the degradation of organic micropollutants by ozone based processes: A review on oxidant scavenging mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128189. [PMID: 35077976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in aquatic environment has expedited scientific and regulatory efforts to retrofit existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The current strategy involves WWTPs upgrading with post-ozonation i.e., ozone (O3) and/or peroxone process (O3 +H2O2). Still, ozone-based degradation of OMPs faces several challenges. For example, the degradation mechanism and kinetics of OMPs could largely be affected by water matrix compounds which include inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM). pH also plays a decisive role in determining the reactivity of the oxidants (O3, H2O2, andHO•), stability and speciation of matrix constituents and OMPs and thus susceptibility of OMPs to the reactions with oxidants. There have been reviews discussing the impact of matrix components on the degradation of OMPs by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Nevertheless, a review focusing on scavenging mechanisms, formation of secondary oxidants and their scavenging effects with a particular focus on ozonation and peroxone process is lacking. Therefore, in order to broaden the knowledge on this subject, the database 'Web of Science' was searched for the studies related to the 'matrix effect on the degradation of organic micropollutants by ozone based processes' over the time period of 2004-2021. The relevant literature was thoroughly reviewed and following conclusions were made: i) chloride has inhibitory effects if it exits at higher concentrations or as free chlorine i.e. HOCl/ClO-. ii) The inhibitory effects of chloride, bromide, HOBr/OBr- and HOCl/ClO- are dominant in neutral and alkaline conditions and may result in the formation of secondary oxidants (e.g., chlorine atoms or free bromine), which in turn contribute to pollutant degradation or form undesired oxidation by-products such as BrO3-, ClO3- and halogenated organic products. ii) NOM may induce inhibitory or synergetic effects depending on the type, chemical properties and concentration of NOM. Therefore, more efforts are required to understand the importance of pH variation as well as the effects of water matrix on the reactivity of oxidants and subsequent degradation of OMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Asghar
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Karolinenpl. 5, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie, und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei J, Ma D, Ma X, Sheng Q, Sun X, Li J, Liu X, Shen J, Zheng M, Wang L. New insight into increased toxicity during ozonation of chlorophenol: The significant contribution of oxidizing intermediates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144569. [PMID: 33477043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological safety evaluation and toxic by-products identification are critical issues in the partial oxidation process. Previous studies have shown that the whole toxicity increased in the effluent of an ozonation process for chlorophenols removal. Here, this study systematically investigated the changes of acute toxicity during the ozonation of 3-chlorophenol under four key operational conditions, including initial 3-chlorophenol concentration (20-60 mg/L), ozone concentration (14-42 mg/L), reaction pH (3-10) and ozonation time (0-50 min). The results found that the ozonation process induced a significant increase in the acute toxicity, followed by its gradual decrease. The observation of higher acute toxicity increase generally happened at higher initial 3-chlorophenol concentration, lower ozone concentration and lower reaction pH. At the toxicity peaks, the oxidizing intermediates posed acute toxicity equal to 65.8%-96.3% of the whole toxicity. Among them, free active chlorine (FAC) contributed 21.4%-51.6%, and its concentrations significantly correlated to the acute toxicity change. Therefore, two possible FAC generation pathways initiated by ozone molecule were proposed: (i) bond breaking of the oxychloride complex formed by the combination of chloride ion and zwitterion; or (ii) hydrolysis of ozonides formed by the electrophilic reaction of ozone molecule. Together, these results firstly revealed the significant toxicity contribution of oxidizing intermediates during the ozonation of chlorophenols, supporting further development of safe and effective ozone-based water treatment schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xuerou Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomes J, Lincho J, Mazierski P, Miodyńska M, Zaleska-Medynska A, Martins RC. Unexpected effect of ozone on the paraben's mixture degradation using TiO 2 supported nanotubes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140831. [PMID: 32679505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide can present advantages when coupled with ozonation. Moreover, the catalytic ozonation can be enhanced by radiation. The main disadvantage of this technology is the use of a suspended catalyst entailing a separation step. Thus, catalytic ozonation was analysed using supported TiO2 nanotubes prepared by anodization at different voltages. The effect of different radiation sources on the catalytic ozonation of parabens was tested. The increase on voltage preparation led to plates with higher surface areas from 60 to 280 cm2. However, this did not improve the parabens mixture degradation during UVA photocatalytic ozonation. The use of sunlight radiation allows a significant reduction in terms of time necessary for total parabens degradation from 15 to 10 min. However, the amount of ozone required doubles. Catalytic ozonation presents worst results than single ozonation. This means that molecular ozone is the main responsible for degradation. No dissolved ozone was detected at the experiments with supported nanotubes which could mean that it was adsorbed on the catalysts surface decreasing the degradation rates. The presence of municipal wastewaters as matrix inhibited parabens degradation for both single and catalytic ozonation, mainly due to the trapping ozone effect. In fact, for the TOD of 4.5 mg/L it was just possible to remove about 80% of parabens when MWW compared to 100% when UP was used. Even so, the presence of supported nanotubes during ozonation seems to be required to reduce the toxicity of the resultant treated effluent. In fact, the wastewater luminescence inhibition decreased (from 100 to 43%) and germination index increased (from 7 to 97%) with catalytic ozonation which may enable treated water reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Gomes
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Lincho
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pawel Mazierski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Miodyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rui C Martins
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Levanov AV, Isaikina OY. Mechanism and Kinetic Model of Chlorate and Perchlorate Formation during Ozonation of Aqueous Chloride Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oksana Ya. Isaikina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Lunin VV. Kinetics and Mechanism of Ozone Interaction with Chloride Ions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419090103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Gasanova RB, Uzhel AS, Lunin VV. Kinetics of chlorate formation during ozonation of aqueous chloride solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:68-76. [PMID: 31075704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate ion ClO3- is formed as a result of the complex chemical interaction of ozone with chloride ion in aqueous solution. In neutral and basic solutions, chlorate is the main product. In acid solutions, the main product is molecular chlorine Cl2, and the yield of chlorate is 50-100 times lower. Dependencies have been studied of chlorate formation rate on significant experimental factors: concentrations of initial substances, ozone and chloride ion, acidity (pH), ionic strength and temperature of the reaction solution. The kinetic laws of chlorate generation have been established, and the expressions are given for rate constants of chlorate formation as functions of temperature and ionic strength. When tert-butanol is added to the reaction system, the formation of chlorate ceases, which is an evidence of the crucial role of free radical reactions in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Oksana Ya Isaikina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ramiya B Gasanova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Uzhel
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Lunin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Lunin VV. Rate Constant of the Reaction between Ozone and Chloride Ion in an Aqueous Solution According to a Mechanism of Oxygen Atom Transfer. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419060189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Liu W, Lü L, Lu Y, Hu X, Liang B. Removal of chloride from simulated acidic wastewater in the zinc production. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Gasanova RB, Lunin VV. Solubility of Ozone and Kinetics of Its Decomposition in Aqueous Chloride Solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana Ya. Isaikina
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ramiya B. Gasanova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V. Lunin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Piskarev IM. Effects of cold plasma and UV-C radiation on isotonic solution. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143917040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Wei C, Zhang F, Hu Y, Feng C, Wu H. Ozonation in water treatment: the generation, basic properties of ozone and its practical application. REV CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe widespread applications of ozone technologies are established on the basis of large-scale manufacture of ozone generator and chemical reactivity of ozone. It is hence necessary to summarize the principles of ozone generation and to analyze the physicochemical properties of ozone, which are of fundamental significance to indicate its technical developments and practical applications. This review presents a summary concerning ozone generation mechanisms, the physicochemical properties of ozone, as well as the applications of ozone in water treatment. Ozone can be produced by phosphorus contact, silent discharge, photochemical reactions, and electrochemical reactions, principally proceeding by the reaction of oxygen atom with oxygen molecule. There are side reactions to the generation of ozone, however, which are responsible for ozone depletion including thermal decomposition and quenching reactions by reactive species. The solubility of ozone in water is much higher than that of oxygen, suggesting that it may be reliably applied in water and wastewater treatment. Based on the resonance structures of ozone, one oxygen atom in ozone molecule is electron-deficient displaying electrophilic property, whereas one oxygen atom is electron-rich holding nucleophilic property. The superior chemical reactivity of ozone can also be indirectly revealed by radical-mediated reactions initiated from homogenous and heterogeneous catalytic decomposition of ozone. Owing to the reliable generation of ozone and its robust reactive properties, it is worthy to thoroughly elaborate the applications of ozone reaction in drinking water disinfection and pre- or post-treatment of industrial wastewater including cyanide wastewater, coking wastewater, dyeing wastewater, and municipal wastewater. The structural characteristics of ozone reactors and energy requirement of applied technologies are evaluated. In addition, future directions concerning the development of ozone generation, ozone reactivity, and industrial wastewater ozonation have been proposed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Levanov AV, Isaykina OY, Amirova NK, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Photochemical oxidation of chloride ion by ozone in acid aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16554-16569. [PMID: 26077317 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental investigation of chloride ion oxidation under the action of ozone and ultraviolet radiation with wavelength 254 nm in the bulk of acid aqueous solution at pH 0-2 has been performed. Processes of chloride oxidation in these conditions are the same as the chemical reactions in the system O3 - OH - Cl(-)(aq). Despite its importance in the environment and for ozone-based water treatment, this reaction system has not been previously investigated in the bulk solution. The end products are chlorate ion ClO3(-) and molecular chlorine Cl2. The ions of trivalent iron have been shown to be catalysts of Cl(-) oxidation. The dependencies of the products formation rates on the concentrations of O3 and H(+) have been studied. The chemical mechanism of Cl(-) oxidation and Cl2 emission and ClO3(-) formation has been proposed. According to the mechanism, the dominant primary process of chloride oxidation represents the complex interaction with hydroxyl radical OH with the formation of Cl2(-) anion-radical intermediate. OH radical is generated on ozone photolysis in aqueous solution. The key subsequent processes are the reactions Cl2(-) + O3 → ClO + O2 + Cl(-) and ClO + H2O2 → HOCl + HO2. Until the present time, they have not been taken into consideration on mechanistic description and modelling of Cl(-) oxidation. The final products are formed via the reactions 2ClO → Cl2O2, Cl2O2 + H2O → 2H(+) + Cl(-) + ClO3(-) and HOCl + H(+) + Cl(-) ⇄ H2O + Cl2. Some portion of chloride is oxidized directly by O3 molecule with the formation of molecular chlorine in the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Oksana Ya Isaykina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nazrin K Amirova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ewald E Antipenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valerii V Lunin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gogolev AV, Shilov VP, Perminov VP. Oxidation of Ce(III) with ozone in concentrated hydrochloric acid. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362214030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Sakamoto Y, Enami S, Tonokura K. Enhancement of gaseous iodine emission by aqueous ferrous ions during the heterogeneous reaction of gaseous ozone with aqueous iodide. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2980-6. [PMID: 23485095 DOI: 10.1021/jp308407j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gaseous I2 formation from the heterogeneous reaction of gaseous ozone with aqueous iodide in the presence of aqueous ferrous ion (Fe(2+)) was investigated by electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. Emission of gaseous I2 increased as a function of the aqueous FeCl2 concentration, and the maximum I2 formation with Fe(2+) was about 10 times more than without Fe(2+). This enhancement can be explained by the OH(-) scavenging by Fe(3+) formed from Fe(2+) ozonation to produce colloidal Fe(OH)3. This mechanism was confirmed by measurements of aqueous phase products using a UV-vis spectrometer and an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. We infer that such a pH-buffering effect may play the key role in general halogen activations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Levanov AV, Kuskov IV, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Stoichiometry and products of ozone reaction with chloride ion in an acidic medium. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Levanov AV, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Primary stage of the reaction between ozone and chloride ions in aqueous solution: Can chloride ion oxidation by ozone proceed via electron transfer mechanism? RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|