1
|
Liu C, Li Z, Liu L, Qu X, Shi Z, Ma Z, Wang X, Huang F. A thermal cross-linking approach to developing a reinforced elastic chitosan cryogel for hemostatic management of heavy bleeding. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 345:122599. [PMID: 39227116 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrolled hemorrhage stands as the primary cause of potentially preventable deaths following traumatic injuries in both civilian and military populations. Addressing this critical medical need requires the development of a hemostatic material with rapid hemostatic performance and biosafety. This work describes the engineering of a chitosan-based cryogel construct using thermo-assisted cross-linking with α-ketoglutaric acid after freeze-drying. The resulting cryogel exhibited a highly interconnected macro-porous structure with low thermal conductivity, exceptional mechanical properties, and great fluid absorption capacity. Notably, assessments using rabbit whole blood in vitro, as well as rat liver volume defect and femoral artery injury models simulating severe bleeding, showed the remarkable hemostatic performance of the chitosan cryogel. Among the cryogel variants with different chitosan molecular weights, the 150 kDa one demonstrated superior hemostatic efficacy, reducing blood loss and hemostasis time by approximately 73 % and 63 % in the hepatic model, and by around 60 % and 68 %, in the femoral artery model. Additionally, comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluations underscored the good biocompatibility of the chitosan cryogel. Taken together, these results strongly indicate that the designed chitosan cryogel configuration holds significant potential as a safe and rapid hemostatic material for managing severe hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Xianfeng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhidong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Privar Y, Skatova A, Maiorova M, Golikov A, Boroda A, Bratskaya S. Tuning Mechanical Properties, Swelling, and Enzymatic Degradation of Chitosan Cryogels Using Diglycidyl Ethers of Glycols with Different Chain Length as Cross-Linkers. Gels 2024; 10:483. [PMID: 39057506 PMCID: PMC11276332 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-linking chitosan at room and subzero temperature using a series of diglycidyl ethers of glycols (DEs)-ethylene glycol (EGDE), 1,4-butanediol (BDDE), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDE) has been investigated to demonstrate that DEs can be a more powerful alternative to glutaraldehyde (GA) for fabrication of biocompatible chitosan cryogels with tunable properties. Gelation of chitosan with DEs was significantly slower than with GA, allowing formation of cryogels with larger pores and higher permeability, more suitable for flow-through applications and cell culturing. Increased hydration of the cross-links with increased DE chain length weakened intermolecular hydrogen bonding in chitosan and improved cryogel elasticity. At high cross-linking ratios (DE:chitosan 1:4), the toughness and compressive strength of the cryogels decreased in the order EGDE > BDDE > PEGDE. By varying the DE chain length and concentration, permeable chitosan cryogels with elasticity moduli from 10.4 ± 0.8 to 41 ± 3 kPa, toughness from 2.68 ± 0.5 to 8.3 ± 0.1 kJ/m3, and compressive strength at 75% strain from 11 ± 2 to 33 ± 4 kPa were fabricated. Susceptibility of cryogels to enzymatic hydrolysis was identified as the parameter most sensitive to cross-linking conditions. Weight loss of cryogels increased with increased DE chain length, and degradation rate of PEGDE-cross-linked chitosan decreased 612-fold, when the cross-linker concentration increased 20-fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna Skatova
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mariya Maiorova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexey Golikov
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Andrey Boroda
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blinova E, Korel A, Zemlyakova E, Pestov A, Samokhin A, Zelikman M, Tkachenko V, Bets V, Arzhanova E, Litvinova E. Cytotoxicity and Degradation Resistance of Cryo- and Hydrogels Based on Carboxyethylchitosan at Different pH Values. Gels 2024; 10:272. [PMID: 38667691 PMCID: PMC11049456 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of chitosan-based gels is still limited due to their restricted solubility in acid solutions, where the molecules have a positive charge. The functionalization of chitosan makes it possible to significantly expand the possibilities of using both the polymer itself and hydrogels based on its derivatives. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the conditions for the production of cryo- and hydrogels based on carboxyethylchitosan (CEC) crosslinked with glutaraldehyde on gel swelling and its resistance to degradation depending on pH and cytotoxic effects and to test the hypothesis that the amount of crosslinking agent during synthesis may affect the cytotoxicity of the gel. Methods: Gels' swelling values and degradation resistance were determined using the gravimetric method. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated during the co-cultivation of gels in the presence of human fibroblasts using light optical microscopy and flow cytometry. Results: All CEC-based cryogels had a higher equilibrium swelling value and degradation time than the CEC hydrogel in the pH range from 4.6 to 8.0. This demonstrates the superiority of cryogels relative to CEC-based hydrogels in terms of swelling potential and degradation resistance, while an increase in the number of crosslinks with glutaraldehyde contributes to longer swelling of the cryogel. The positive control (intact fibroblasts) and all gel samples were statistically identical in the number of viable cells. On the third day, the viability of the fibroblast cells was consistently high (above 95%) and did not differ between all tested CEC-based gels. And in general, the cell morphology analysis results corresponded with the results obtained in the flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity test. We also did not find proof in our experiment to support our hypothesis that the amount of crosslinking agent during synthesis may affect the cytotoxicity of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blinova
- Faculty of Physical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.B.); (A.K.); (V.B.); (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Anastasia Korel
- Faculty of Physical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.B.); (A.K.); (V.B.); (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Ekaterina Zemlyakova
- Institute of Organic Synthesis n.a. I. Ya. Postovsky UB RAS, 620137 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexander Pestov
- Institute of Organic Synthesis n.a. I. Ya. Postovsky UB RAS, 620137 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexander Samokhin
- Faculty of Physical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.B.); (A.K.); (V.B.); (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Maxim Zelikman
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Vadim Tkachenko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Viktoria Bets
- Faculty of Physical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.B.); (A.K.); (V.B.); (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Elena Arzhanova
- Faculty of Physical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.B.); (A.K.); (V.B.); (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Ekaterina Litvinova
- Faculty of Physical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.B.); (A.K.); (V.B.); (E.A.); (E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ciptawati E, Takase H, Watanabe NM, Okamoto Y, Nur H, Umakoshi H. Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable Sponge-like Cryogel Particles of Chitosan via the Inverse Leidenfrost (iLF) Effect. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2383-2390. [PMID: 38250365 PMCID: PMC10795030 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan-based cryogel particles were synthesized using the inverse Leidenfrost (iLF) effect, with glutaraldehyde employed as the cross-linker. The resulting cryogels exhibited a sponge-like morphology with micrometer-sized interconnected pores and demonstrated resilience, withstanding up to three compression-release cycles. These characteristics highlight the potential of chitosan cryogels for diverse applications, including adsorption and biomedical uses. We further investigated the influence of varying acetic acid concentrations on the properties of the chitosan cryogels. Our findings revealed that the particle size distribution of the cryogels ranged from 1300 to 2900 μm. As the concentration of acetic acid increased, the swelling degree of the chitosan cryogels decreased, stabilizing at an approximate value of around 6 at 0.03 mol of acetic acid. Additionally, the shift in the absorption peak of the OH and free amino groups from 3261 to 3404 cm-1 confirmed the cross-linking reaction between chitosan and glutaraldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Endang Ciptawati
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Hayato Takase
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Nozomi Morishita Watanabe
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hadi Nur
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division
of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boroda A, Privar Y, Maiorova M, Beleneva I, Eliseikina M, Skatova A, Marinin D, Bratskaya S. Chitosan versus Carboxymethyl Chitosan Cryogels: Bacterial Colonization, Human Embryonic Kidney 293T Cell Culturing and Co-Culturing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012276. [PMID: 36293131 PMCID: PMC9602999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) cryogels cross-linked with diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butandiol (BDDGE) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDGE) have been compared in terms of 3D culturing HEK-293T cell line and preventing the bacterial colonization of the scaffolds. The first attempts to apply cryogels for the 3D co-culturing of bacteria and human cells have been undertaken toward the development of new models of host-pathogen interactions and bioimplant-associated infections. Using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry, we have demonstrated that CMC cryogels provided microenvironment stimulating cell-cell interactions and the growth of tightly packed multicellular spheroids, while cell-substrate interactions dominated in both chitosan cryogels, despite a significant difference in swelling capacities and Young's modulus of BDDGE- and PEGDGE-cross-linked scaffolds. Chitosan cryogels demonstrated only mild antimicrobial properties against Pseudomonas fluorescence, and could not prevent the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in DMEM media. CMC cryogels were more efficient in preventing the adhesion and colonization of both P. fluorescence and S. aureus on the surface, demonstrating antifouling properties rather than the ability to kill bacteria. The application of CMC cryogels to 3D co-culture HEK-293T spheroids with P. fluorescence revealed a higher resistance of human cells to bacterial toxins than in the 2D co-culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Boroda
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mariya Maiorova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Irina Beleneva
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna Skatova
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry Marinin
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prosp.100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kudaibergen G, Zhunussova M, Mun EA, Ramankulov Y, Ogay V. Macroporous Cell-Laden Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid/Chondroitin Sulfate Cryogels for Engineered Tissue Constructs. Gels 2022; 8:590. [PMID: 36135302 PMCID: PMC9498617 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryogels are a unique macroporous material for tissue engineering. In this work, we study the effect of hyaluronic acid on the physicochemical properties of cryogel as well as on the proliferation of a 3D model of mesenchymal stem cells. The functional groups of the synthesized cryogels were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With an increase in the content of hyaluronic acid in the composition of the cryogel, an increase in porosity, gel content and swelling behavior was observed. As the hyaluronic acid content increased, the average pore size increased and more open pores were formed. Degradation studies have shown that all cryogels were resistant to PBS solution for 8 weeks. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated no toxic effect on viability of rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) cultured on cryogels. ADMSC spheroids were proliferated on scaffolds and showed the ability of the cryogels to orient cell differentiation into chondrogenic lineage even in the absence of inductive agents. Thus, our results demonstrate an effective resemblance to extracellular matrix structures specific to cartilage-like microenvironments by cryogels and their further perspective application as potential biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madina Zhunussova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ellina A. Mun
- School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Ramankulov
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
- School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vyacheslav Ogay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao C, Wang Y, Shi J, Wang Y, Huang X, Chen X, Chen Z, Xie Y, Yang Y. Superamphiphilic Chitosan Cryogels for Continuous Flow Separation of Oil-In-Water Emulsions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5937-5945. [PMID: 35224354 PMCID: PMC8867482 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a typical hydrophilic biomass building block widely used in material science and engineering. However, its intrinsic amphiphilicity has been seldom noted so far. Herein, a series of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan cryogels with superamphiphilicity are fabricated at moderately frozen conditions through a freezing-thawing process. The micron-sized porous cryogel samples display a 0° contact angle toward both water and oil, 0° water contact angle under oil, and over 120° oil contact angle underwater. By comparing the wetting behavior of the tablet compressed by pure chitosan powders, the superamphiphilicity of the chitosan sample is proven to be independent on crosslinkers. This special wettability endows the chitosan cryogels with high separation efficiency for various surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions under continuous flow mode driven by gravity as well as a peristaltic pump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunpo Gao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic
of China
- Shandong
Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group CO. Ltd, Jinan 250103, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jiasheng Shi
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xilu Chen
- Shandong
Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group CO. Ltd, Jinan 250103, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety, Nutrition
& Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing 102209, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic
of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pestov A, Privar Y, Slobodyuk A, Boroda A, Bratskaya S. Chitosan Cross-Linking with Acetaldehyde Acetals. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7010010. [PMID: 35076473 PMCID: PMC8788477 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the possibility of using acyclic diethylacetal of acetaldehyde (ADA) with low cytotoxicity for the fabrication of hydrogels via Schiff bases formation between chitosan and acetaldehyde generated in situ from acetals in chitosan acetate solution. This approach is more convenient than a direct reaction between chitosan and acetaldehyde due to the better commercial availability and higher boiling point of the acetals. Rheological data confirmed the formation of intermolecular bonds in chitosan solution after the addition of acetaldehyde diethyl acetal at an equimolar NH2: acetal ratio. The chemical structure of the reaction products was determined using elemental analysis and 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The formed chitosan-acetylimine underwent further irreversible redox transformations yielding a mechanically stable hydrogel insoluble in a broad pH range. The reported reaction is an example of when an inappropriate selection of acid type for chitosan dissolution prevents hydrogel formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pestov
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22, S. Kovalevskoy Str., 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Arseny Slobodyuk
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrey Boroda
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Palchevskogo Street, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Çetin K, Denizli A. Polyethylenimine-functionalized microcryogels for controlled release of diclofenac sodium. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Savina IN, Zoughaib M, Yergeshov AA. Design and Assessment of Biodegradable Macroporous Cryogels as Advanced Tissue Engineering and Drug Carrying Materials. Gels 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 34203439 PMCID: PMC8293244 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryogels obtained by the cryotropic gelation process are macroporous hydrogels with a well-developed system of interconnected pores and shape memory. There have been significant recent advancements in our understanding of the cryotropic gelation process, and in the relationship between components, their structure and the application of the cryogels obtained. As cryogels are one of the most promising hydrogel-based biomaterials, and this field has been advancing rapidly, this review focuses on the design of biodegradable cryogels as advanced biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The selection of a biodegradable polymer is key to the development of modern biomaterials that mimic the biological environment and the properties of artificial tissue, and are at the same time capable of being safely degraded/metabolized without any side effects. The range of biodegradable polymers utilized for cryogel formation is overviewed, including biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, and composites. The paper discusses a cryotropic gelation method as a tool for synthesis of hydrogel materials with large, interconnected pores and mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties, adapted for targeted biomedical applications. The effect of the composition, cross-linker, freezing conditions, and the nature of the polymer on the morphology, mechanical properties and biodegradation of cryogels is discussed. The biodegradation of cryogels and its dependence on their production and composition is overviewed. Selected representative biomedical applications demonstrate how cryogel-based materials have been used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, and sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Savina
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Mohamed Zoughaib
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia; (M.Z.); (A.A.Y.)
| | - Abdulla A. Yergeshov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia; (M.Z.); (A.A.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Şarkaya K, Yildirim M, Alli A. One‐step preparation of poly(
NIPAM‐pyrrole
) electroconductive composite hydrogel and its dielectric properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Şarkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Düzce University Düzce Turkey
| | - Mert Yildirim
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Düzce University Düzce Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Alli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Düzce University Düzce Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
New chitosan derivatives inspired on heterocyclic anhydride of potential bioactive for medical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1543-1553. [PMID: 34022310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present work new chitosan derivatives inspired heterocyclic anhydride were prepared to improve the biological activities of chitosan via imidization reaction of chitosan (CS) and N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroiso-benzofuran-5-carboxamide (5) to yield amic acid CS-6 at room temperature and imide CS-8 thermally. However, the reaction between (CS) and anhydride (5) in presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) or Poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDG) at room temperature yielded CS-6 NPs and CS-7 respectively. The structure of new chitosan derivatives was characterized using morphological and spectroscopic analyses. From evaluation of the biological activities, the greatest enzymatic inhibitory for trypsin and α-chymotrypsin revealed by CS-7 at 88.33 ± 2.27 and 79.63 ± 3.16% respectively. Furthermore, the highest inhibition zones, (MIC) and (MBC) against S. aureus and B. subtilis recorded by CS-6 NPs at 21 ± 0.75, 22 ± 0.98 mm, 19.5, 19.5, 38 and 38 ppm respectively. Additionally, CS-8 displayed the best cell growth inhibition against vero cell line at 93.17 ± 0.29%.
Collapse
|
13
|
Takeshita S, Zhao S, Malfait WJ, Koebel MM. Chemie der Chitosan‐Aerogele: Lenkung der dreidimensionalen Poren für maßgeschneiderte Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeshita
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi 3058565 Tsukuba Japan
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biopolymer Matrices Based on Chitosan and Fibroin: A Review Focused on Methods for Studying Surface Properties. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For the creation of tissue-engineered structures based on natural biopolymers with the necessary chemical, physical, adhesive, morphological, and regenerative properties, biocompatible materials based on polysaccharides and proteins are used. This work is devoted to a problem of the technology of polymeric materials for biomedical purposes: the creation of biopolymer tissue engineering matrix and the development of a methodology for studying morphology and functional properties of their surface to establish the prospects for using the material for contact with living objects. The conditions for the formation of scaffolds based on composite materials of chitosan and fibroin determine the structure of the material, the thickness and orientation of molecular layers, the surface morphology, and other parameters that affect cell adhesion and growth. The analysis of studies of the morphology and properties of the surface of biopolymer matrices obtained using different methods of molding from solutions of chitosan and fibroin is carried out.
Collapse
|
15
|
Takeshita S, Zhao S, Malfait WJ, Koebel MM. Chemistry of Chitosan Aerogels: Three‐Dimensional Pore Control for Tailored Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:9828-9851. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeshita
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi 3058565 Tsukuba Japan
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Elsherbiny DA, Abdelgawad AM, El-Naggar ME, El-Sherbiny RA, El-Rafie MH, El-Sayed IET. Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and sustainable release of novel α-aminophosphonate derivatives loaded carrageenan cryogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
17
|
Lozinsky VI. Cryostructuring of Polymeric Systems. 55. Retrospective View on the More than 40 Years of Studies Performed in the A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds with Respect of the Cryostructuring Processes in Polymeric Systems. Gels 2020; 6:E29. [PMID: 32927850 PMCID: PMC7559272 DOI: 10.3390/gels6030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes of cryostructuring in polymeric systems, the techniques of the preparation of diverse cryogels and cryostructurates, the physico-chemical mechanisms of their formation, and the applied potential of these advanced polymer materials are all of high scientific and practical interest in many countries. This review article describes and discusses the results of more than 40 years of studies in this field performed by the researchers from the A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences-one of the key centers, where such investigations are carried out. The review includes brief historical information, the description of the main effects and trends characteristic of the cryostructuring processes, the data on the morphological specifics inherent in the polymeric cryogels and cryostructurates, and examples of their implementation for solving certain applied tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Lozinsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
He Q, Kusumi R, Kimura S, Kim UJ, Deguchi K, Ohki S, Goto A, Shimizu T, Wada M. Highly swellable hydrogel of regioselectively aminated (1→3)-α-d-glucan crosslinked with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116189. [PMID: 32241412 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1→3)-α-d-glucan synthesized by glucosyltransferase J (GtfJ) cloned from Streptococcus salivarius was regioselectively aminated as 6-amino-6-deoxy-(1→3)-α-d-glucan (aminoglucan) through three steps: bromination, azidation, and reduction. The degree of substitution of the amino group was determined by elemental analysis to be 0.97 and the molecular weight was 3.74×104 as measured by size exclusion chromatography. The regioselective amination at the C6 position of every pyranose ring was confirmed by 1H/13C NMR and solid state 15N cross polarization/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Aminoglucan was characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. Solubility of aminoglucan in various solvents was investigated and confirmed in aqueous solution at pH ≤ 11. Therefore, aminoglucan was crosslinked with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) by an epoxy-ring opening reaction under alkaline conditions. The obtained EGDE-crosslinked aminoglucan hydrogels were highly swellable in water owing to a strong water-holding ability and no water was released on compression and breaking of the gels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng He
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Kusumi
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ung-Jin Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kenzo Deguchi
- High Field NMR Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Sakura, Tsukuba, 305-0003, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Ohki
- High Field NMR Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Sakura, Tsukuba, 305-0003, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Goto
- High Field NMR Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Sakura, Tsukuba, 305-0003, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Shimizu
- High Field NMR Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Sakura, Tsukuba, 305-0003, Japan.
| | - Masahisa Wada
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bagal-Kestwal DR, Chiang BH. Exploration of Chitinous Scaffold-Based Interfaces for Glucose Sensing Assemblies. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1958. [PMID: 31795230 PMCID: PMC6960682 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
: The nanomaterial-integrated chitinous polymers have promoted the technological advancements in personal health care apparatus, particularly for enzyme-based devices like the glucometer. Chitin and chitosan, being natural biopolymers, have attracted great attention in the field of biocatalysts engineering. Their remarkable tunable properties have been explored for enhancing enzyme performance and biosensor advancements. Currently, incorporation of nanomaterials in chitin and chitosan-based biosensors are also widely exploited for enzyme stability and interference-free detection. Therefore, in this review, we focus on various innovative multi-faceted strategies used for the fabrication of biological assemblies using chitinous biomaterial interface. We aim to summarize the current development on chitin/chitosan and their nano-architecture scaffolds for interdisciplinary biosensor research, especially for analytes like glucose. This review article will be useful for understanding the overall multifunctional aspects and progress of chitin and chitosan-based polysaccharides in the food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and other diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali R. Bagal-Kestwal
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Been-Huang Chiang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Haleem A, Wang JY, Li HJ, Hu CS, Li XC, He WD. Macroporous Oil-Sorbents with a High Absorption Capacity and High-Temperature Tolerance Prepared through Cryo-Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1620. [PMID: 31591363 PMCID: PMC6835346 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The facile preparation and admirable performance of macro-porous poly(lauryl acrylate)-based oil-sorbents for organic solvents and oils are reported in this manuscript. Cryo-polymerizations of lauryl acrylate (LA) with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker were carried out at temperatures below the freezing point of the polymerization mixture. The polymerization medium and pore-forming agent was 1,4-dioxane. The influences of the total monomer concentration, EGDMA content and cryo-polymerization temperature on the structure of the obtained P(LA-co-EGDMA) cryogels were investigated with the techniques of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Through the modulation of the crosslinking density and porosity of these cryogels, the P(LA-co-EGDMA) oil-sorbents demonstrated a high absorption capacity for organic solvents and oils, recyclability and high-temperature tolerance. The absorption capacity reached 20-21 and 16-17 g/g for toluene and gasoline oil, respectively. Those fabricated sorbents survived high temperatures up to 150 °C without any change in absorption capacity as well as porosity. Considering the convenient synthesis process and absorption performance, the present work offers a remarkable opportunity to bring polymer cryogels to practical application in waste oil clean-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Haleem
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Jia-Yun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Chuan-Shan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Xi-Chuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Wei-Dong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zemlyakova EO, Privar YO, Shashura DA, Koryakova OV, Pestov AV. The effect of the structure of a cross-linking reagent of the alkylating type on the properties of chitosan granules. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Zhang H, Liu C, Chen L, Dai B. Control of ice crystal growth and its effect on porous structure of chitosan cryogels. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Zvukova ND, Klimova TP, Ivanov RV, Ryabev AN, Tsiskarashvili AV, Lozinsky VI. Cryostructuring of Polymeric Systems. 52. Properties, Microstructure and an Example of a Potential Biomedical Use of the Wide-Pore Alginate Cryostructurates. Gels 2019; 5:E25. [PMID: 31075923 PMCID: PMC6630887 DOI: 10.3390/gels5020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wide-pore cryostructurates were prepared via freezing sodium alginate aqueous solutions with subsequent ice sublimation from the frozen samples, followed by their incubation in the ethanol solutions of calcium chloride or sulfuric acid, rinsing, and final drying. Such sequence of operations resulted in the calcium alginate or alginic acid sponges, respectively. The swelling degree of the walls of macropores in such matrices decreased with increasing polymer concentration in the initial solution. The dependence of the degree of swelling on the cryogenic processing temperature had a bell-like character with a maximum for the samples formed at -20 °C. According to 1H NMR spectroscopy, the content of mobile (non-frozen) water in the frozen water-sodium alginate systems also depended on the initial polymer concentration and freezing temperature. The cryostructurates obtained did not lose their integrity in water, saline, in an acidic medium at pH 2 for at least three weeks. Under alkaline conditions at pH 12 the first signs of dissolution of the Ca-alginate sponge arose only after a week of incubation. Microbiological testing of the model depot form of the antibiotics entrapped in the Ca-alginate cryostructurate demonstrated the efficiency of this system as the antibacterial material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia D Zvukova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tamara P Klimova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Roman V Ivanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrei N Ryabev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Archil V Tsiskarashvili
- N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorov Street, 10., 127299 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir I Lozinsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bratskaya S, Privar Y, Nesterov D, Modin E, Kodess M, Slobodyuk A, Marinin D, Pestov A. Chitosan Gels and Cryogels Cross-Linked with Diglycidyl Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Polyethylene Glycol in Acidic Media. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1635-1643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Denis Nesterov
- I. Ya. Postovsky
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, S. Kovalevskoy str., Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC nanoGUNE, Donostia, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Mikhail Kodess
- I. Ya. Postovsky
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, S. Kovalevskoy str., Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| | - Arseny Slobodyuk
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry Marinin
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Pestov
- I. Ya. Postovsky
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, S. Kovalevskoy str., Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bratskaya S, Privar Y, Slobodyuk A, Shashura D, Marinin D, Mironenko A, Zheleznov V, Pestov A. Cryogels of carboxyalkylchitosans as a universal platform for the fabrication of composite materials. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:1-9. [PMID: 30732787 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a new simple method for fabrication of supermacroporous beads and monoliths via cross-linking of carboxyalkylated chitosan derivatives with hexamethylene diisocyanate in aqueous solution at subzero temperature. These materials provide high filtration rate and good mass-transfer that in combination with high binding capacity toward metal ions allows their application as a universal platform for fabrication of composite catalysts, sorbents, and metal-affine chromatography stationary phases. Using N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan (CEC), we have demonstrated that optimum chitosan carboxylation degree for cryogels synthesis is close to 1.0. Cu(II)-chelated CEC cryogels have shown high efficiency as metal-affinity sorbents for ciprofloxacin recovery. Co(II)-chelated CEC cryogels have been used for fabrication of Co(II) ferrocyanide-containing composite with the distribution coefficient for 137Cs of 140,000 ml/g and the adsorption capacity of ˜1 mmol/g. Composite Pd-catalysts supported on CEC cryogel provided tenfold higher reaction rate in 4-nitrophenol reduction in comparison with Pd-catalyst supported on chitosan beads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Yuliya Privar
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Arseny Slobodyuk
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dariya Shashura
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry Marinin
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexandr Mironenko
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Veniamin Zheleznov
- Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, prosp.100-letiya Vladivostoka, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Pestov
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, S. Kovalevskoy str., Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sen T, Ozcelik B, Ozmen MM. Tough and hierarchical porous cryogel scaffolds preparation using n-butanol as a non-solvent. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1452225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Sen
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozcelik
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Manufacturing Business Unit, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehmet Murat Ozmen
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Takei T, Danjo S, Sakoguchi S, Tanaka S, Yoshinaga T, Nishimata H, Yoshida M. Autoclavable physically-crosslinked chitosan cryogel as a wound dressing. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:490-495. [PMID: 29167067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Moist wounds were known to heal more rapidly than dry wounds. Hydrogel wound dressings were suitable for the moist wound healing because of their hyperhydrous structure. Chitosan was a strong candidate as a base material for hydrogel wound dressings because the polymer had excellent biological properties that promoted wound healing. We previously developed physically-crosslinked chitosan cryogels, which were prepared solely by freeze-thawing of a chitosan-gluconic acid conjugate (CG) aqueous solution, for wound treatment. The CG cryogels were disinfected by immersing in 70% ethanol before applying to wounds in our previous study. In the present study, we examined the influence of autoclave sterilization (121°C, 20 min) on the characteristics of CG cryogel because complete sterilization was one of the fundamental requirements for medical devices. We found that optimum value of gluconic acid content of CG, defined as the number of the incorporated gluconic acid units per 100 glucosamine units of chitosan, was 11 for autoclaving. An increased crosslinking level of CG cryogel on autoclaving enhanced resistance of the gels to enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, the autoclaved CG cryogels retained favorable biological properties of the pre-autoclaved CG cryogels in that they showed the same hemostatic activity and efficacy in repairing full-thickness skin wounds as the pre-autoclaved CG cryogels. These results showed the great potential of autoclavable CG cryogels as a practical wound dressing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - So Danjo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakoguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Sadao Tanaka
- Departent of Diagnostic Pathology, Nanpuh Hospital, 14-3 Nagata-cho, Kagoshima 891-8512, Japan.
| | - Takuma Yoshinaga
- Division of Clinical Application, Nanpuh Hospital, 14-3 Nagata-cho, Kagoshima 891-8512, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Nishimata
- Departent of Diagnostic Pathology, Nanpuh Hospital, 14-3 Nagata-cho, Kagoshima 891-8512, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Calcium phosphate/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels: A review on the freeze-thawing synthesis approach and applications in regenerative medicine. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Rodionov IA, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY, Shabatina TI, Lozinsky VI. Cryostructuring of polymer systems. 44. Freeze-dried and then chemically cross-linked wide porous cryostructurates based on serum albumin. E-POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2016-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpongy cryostructurates based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been prepared via freezing the aqueous solutions of the protein followed by freeze-drying and subsequent cross-linking BSA macromolecules each together within the macropore walls using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) dissolved in ethanol. The gel-fraction yield values testifies high efficiency (>93%) of the protein building-up into the 3D polymeric network. Poor swelling of the pore walls of BSA-based sponges in water (1–2 g H2O per 1 g of dry polymer) and even in the powerful protein-solubilizing media (8 m urea, 5 m guanidine hydrochloride, 1% SDS) indicates the multipoint character of albumin cross-linking via the pendant peptide bonds. As a result, strong cross-linking is able (as revealed by HS-DSC) to inhibit BSA thermal denaturation. The size of wide pores in the obtained cryostructures ranges from 40 to 250 μm and mainly depends on the freezing temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Rodionov
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V. Grinberg
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V. Burova
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Ya. Grinberg
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana I. Shabatina
- M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemical Faculty, Leninskie gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I. Lozinsky
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Takei T, Yoshitomi H, Fukumoto K, Danjo S, Yoshinaga T, Nishimata H, Yoshida M. Toxic Chemical Cross-linker-free Cryosponges Made from Chitosan-Gluconic Acid Conjugate for Chondrocyte Culture. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.16we145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Hiroki Yoshitomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Kohei Fukumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - So Danjo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | | | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Takei T, Fukumoto K, Danjo S, Yoshinaga T, Nishimata H, Yoshida M. In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan-Gluconic Acid Conjugate Scaffolds. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.16we202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Kohei Fukumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - So Danjo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | | | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rodionov IA, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY, Lozinsky VI. Study of cryostructuring of polymer systems. 42. Physicochemical properties and microstructure of wide-porous covalently cross-linked albumin cryogels. COLLOID JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x1603011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
In this study, crosslinked chitosan cryogels (QE) and chitosan’s cryogels modified with iron (QEFe) were synthesized. They were characterized by BET, PZC, FTIR, and XPS spectroscopies. Results show a specific surface area of 36.67 and 29.17 m2g−1 and 7.0 and 6.1 of PZC for the cryogels QE and QEFe, respectively. FTIR results show the characteristic bands of amino and hydroxyl groups, while in the XPS analysis, interactions between iron and oxygen with fluorine were observed. The removal of fluoride at temperatures of 303, 313, and 323 K in cryogels was tested. The Ho model is the best fit for the experimental data, suggesting that there is a chemisorption process involved in the removal of fluoride. The Langmuir-Freundlich model is the best to represent the behavior of the cryogels, and it is used to sorbents with heterogeneous surfaces. A maximum fluoride adsorption capacity of 280 and 295 mg F−/g for QE and QEFe, respectively, at 303 K was obtained, showing that the removal of fluoride is favored by the iron incorporated in the polymer matrix of the cryogels. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained for both cryogels, where the values of ΔH° and ΔG° indicate that both systems are endothermic and nonspontaneous.
Collapse
|
34
|
Rodionov IA, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Grinberg VY, Lozinsky VI. Cryostructuring of polymer systems. Proteinaceous wide-pore cryogels generated by the action of denaturant/reductant mixtures on bovine serum albumin in moderately frozen aqueous media. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4921-4931. [PMID: 26007243 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02814g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw processing of bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solutions, which contain also the additives of denaturants (urea in this case) and thiol-bearing reductants [cysteine (Cys) in this case] leads to the formation of wide-pore cryogels. The properties and porous morphology of these spongy gel matrices were demonstrated to depend on the initial concentration of all precursors and on the freezing/frozen storage temperature. The optimum conditions for preparing such BSA-based cryogels were found to be as follows: [BSA] = 3-5 g dL(-1), [urea] = 0.5-2.0 mol L(-1), [Cys] = 0.01 mol L(-1), and freezing temperatures in the range of -15 to -20 °C. The size of gross pores in thus prepared cryogels is ∼50-150 μm. The spatial network of BSA-cryogels was shown to be cross-linked chemically via interchain disulfide bridges. The significant role of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of 3D networks of these cryogels is inferred, as well as the supposition about the relay-race sequence mechanism of the intermolecular disulfide cross-link formation is made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Rodionov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Henderson TMA, Ladewig K, Haylock DN, McLean KM, O'Connor AJ. Cryogels for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2682-2695. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
36
|
Sun S, Tang Y, Fu Q, Liu X, Guo L, Zhao Y, Chang C. Monolithic cryogels made of agarose–chitosan composite and loaded with agarose beads for purification of immunoglobulin G. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1002-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
37
|
Takei T, Nakahara H, Ijima H, Kawakami K. Synthesis of a chitosan derivative soluble at neutral pH and gellable by freeze-thawing, and its application in wound care. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:686-93. [PMID: 22023751 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chitosan hydrogels exhibit an acidic nature and contain unfavorable additives because (i) chitosan is soluble only in acidic solutions and (ii) toxic chemicals or proteins of non-human origin that serve as antigens are necessary for preparing chitosan hydrogels. These characteristics of the chitosan hydrogels limit their possibilities as wound dressings. In this study, a chitosan-gluconic acid conjugate is developed, soluble in an aqueous solution at neutral pH and gellable by freeze-thawing (cryogelation) without using additives. The viability of L929 fibroblasts cultured in the presence of the chitosan derivative for 24 h was >96%. The degradation rate of the corresponding chitosan cryogels by lysozyme was tunable via the derivative concentration in the gels. The gels had low cellular adhesiveness. The gels promoted the accumulation of inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which have the potential to release chemical mediators effective for wound healing, in full-thickness skin wounds in rats and accelerated the healing of the wounds. These results demonstrate that cryogels are promising for wound care.
Collapse
|
38
|
Nikonorov VV, Ivanov RV, Kil’deeva NR, Lozinskii VI. Effect of polymer-precursor molecular mass on the formation and properties of covalently crosslinked chitosan cryogels. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x1112011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
39
|
Wilkinson AE, McCormick AM, Leipzig ND. Central Nervous System Tissue Engineering: Current Considerations and Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2200/s00390ed1v01y201111tis008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|